General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service最新文献

{"title":"A spatial database for restoration management capability on national forests in the Pacific Northwest USA.","authors":"C. Ringo, A. Ager, M. Day, Sarah Crim","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-919","url":null,"abstract":"Ringo, Chris; Ager, Alan A.; Day, Michelle A.; Crim, Sarah. 2016. A spatial database for restoration management capability on national forests in the Pacific Northwest USA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-919. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 71 p. Understanding the capacity to reduce wildfire risk and restore dry forests on Western national forests is a key part of prioritizing new accelerated restoration programs initiated by the Forest Service. Although a number of social and biophysical factors influence the ability to implement restoration programs, one key driver is the suite of forest plan land designations and associated management directions. These land use designations and conservation reserves, which are intended to provide an array of ecosystem services (recreation, wildlife, water, timber, research, etc.), were created under the National Forest Management Act. In many cases, they have subsequently been updated to account for legislated protection for threatened and endangered species. Individual land designations have distinct properties in terms of biophysical settings, fire regimes, and a myriad of management constraints intended to conserve landscape resiliency over time. Despite the importance of forest plan designations for assessing restoration capacity, standardized spatial data at regional scales do not exist, making comprehensive regional and national assessments of restoration potentials and priorities difficult. As part of a broader study of restoration potential in the Forest Service’s Pacific Northwest Region, we obtained spatial data from existing forest plans and categorized more than 800 different land designations into five distinct categories according to management restrictions, then created a seamless spatial dataset for the region. We then examined the composition of the different categories of management with respect to the dominant fire regime. We also generated an atlas of management categories (which we are calling “Land Classes” of the national forests in the region, which can be used to understand the spatial distribution of management restrictions on individual forests. The data enable broader scale assessments and prioritization analyses within the region, and provide a case study template for other regions to follow to further advance national scale assessments of restoration and fuel management potential.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127098084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Olympic National Forest and Three Local Communities","authors":"L. Buttolph, W. M. Kay, S. Charnley, C. Moseley, E. Donoghue","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127752845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspen biology, community classification, and management in the Blue Mountains.","authors":"D. Swanson, C. Schmitt, D. M. Shirley, V. Erickson, Kenneth J Schuetz, Michael L Tatum, D. Powell","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130022683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Area changes in U.S. forests and other major land uses, 1982 to 2002, with projections to 2062.","authors":"R. Alig, A. Plantinga, David Haim, Maribeth Todd","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-815","url":null,"abstract":"This study updates an earlier assessment of the past, current, and prospective situation for the Nation’s land base. We describe area changes among major land uses on the U.S. land base for historical trends from 1982 to 2002 and projections out to 2062. Historically, 11 million acres of forest, cropland, and open space were converted to urban and other developed uses from 1992 to 1997 on nonfederal land in the contiguous United States. The national rate of urbanization increased notably compared to the 1982-92 period. The largest percentage increase was in urban use, which grew by 10 percent or 7.3 million acres between 1997 and 2001. Forest land was the largest source of land converted to developed uses such as urbanization. Urban and other developed areas are projected to continue to grow substantially, in line with a projected U.S. population increase of more than 120 million people over the next 50 years, with population growth the fastest in the West and South. Projected increases in population and income will, in turn, increase demands for use of land for residential, urban, transportation, and related uses. Area of nonfederal forest-land cover in the United States is projected to decline over the next halfcentury, with a 7-percent reduction by 2062. Projected increases in urban and developed uses will likely intensify competition for remaining land between the agricultural and forestry sectors. Reversions to forest land have generally been from grassland used as pasture. All three major land use classes - cropland, forest land, and grassland - have lost area to urbanization, and that trend is projected to continue.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130136621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated research in natural resources: the key role of problem framing.","authors":"R. Clark, G. Stankey","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-678","url":null,"abstract":"Clark, Roger N.; Stankey, George H. 2006. Integrated research in natural resources: the key role of problem framing. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-678. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 63 p. Integrated research is about achieving holistic understanding of complex biophysical and social issues and problems. It is driven by the need to improve understanding about such systems and to improve resource management by using the results of integrated research processes. Traditional research tends to fragment complex problems, focusing more on the pieces of problems rather than the whole that comprises multiple interrelationships and interactions. The outcome is that a lot is known about the parts (e.g., recreation, fish, and wildlife) but relatively little about how they are interrelated. There seems to be general agreement that integrated questions must drive the search for integrated understanding, but tradition, inertia, institutional culture, budgets, training, and lack of effective leadership foster reductionism (at worst) or minimal degrees of integration (at best) rather than any substantial, sustainable effort toward integrated research. In this paper, a phased approach to framing integrated research questions and addressing the substantial barriers that impede integrated efforts are discussed. A key conclusion is that to make any significant progress toward comprehensive integrated research will require more than rhetoric. Progress must begin with more effective leadership throughout various levels of research organizations.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129724155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic modeling of effects of climate change on the forest sector and mitigation options: a compendium of briefing papers","authors":"R. Alig","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-833","url":null,"abstract":"This report is a compilation of six briefing papers based on literature reviews and syntheses, prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service policy analysts and decisionmakers about specific questions pertaining to climate change. The main topics addressed here are economic effects on the forest sector at the national and global scales, costs of forest carbon sequestration as part of mitigation strategies, and mitigation aspects for nonindustrial private and public forest ownerships in the U.S. forest sector. Salient findings from the literature are summarized in the synthesis of the literature, along with identified research needs.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128956244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edge-glued panels from Alaska hardwoods: retail manager perspectives.","authors":"D. Nicholls, M. Bumgardner, V. Barber","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-809","url":null,"abstract":"In Alaska, red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) are both lesser-known hardwoods grown, harvested, and manufactured into appearance products, with potential for increased utilization. The production of edgeglued panels from red alder and paper birch offers one expansion opportunity for wood products producers. For this expansion to happen, retail managers’ attitudes and preferences need to be understood and cultivated, as they represent an important link in the supply chain. In this research project, 11 edge-glued panels were prepared from Alaska red alder and birch lumber and presented to managers of retail lumber stores. Panels included different types and levels of character marks. Eight managers in interior and south-central Alaska reviewed the panels, offering their perceptions regarding overall sales potential in their stores. Clear wood was generally preferred in panels produced from red alder. High levels of natural stain were preferred for birch panels. Several panel attributes were identified as being important, including level of character, lack of surface roughness, and availability. Most retail managers ranked price and supply as less important than product quality. Retailers recommended that up to 12 standard panel sizes be provided. Retailers suggested several different end-uses for the panels, with the most promising applications being kitchen cabinet or furniture production.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121036858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of the Columbia River Basin Assessment Area","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-491","url":null,"abstract":"James, Sam. 2000. Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of the Columbia River basin assessment area. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-491. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 13 p. Earthworms are key components of many terrestrial ecosystems; however, little is known of their ecology, distribution, and taxonomy in the eastern interior Columbia River basin assessment area (hereafter referred to as the basin assessment area). This report summarizes the main issues about the ecology of earthworms and their impact on the physical and chemical status of the soil. The three main ecological types of earthworms found in the basin assessment area are epigeic, endogeic, and anecic. Each type has a different life history pattern, resource requirement, and ecological function. Effects of environmental and habitat variables in the basin assessment area on these three types are summarized. Key ecological functions of earthworms are presented in relation to the ecological types and habitats of earthworms in the basin assessment area. These key ecological functions include the effects of earthworms on soils, their role in nutrient cycling, and their relation to other fauna. Distributions of earthworm species in the basin assessment area also are summarized. Although most of the known species from the area are exotics from Europe, at least three species are native to the region. Unpublished records indicate that there may be many more species that have either not yet been collected or for which descriptions have not yet been published. Both the possibility of discovering additional macrofaunal biodiversity and the precarious status of at least one known species argue for additional research on earthworms in the basin assessment area. Effects of land use and management practices on earthworms are explored by examining research on similar human influences in other ecosystems as no research on these issues has been done in the Western United States. Suggestions for land use and future research priorities are provided.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122679157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire in upper Midwestern oak forest ecosystems: an oak forest restoration and management handbook","authors":"L. Frelich, P. Reich, D. Peterson","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-914","url":null,"abstract":"We reviewed the literature to synthesize what is known about the use of fire to maintain and restore oak forests, woodlands, and savannas of the upper Midwestern United States, with emphasis on Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Included are (1) known physical and ecological effects of fire on oaks from acorn through seedling, established sapling, and mature stages of the life cycle; (2) the use of fire to modify competitive interactions between oaks and mesic forest species (e.g., maple), between oaks and pines, and between oaks and grasses; (3) interaction of fire with other disturbances such as windthrow and harvesting, invasive species, and deer browsing; and (4) climate change. Throughout the report, we discuss the advantages and limitations of fire use in oak forests. We incorporate lessons learned from long-term experiments with fire, from historical evidence of fire over the centuries, and processes in areas where natural disturbances occur. We provide a brief summary of the use of fire to restore mixed oak-maple forests, mixed oak forests, mixed pine-oak forests, and oak savannas, along with take-home lessons about the complex relationships between oaks and fire.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122791503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Risk of Invasion of National Forest Streams in the Pacific Northwest by Farmed Atlantic Salmon","authors":"P. Bisson","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-697","url":null,"abstract":"Bisson, Peter A. 2006. Assessment of the risk of invasion of national forest streams in the Pacific Northwest by farmed Atlantic salmon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-697. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 28 p. This report describes the evidence for invasion of Pacific Northwest streams by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that have escaped from marine salmon farms, and assesses the potential impact of farmed salmon invasion on native fishes inhabiting streams on National Forest System lands. The current risk to streams on National Forest lands in the Pacific Northwest from Atlantic salmon invasions appears to be low and is limited to a few areas in northwest Washington and southeast Alaska. However, long-term risks may be substantial if fish continue to escape from marine rearing pens or freshwater hatcheries. The two greatest threats appear to be that (1) Atlantic salmon could transmit a serious disease or parasite to native fishes, and (2) escaped salmon could eventually adapt to local conditions, leading to selfsustaining populations. If Atlantic salmon populations are eventually established, this species’ preference for swiftly flowing stream habitats could facilitate competition with currently at-risk species such as steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This could result in a pattern of expansion similar to that observed in other nonnative aquatic plants and animals, in which a prolonged early colonization period is followed by a rapid phase of exponential growth as breeding populations adapt to local conditions.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"46 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113939002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}