General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service最新文献

{"title":"Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the North Cascades region, Washington.","authors":"C. Raymond, D. Peterson, R. Rochefort","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-892","url":null,"abstract":"The North Cascadia Adaptation Partnership (NCAP) is a science-management partnership consisting of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Mount Baker-Snoqualmie and Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests and Pacific Northwest Research Station; North Cascades National Park Complex; Mount Rainier National Park; and University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. These organizations worked with numerous stakeholders over 2 years to identify climate change issues relevant to resource management in the North Cascades and to find solutions that will facilitate the transition of the diverse ecosystems of this region into a warmer climate. The NCAP provided education, conducted a climate change vulnerability assessment, and developed adaptation options for federal agencies that manage 2.4 million hectares in north-central Washington.In the Pacific Northwest, the current warming trend is expected to continue, with average warming of 2.1 °C by the 2040s and 3.8 °C by the 2080s; precipitation may vary slightly, but the magnitude and direction are uncertain. This warming will have far-reaching effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Hydrologic systems will be especially vulnerable as North Cascades watersheds become increasingly rain dominated, rather than snow dominated, resulting in more autumn/winter flooding, higher peak flows, and lower summer flows. This will greatly affect the extensive road network in the North Cascades (longer than 16 000 km), making it difficult to maintain access for recreational users and resource managers. It will also greatly reduce suitable fish habitat, especially as stream temperatures increase above critical thresholds. In forest ecosystems, higher temperatures will increase stress and lower the growth and productivity of lower elevation tree species on both the western and eastern sides of the Cascade crest, although growth of highelevation tree species is expected to increase. Distribution and abundance of plant species may change over the long term, and increased disturbance (wildfire, insects, and invasive species) will cause rapid changes in ecosystem structure and function across broad landscapes, especially on the east side. This in turn will alter habitat for a wide range of animal species by potentially reducing connectivity and latesuccessional forest structure.Coping with and adapting to the effects of an altered climate will become increasingly difficult after the mid-21st century, although adaptation strategies and tactics are available to ease the transition to a warmer climate. For roads and infrastructure, tactics for increasing resistance and resilience to higher peak flows include installing hardened stream crossings, stabilizing streambanks, designing culverts for projected peak flows, and upgrading bridges and increasing their height. For fisheries, tactics for increasing resilience of salmon to altered hydrology and higher stream temperature include restoring stream and floodplain complex","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121491278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Line officers' views on stated USDA Forest Service values and the agency reward system.","authors":"J. Kennedy, R. Haynes, X. P. Zhou","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-632","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127972973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planting native oak in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"W. Devine, C. Harrington","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-804","url":null,"abstract":"The extent of oak woodland and savanna habitat in the Pacific Northwest has been dramatically reduced since settlement in the mid-1800s. This report presents a practical guide for landowners and managers who are interested in reestablishing native oak by planting seedlings. Keys to successful establishment are (1) planting quality seedlings, (2) controlling competing vegetation to increase soil water availability, and (3) protecting seedings from animal damage. A variety of effective cultural treatments, including mulch and tree shelters, are described in detail. Although early growth rates of planted oak seedlings are quite variable, even within the same site, this variation decreases over time after the seedlings become established.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132946900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alaska's Timber Harvest and Forest Products Industry, 2005","authors":"J. Halbrook, Todd A Morgan, Jason P. Brandt, C. E. Keegan, Thale Dillon, T. Barrett","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-903","url":null,"abstract":"Halbrook, Jeff M.; Morgan, Todd A.; Brandt, Jason P.; Keegan, Charles E., III; Dillon, Thale; Barrett, Tara M. 2009. Alaska’s timber harvest and forest products industry, 2005. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-787. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 30 p. This report traces the flow of timber harvested in Alaska during calendar year 2005, describes the composition and operations of the state’s primary forest products industry, and quantifies volumes and uses of wood fiber. Historical wood products industry changes are discussed, as well as trends in timber harvest, production, and sales of primary wood products.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115407736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass production on the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington: updated logging residue ratios, slash pile volume-to-weight ratios, and supply curves for selected locations.","authors":"J. C. Cross, E. Turnblom, G. Ettl","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-872","url":null,"abstract":"Cross, Jason C.; Turnblom, Eric C.; Ettl, Gregory J. 2013. Biomass production on the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington: updated logging residue ratios, slash pile volume-to-weight ratios, and supply curves for selected locations. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-872. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 30 p. Biomass residue produced by timber harvest operations is estimated for the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington. Scattered residues were sampled in 53 harvest units and piled residues were completely enumerated in 55 harvest units. Production is based on 2008 and 2009 data and is stratified by forest location, ownership type, harvest intensity, and harvest method. An additional sampling was taken to ascertain the mass of wood present in a pile of biomass: 20 piles of biomass were measured for gross volume, processed into hog fuel, and remeasured for volume; five samples were drawn from each pile and examined for volume, green mass, and bone-dry mass. An equation relating mass of wood in a pile to the gross biomass volume is derived. Finally, the availability and average delivered cost per ton of biomass is calculated for five delivery centers on the Olympic Peninsula.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115495047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring National Environmental Policy Act processes across federal land management agencies.","authors":"M. Stern, M. Mortimer","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-799","url":null,"abstract":"Stern, Marc J.; Mortimer, Michael J. 2009. Exploring National Environmental Policy Act processes across federal land management agencies. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-799. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 106 p. Broad discretion is granted at all levels throughout federal land management agencies regarding compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). We explored the diversity of procedures employed in NEPA processes across four agencies, the USDA Forest Service, the USDI National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, through document review and interviews with chief NEPA compliance officers, interdisciplinary team leaders, team members, and decisionmakers within the agencies. A lack of consistency is highlighted not only between, but also within, agencies with regard to how NEPA is perceived and implemented. This report focuses on how successful NEPA processes are defined within each agency and what strategies are perceived to be the most or least beneficial to positive NEPA outcomes. It also identifies unresolved questions about NEPA processes and presents a research strategy for addressing them.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127590958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternatives to clearcutting in the old-growth forests of southeast Alaska: study plan and establishment report.","authors":"M. H. McClellan, D. Swanston, P. Hennon, R. Deal, T. L. D. Santo, M. Wipfli","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-494","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131835651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The status of whitebark pine along the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail on the Umpqua National Forest.","authors":"E. Goheen, D. J. Goheen, K. Marshall, R. Danchok, John A. Petrick, D. White","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-530","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123090375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of engineered wood products in Alaska","authors":"J. Roos, Indroneil Ganguly, A. Brackley","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-775","url":null,"abstract":"Roos, Joseph A.; Ganguly, Indroneil; Brackley, Allen 2009. Adoption of engineered wood products in Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-775. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 10 p. Based on an in-grade testing program, the Ketchikan Wood Technology Center has registered three proprietary grademarks for Alaska species of hemlock (Tsuga heteraphylla (Raf.) Sarg.), yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach), and spruce (combined Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] and white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss]). The Ketchikan Wood Technology Center conducted tests to establish glulam beam manufacturing specifications. In conjunction with this program, there is a need to measure the market for glulam beams in Alaska. The purpose of this research was to compare Alaska residential builder adoption rates of glulam beams and other engineered wood products to those of the continental United States. The results showed that a higher percentage of Alaska builders use glulam beams compared with builders in the rest of the United States.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116435375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the volume of wood products used to build and maintain recreational structures on the Tongass National Forest: potential opportunities for Alaska wood products substitution.","authors":"R. Cantrell","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-621","url":null,"abstract":"Cantrell, Randall A. 2004. Assessing the volume of wood products used to build and maintain recreational structures on the Tongass National Forest: potential opportunities for Alaska wood products substitution. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-621. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 20 p. Although the Tongass National Forest (TNF) possesses abundant stands of redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn), yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg), most of its buildings, bridges, and trails are constructed from imported materials. The costs incurred in importing lumber building materials to the TNF seemingly could be offset by manufacturing a slightly more costly product from within the region. To better understand the potential opportunities foregone by southeast Alaska’s lumber manufacturers, this study explores the market volume of wood products required to build and maintain the recreational structures (buildings, bridges, and trails) on the TNF. Findings suggest that after accounting for the estimated 23 percent of native materials used in trail construction, the wood products market potential arising from an additional 77-percent Alaska wood species substitution could be, on average, approximately 1.1 million board feet annually. This volume represents 1.3 percent of the regional output for 2000 and increases overall demand in southeast Alaska by 13.9 percent for this same period. These same figures for 2002 are more dramatic with the TNF potential consumption representing 2.8 percent of the region’s output and increasing its overall demand by 57 percent.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130290784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}