{"title":"Coverage of ethics within the artificial intelligence and machine learning academic literature: The case of disabled people.","authors":"Aspen Lillywhite, Gregor Wolbring","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2019.1593259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2019.1593259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disabled people are often the anticipated users of scientific and technological products and processes advanced and enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Disabled people are also impacted by societal impacts of AI/ML. Many ethical issues are identified within AI/ML as fields and within individual applications of AI/ML. At the same time, problems have been identified in how ethics discourses engage with disabled people. The aim of our scoping review was to better understand to what extent and how the AI/ML focused academic literature engaged with the ethics of AI/ML in relation to disabled people.Of the n = 1659 abstracts engaging with AI/ML and ethics downloaded from Scopus (which includes all Medline articles) and the 70 databases of EBSCO ALL, we found 54 relevant abstracts using the term \"patient\" and 11 relevant abstracts mentioning terms linked to \"impair*\", \"disab*\" and \"deaf\". Our study suggests a gap in the literature that should be filled given the many AI/ML related ethical issues identified in the literature and their impact on disabled people.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"129-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2019.1593259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37163013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew P Valenti, Meia Chita-Tegmark, Linda Tickle-Degnen, Alexander W Bock, Matthias J Scheutz
{"title":"Using topic modeling to infer the emotional state of people living with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Andrew P Valenti, Meia Chita-Tegmark, Linda Tickle-Degnen, Alexander W Bock, Matthias J Scheutz","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2019.1623342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2019.1623342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) often exhibit facial masking (hypomimia), which causes reduced facial expressiveness. This can make it difficult for those who interact with the person to correctly read their emotional state and can lead to problematic social and therapeutic interactions. In this article, we develop a probabilistic model for an assistive device, which can automatically infer the emotional state of a person with PD using the topics that arise during the course of a conversation. We envision that the model can be situated in a device that could monitor the emotional content of the interaction between the caregiver and a person living with PD, providing feedback to the caregiver in order to correct their immediate and perhaps incorrect impressions arising from a reliance on facial expressions. We compare and contrast two approaches: using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) generative model as the basis for an unsupervised learning tool, and using a human-crafted sentiment analysis tool, the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). We evaluated both approaches using standard machine learning performance metrics such as precision, recall, and <math><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math>scores. Our performance analysis of the two approaches suggests that LDA is a suitable classifier when the word count in a document is approximately that of the average sentence, i.e., 13 words. In that case, the LDA model correctly predicts the interview category 86% of the time and LIWC correctly predicts it 29% of the time. On the other hand, when tested with interviews with an average word count of 303 words, the LDA model correctly predicts the interview category 56% of the time and LIWC, 74% of the time. Advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"136-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2019.1623342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37325179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Múnera, Jon Pearlman, Maria Toro, Lynn Worobey, Michael Boninger, Rory A Cooper
{"title":"Development and efficacy of an online wheelchair maintenance training program for wheelchair personnel.","authors":"Sara Múnera, Jon Pearlman, Maria Toro, Lynn Worobey, Michael Boninger, Rory A Cooper","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2019.1619632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2019.1619632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop an online version of the wheelchair maintenance training program (WMTP) and compare learning outcomes from the in-person and online programs using the wheelchair maintenance training questionnaire (WMT-Q), administered before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Iterative development of an online version of the WMTP and implementation.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Online.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>26 graduate and undergraduate students.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Web-based training. These results are compared with those from another study of the in-person WMTP with 10 participants.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Feedback survey and WMT-Q.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The training program was well-received and valued by all 26 participants. A significant increase in all scores after the online training program was found, based on pre-/post-intervention scores. In manual wheelchair open-ended questions, knowledge increased from 16% to 21%, <i>p</i> < .05; in power wheelchair open-ended questions, from 9% to 31%, <i>p</i> < .05; in multiple-choice questions related to knowledge, from 27% to 59%, <i>p</i> < .05; confidence increased from 8% to 80%, <i>p</i> < .05; and capacity from 12% to 88%, <i>p</i> < .05. There was no statistical difference in WMT-Q scores between individuals who participated in the in-person and online programs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that there was a similar-increased knowledge for participants, indicating that web-based training may be a viable approach for delivering maintenance training.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"49-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2019.1619632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40450831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical features of electric powered indoor/outdoor wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Lorraine H De Souza, Andrew O Frank","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2018.1503205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2018.1503205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article aims to describe the characteristics of those with a primary diagnosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) attending a specialist wheelchair service providing electric powered indoor/outdoor chairs (EPIOCs). This cross-sectional study, with retrospective review of electronic and case note records, explores the complexities of additional clinical features associated with SCI and disability influencing prescription. Data were extracted under three themes; demographics, diagnostic/clinical information and wheelchair factors. There were 57 participants (35 men, 22 women) (mean age 53.51 ± 11.93, range 29-79 years) comprising 20 with paraplegia, 34 with tetraplegia and 3 with undocumented level. Paraplegics were significantly older than tetraplegics (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Thirty users had a complete SCI (mean age 49.87 ± 12.27 years) and 27 had another SCI lesion (mean age 57.56 ± 10.32 years). Those with a complete SCI were significantly younger than the rest (<i>p</i> < 0.02). Only 10 (9 tetraplegic) had SCI as the sole diagnosis. Twenty (15 tetraplegic) had one additional clinical feature, 14 had 2-3 (6 tetraplegic) and 13 (4 tetraplegic) had 4 or more. Ten users required specialised seating, 22 needed tilt-in-space EPIOCs while six required complex controls. The range and complexity of wheelchair and seating needs benefitted from a holistic assessment and prescription by a specialist multidisciplinary team.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"117-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2018.1503205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40554729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"User experience of lower-limb orthosis.","authors":"Bing-Shiang Yang, Yen-Wan Chen, Ji-Rou Tong","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2017.1322157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1322157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If an assistive device is not acceptable to the user, it will not achieve efficacy and would be resource-wasting. This study employed in-depth interviews to understand what users' individual activities of daily living, problems of using orthoses, and considerations for selecting orthoses are. We conducted qualitative interviews with 35 lower-limb orthosis users, and semi-structured interviews were applied in this study. We analyzed the interview data from transcripts, through coding and concepts, to theories based on grounded theory. The results showed that problems of using orthoses are mostly related to activities of daily living of the user and user's expectation. Therefore, in order to enhance its efficacy and use intention, the design and prescribing process of orthoses need to address the problems in the light of activities of daily living and user education.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"267-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2017.1322157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35075998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hung-Yue Chang, Ching-Hsing Luo, Tun-Shin Lo, Hsiao-Chuan Chen, Kuo-You Huang, Wen-Huei Liao, Mao-Chang Su, Shu-Yu Liu, Nan-Mai Wang
{"title":"Benefits of incorporating the adaptive dynamic range optimization amplification scheme into an assistive listening device for people with mild or moderate hearing loss.","authors":"Hung-Yue Chang, Ching-Hsing Luo, Tun-Shin Lo, Hsiao-Chuan Chen, Kuo-You Huang, Wen-Huei Liao, Mao-Chang Su, Shu-Yu Liu, Nan-Mai Wang","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2017.1317674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1317674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated whether a self-designed assistive listening device (ALD) that incorporates an adaptive dynamic range optimization (ADRO) amplification strategy can surpass a commercially available monaurally worn linear ALD, SM100. Both subjective and objective measurements were implemented. Mandarin Hearing-In-Noise Test (MHINT) scores were the objective measurement, whereas participant satisfaction was the subjective measurement. The comparison was performed in a mixed design (i.e., subjects' hearing status being mild or moderate, quiet versus noisy, and linear versus ADRO scheme). The participants were two groups of hearing-impaired subjects, nine mild and eight moderate, respectively. The results of the ADRO system revealed a significant difference in the MHINT sentence reception threshold (SRT) in noisy environments between monaurally aided and unaided conditions, whereas the linear system did not. The benchmark results showed that the ADRO scheme is effectively beneficial to people who experience mild or moderate hearing loss in noisy environments. The satisfaction rating regarding overall speech quality indicated that the participants were satisfied with the speech quality of both ADRO and linear schemes in quiet environments, and they were more satisfied with ADRO than they with the linear scheme in noisy environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"226-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2017.1317674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35349938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katalin Zsiga, András Tóth, Tamás Pilissy, Orsolya Péter, Zoltán Dénes, Gábor Fazekas
{"title":"Evaluation of a companion robot based on field tests with single older adults in their homes.","authors":"Katalin Zsiga, András Tóth, Tamás Pilissy, Orsolya Péter, Zoltán Dénes, Gábor Fazekas","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2017.1322158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1322158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing number of older adults places insurmountable load on family members and professional caregivers. Assistive technology with the aid of robots can present a possible solution. The goal of this article was to test a companion robot supporting older adults in their home environments. Eight senior volunteers were involved in the field test. They all lived alone and were self-supporting. The robot was capable of providing cognitive assistance to manage the user's daily routine. Each participant used the robot for 94.9 ± 19.6 days. The primary communication modality was voice communication in their natural language, while the touch screen display was also available for interaction with the robot. The assistance given in daily living was evaluated by subjective (the user's opinion) and objective (logged data) criteria. The most useful and the least reliable robot functions according to the users were the navigation and the verbal communication. Entertainment, locomotion, and weather forecast were the most frequently used functions, while the shopping list was the least popular. The companion robot used in the test was accepted enthusiastically by the senior subjects. Specific robot functions (mainly navigation in the apartment and the speech recognition) require improvement to better accommodate real circumstances.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"259-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2017.1322158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35099472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visuomotor behaviors and performance in a dual-task paradigm with and without vibrotactile feedback when using a myoelectric controlled hand.","authors":"Eitan Raveh, Jason Friedman, Sigal Portnoy","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2017.1323809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1323809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prosthesis users allocate visual attention to their prosthetic hand while performing activities of daily living (ADLs), due to absence of sensory feedback. Dual-task assignments present competition for visual attention and may affect the performance of ADLs. Vibrotactile feedback (VTF) is a frequently-used method to provide prosthesis users with tactile feedback. However, the effect of adding VTF on visual attention and performance in a motor dual-task paradigm has not been investigated. Our aim was to compare visual attention and performance during ADLs in a motor dual-task paradigm when using binary VTF and without using VTF. Forty-three able-bodied subjects (age 26 ± 6.6 years) had a myoelectric-controlled hand attached to their right hand. The dual task comprised of a computer game played with the left hand, while manipulating objects with the artificial hand. This was performed with and without VTF in a counter-balanced order of two conditions. An eye-tracker monitored visual attention, while time to complete each task and the time the virtual car went off-road were recorded. No significant differences were found in visual attention or in performance time between the two conditions. Further examination of adding VTF to prosthesis users is recommended, with disrupted visual feedback and basic grasping tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"274-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2017.1323809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35100018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John-Ross Rizzo, Kyle Conti, Teena Thomas, Todd E Hudson, Robert Wall Emerson, Dae Shik Kim
{"title":"A new primary mobility tool for the visually impaired: A white cane-adaptive mobility device hybrid.","authors":"John-Ross Rizzo, Kyle Conti, Teena Thomas, Todd E Hudson, Robert Wall Emerson, Dae Shik Kim","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2017.1312634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1312634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes pilot testing of an adaptive mobility device-hybrid (AMD-H) combining properties of two primary mobility tools for people who are blind: the long cane and adaptive mobility devices (AMDs). The long cane is the primary mobility tool used by people who are blind and visually impaired for independent and safe mobility and AMDs are adaptive devices that are often lightweight frames approximately body width in lateral dimension that are simply pushed forward to clear the space in front of a person. The prototype cane built for this study had a wing apparatus that could be folded around the shaft of a cane but when unfolded, deployed two wheeled wings 25 cm (9.8 in) to each side of the canetip. This project explored drop-off and obstacle detection for 6 adults with visual impairment using the deployed AMD-H and a standard long cane. The AMD-H improved obstacle detection overall, and was most effective for the smallest obstacles (2 and 6 inch diameter). The AMD-H cut the average drop off threshold from 1.79 inches (4.55 cm) to .96 inches (2.44 cm). All participants showed a decrease in drop off detection threshold and an increase in detection rate (13.9% overall). For drop offs of 1 in (2.54 cm) and 3 in (7.62 cm), all participants showed large improvements with the AMD-H, ranging from 8.4 to 50%. The larger drop offs of 5 in (12.7 cm) and 7 in (17.8 cm) were well detected by both types of canes.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"219-225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2017.1312634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34996197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasemin Sarigul-Klijn, Brendan W Smith, David J Reinkensmeyer
{"title":"Design and experimental evaluation of yoked hand-clutching for a lever drive chair.","authors":"Yasemin Sarigul-Klijn, Brendan W Smith, David J Reinkensmeyer","doi":"10.1080/10400435.2017.1326413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1326413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lever-drive wheelchairs lower physical strain but are less maneuverable than push-rim wheelchairs. Here, we study a possible solution in which the user simultaneously actuates clutches mounted between the levers and wheels each stroke via a clutch handle attached to one lever; this solution is of particular interest for user groups with only one functional hand. First, to demonstrate maneuverability, we show how this \"yoked clutch\" allows an experienced user to maneuver a constrained space. Then, we compared the difficulty of learning a yoked clutch chair to a conventional lever-drive transmission (i.e. a one-way bearing). Twenty-two unimpaired novice adults navigated a figure-eight track during six training sessions over two weeks. Participant mean speed improved roughly 60% for both chairs, with similar exponential improvement time constants (3 days) and final speeds. However, speed improvement mostly took place overnight rather than within the session for hand-clutching, and the physiological cost index was also about 40% higher. These results indicate that while hand-clutching is no more difficult to learn than a lever-drive, it is reliant on overnight improvement. Also, its increased maneuverability comes with decreased efficiency. We discuss how the yoked clutch may be particularly well suited for individuals with stroke during inpatient rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":282300,"journal":{"name":"Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA","volume":" ","pages":"281-288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10400435.2017.1326413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34996199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}