Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Significance of Bacillus Species Other than Bacillus anthracis","authors":"V. Kandi","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000E130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000E130","url":null,"abstract":"Gram positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic spore forming gram positive bacilli were first identified by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1885 and were later classified by Ferdinand Cohn in to a separate genus Bacillus [1]. Aerobic spore forming gram positive bacteria are commonly referred to as ASB’s and includes members of Bacillus spp which are basically saprophytes living as thermophiles, psychrophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles and halophilies exhibiting survival in versatile environmental conditions (B acidophilus, B thermophilus, B halodurans, B alcalophilus and B coagulans). There are around 260 species of the genus Bacillus, prevalent worldwide showing both molecular and physiological diversity. Among this group of bacteria, there are certain members responsible for accidental and opportunistic human infections [2,3]. Few among the Bacillus spp, infect animals that include B anthracis and B larvae, B lentimorbus, B popilliae, B sphaericus and B thuringiensis infect invertebrates (insects). Human infections with Bacillus anthracis, although is not rare, the cause of concern now is the increasing reports of human infections with other Bacillus spp like the B cereus, B subtilis and B licheniformis, B alvei, B brevis, B circulans, B coagulans, B macerans, B pumilus, B sphaericus and B thuringiensis. Bacillus spp are widely recognized for their utility as biological controls in clinical microbiology laboratories where the spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus are used to determine the efficacy of sterilization by autoclave and hot air oven. It should also be noted that there are a few antibiotics which are extracted from Bacillus spp (Bacitracin, polymixin and gramicidin were extracted from B subtilis, B polymyxa and B brevis respectively). Bacillus spp are also used to extract enzymes which can tolerate high temperatures (B thirungenesis) required for performing molecular procedures like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). B amyloliquefaciens is another member which is used to produce natural antibiotic substance, a ribonuclease. In fact Bacillus spp have been in high demand for their medicinal, agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial applications [4].","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129147650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Brief Overview","authors":"J. Christie, Emily R Byers, K. Essani","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000E129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000E129","url":null,"abstract":"Oncolytic virotherapy is the use of viruses to target a tumor for infection and lysis while leaving healthy cells uninfected. The history of viral oncology dates back to the turn of the 20th century when clinicians observed spontaneous regression of tumors after vaccination with attenuated viruses [1]. Experiments were done in the 1950s using Picornaviruses but soon fell out of favour to chemotherapies and radiation. Further studies into the efficacy of viral oncolytic therapy took place throughout the second half 20th century but didn’t begin in earnest until the last two decades. The first viral candidates introduced as possible oncolytic agents were herpes simplex II [2-4] and members of the adenovirus family. Current strategies in viral oncolytics are based on research pioneered in these two viral families and now include viruses from Poxviridae, Picornaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae [2].","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126005304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Antibiotic Efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae byAntihistaminic Drugs","authors":"T. El-Banna, F. Sonbol, A. A. El-Aziz, Omnia Momtaz Al-Fakharany","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000225","url":null,"abstract":"Antihistaminic drugs are widely used for various indications during microbial infection. Hence, this paper has investigated the antibacterial activity of seven antihistaminic drugs belonging to both old and new generations against multiresistant K. pneumonia isolates. The bacteriostatic activity of these tested drugs was investigated by determining their MIC by agar dilution technique against thirty multiresistant K. pneumoniae isolates. Two drugs namely promethazine, cyproheptadine showed antibacterial activity against the tested K. pneumoniae isolates with MIC values rangining from 400-1000 μg/ml (far more than their biological levels). In contrast, other tested drugs showed no in-vitro antibacterial activity under the conditions of test. Investigation of the interaction between the tested drugs and different antibiotics against multiresistant K. pneumoniae isolates revealed that synergism was major in case of combination with macrolides, aminoglycosides and quinolones especially with promethazine, cyproheptadine, cetirizine and diphenhydramine. The effect of tested drugs on antibiotic efflux by the tested isolates was also investigated. It was observed that promethazine and cyproheptadine were the most effective efflux pump inhibitor at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Upon studying the effect of tested drugs on biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae, it was found that promethazine was the most effective inhibitor of biofilm formation. It reduced biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae in a concentration-dependent manner and prevented biofilm formation at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. In the present study, it was found that the use of 100 μg/ml chlorpheniramine resulted in the conversion of separate rod shape of K. pneumoniae cells into long filaments. This was confirmed by transmission electron microscope where septum formation with no separation was recorded. In conclusion, the data obtained in this work showed that, among the tested drugs promethazine and cyproheptadine exerted high antibacterial activity against MDR K. pneumoniae isolates. So, it is possible to take the advantages of the obtained findings to introduce new ways to overcome different infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131786948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Polysaccharides - Potential Candidate for Vaccine Development","authors":"Pillai Tg, M. Mini","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000224","url":null,"abstract":"Capsular polysaccharides are important surface components of bacteria. These are virulence factors. Pasteurella multocida (DP1) was isolated from ducklings. The polysaccharide components were isolated from P. multocida (DP1) strain. The structural elucidations were done by Infra-Red (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. The polysaccharides are potential candidates for development of vaccines.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129422356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis and Flow Cytometry: A Review","authors":"Oliveira Bc, M. Apo, Castro Mcab, Hern, es Vp","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000222","url":null,"abstract":"American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of sandflies. It is considered neglected due to its high incidence and morbidity, mainly in developing countries. The treatment for this disease besides expensive, is toxic and has limitations such as resistance, both from the parasite and the host; and invasiveness, making it not quite acceptable for some patients. There is still no available vaccine for the disease, what makes the correct diagnosis the better alternative to guide the treatment and therefore manage it. The diagnosis of suspected cases has to gather epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial data, since the disease can be misdiagnosed with other dermatological conditions. Immunological methods are commonly used for detecting and monitoring diseases, and the main techniques used in the routine for ATL are the Montenegro Skin Test, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence Assay and Western Blot. Although these approaches have good sensitivity levels, they lack on specificity and have some limitations like crossed-reactions with other diseases caused by trypanosomatid parasites. One different serological approach, which is becoming an alternative method for the diagnosis of this disease, is Flow Cytometry; it has shown balanced levels of specificity and sensitivity and also a better accuracy when compared to other methods used in routine. Therefore, this article shows the recent advances on the diagnosis of ATL by flow cytometry and by using the findings on the literature, aims to guide researchers on what should be the focus to have a better diagnostic method for this disease.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127520514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Attributing Characteristics of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B and C across India during 6 years (2010 to 2015)","authors":"Arti Bharmoria, V. Vaish, A. Tahlan, S. Majumder","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000220","url":null,"abstract":"Paratyphoid fever has been emerged as a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. There should be a consistent monitoring of the isolation throughout the countries to analyze the spectrum of the Salmonella enteric serovar Paratyphi. This study examined current isolation pattern of Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and C over a period of 6 years at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre (NSEC), Central Research Institute (C.R.I), Kasauli. Miscellaneous suspected cultures of Salmonella had been received from various regions of India during six years span of January 2010-December 2015. These samples were characterized by biotyping as well as serotyping at NSEC situated at Central Research Institute, Kasauli. Isolates were serotyped on the basis of somatic O and phase 1 and phase 2 flagellar antigens by agglutination tests with antisera according to the Kauffmann White scheme. Out of 71 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 51 (71.830%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A, 16 (22.532%) were Salmonella Paratyphi B and 4 (5.633%) Salmonella Paratyphi C. Among total 71 samples of Salmonella Paratyphi, 11.267% were obtained from North India while 88.732% cases were from South India. 81.96% samples were isolated from blood while rest of samples were from feces, urine, pus etc. Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance among S. enterica, particularly in Salmonella Paratyphi A strains, is of concern, as Salmonella Paratyphi A infection is becoming increasingly common and is not prevented by current vaccinations. This study caters the Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C characterization by biotyping and serotyping status in various regions of India irrespective of their co-relation to the region of isolation, source of sample isolation, types of isolates including their age, gender and season during period of 2010 to 2015 across India.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121162746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Potency of Methanolic Leaf Extracts from Selected Medicinal Plants against Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Rachuonyo Ho, Ogola Pe, Arika Wm, Kiboi Ng, Wambani","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000219","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the study was to test for the antimicrobial potency of Aloe secundiflora, Bulbine frutescens, Tagetes minuta and Vernonia lasiopus against Staphylococcus aureus. All the plants showed a pronounced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with Tagetes minuta being the most active at low concentrations (MIC 8.9 mg/ml; MBC 10.0 mg/ml) whereas Vernonia lasiopus showing less activity (MIC 12.2 mg/ml; MBC 14.2 mg/ml). The efficacy test was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The standard antibiotics used were ciprofloxacin (5 μg/ml) and vancomycin (3 μg/ml) showed significant antimicrobial activity by producing zones of inhibition of 22 mm and 25 mm respectively. Dimethyl sulphoxide and distilled water were used as negative control. The extracts from the plants were also screened for the presence of phytochemicals with the results showing the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins in all the extracts. The study suggested that the selected medicinal plants can be used effectively in the treatment of bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128034719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic Screening of Aminoglycoside Resistance and their Transferability in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from India","authors":"N. Choudhury, Sun, A. Deb, An, Prakash Maurya, D. Dhar, A. Chakravarty, A. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000218","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Klebsiella pneumonia is an emerging pathogen associated with multidrug resistance both in hospital and community settings. Aminoglycosides, considered to be second line drug for the treatment of such pathogens, become inactive due to acquisition of various resistance determinants by this organism. \u0000Objective: The objective of the study was to screen the aminoglycoside resistant Klebsiella pneumonia from a tertiary referral hospital of northeast India and their transmission dynamics. \u0000Method: A total of 177 consecutive, non-duplicate, clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia were collected from patients from a period of September 2013 to February 2014. Screening for aminoglycoside resistance was performed. Transferability of aminoglycoside resistance was done by transformation assay. Genetic stability was checked by consecutive serial passage of 70 days. Incompatibility types were determined by PCR based replicon typing. \u0000Result: Among 177 clinical isolates, 94 were screened to be resistant towards aminoglycoside group of antibiotics. The aminoglycoside resistance determinant was found to be transferable when transformants were selected in gentamicin (100 μg/ml) screen agar. Coresistance was also shown by these isolates. Gentamicin resistance was lost after 47 consecutive serial passages. F inc type (n = 17) was more predominant, followed by K/B (n = 11), Y (n = 13), I (n = 9) and P (n = 8) when plasmids were typed by PCR based replicon typing. \u0000Conclusion: This study highlighted the transmission dynamics of aminoglycoside resistance determined which pose threat to the treatment option in hospital settings.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125082324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multifactorial Analysis of Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Receptor BindingDomain","authors":"J. Weltman","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000217","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ZEBOV-Makona glycoprotein is presented, based upon the following four factors: information entropy (H), protein conformation, thermal imprint (B factor) and predicted epitope activity (Bepipred Score). It was found that the position of maximum information entropy (Hmax) was located within a helical pentapeptide component of a 31-mer peptide in which H=0 at each amino acid except at the amino acid position where H=Hmax. It is proposed that identification of these RBD peptide components and characteristics can help facilitate efficient design of an anti-Ebola vaccine.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121468660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Surveillance Study on Emergence and Consistency of Influenza like Illness Caused by Influenza Strains over a Period of Three Decades in Solan, (Himachal Pradesh), India","authors":"Arti Bharmoria, V. Vaish, A. Chaurasia, A. Tahlan","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000216","url":null,"abstract":"In connectivity to the introduction of frequent epidemics of influenza A (H3N2, H1N1), the Influenza Surveillance Projects has monitored the burden of influenza in the outpatients through population-based surveillance. WHO is playing an active role by keeping an eye on status of seasonal as well as epidemic strains of influenza by its surveillance throughout the world. The present study offers the status of ongoing surveillance influenza at National Influenza Surveillance Centre (NISC), Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli for the emergence and consistency of influenza strains for current as well as over a period of three decades in Solan, Himachal Pradesh. From 1980 to 2015, various clinical centers of Himachal reported counts of influenza-like illness (fever including cough or sore throat). During these years, the respiratory specimens of 6581 patients showing influenza-like illness were collected. The incidence of visits had been calculated for influenza-like illness using the size of the patient population, and the incidence attributable to influenza was extrapolated from the proportion of patients with positive tests. Up to 2008 the egg inoculation method was used for the isolation and detection of influenza strains but in 2009 a RT-PCR equipped, fabricated BSL-3 laboratory was implanted at CRI for the isolation and detection of influenza strains. The reagents, primers and probes were supplied by NCDC, Delhi. Since 1980, 319 influenza isolates has been identified and isolated at NISC. Among these 282 were isolated by egg propagation method while 37 were processed by RT-PCR. Influenza incidence varied with age groups and by season after the pandemic of 2009 influenza A, H1N1. High levels of influenza virus circulation, especially in young Children, emphasize the need for additional efforts to increase the uptake of influenza vaccines and anti-viral. The continuous surveillance and monitoring of influenza strains is necessary to keep a check on the highly variable influenza strains to avoid the deadly incidents of influenza pandemics. In current scenario RT-PCR method is successful and appropriate method for the influenza surveillance.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124817146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}