Gettysburg Magazine最新文献

{"title":"The Place Where Pickett Charged: A Southerner’s Lament","authors":"Neal Allan Olmstead","doi":"10.1353/get.2015.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/get.2015.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Mine eyes have seen the glory . . . An acorn strikes the earth as if to call distinction between voices imagined and the ground beneath my feet. Inside my heart a young boy runs crying, panicked by a carnage too great to bear. And I . . . I walk slowly like an old man to my car and drive away down Hagerstown Road. If not for a few decisions and the falling of darkness, I might have gone across that expanse to the Copse of Trees and a gray stone fence, and maybe lingered, maybe stayed . . . where the pale and purple fl owers grow.","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128644965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who Engaged First?","authors":"James S. Pula","doi":"10.1353/get.2015.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/get.2015.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Who Engaged First? matter appears to increase as years roll onward, owing, no doubt, largely to the now universally conceded fact that it was upon the fi eld of Gettysburg that the crisis of resistance was passed, and the supremacy of the Union irrevocably established. Th e credit and the honor of the opening of the battle upon which hinged issues so momentous as those which presented themselves on that fi eld will scarce repeat itself in an age, not at all likely in a century, much less within the lifetime of any one individual. Th e Army of the Potomac, on that occasion, fairly symbolized the spearhead in rear of which have ever followed progress, enlightenment, and the elevation of the human race. In regard to the claims from the other arms of the service, it is generally understood that unless a battle be one confi ned to the cavalry arm it is not opened until the infantry become engaged, and taking this view of it, the honor of the opening fi re of the battle may fairly be claimed to belong to the offi cers and men of the 56th regiment, Pennsylvania volunteers,— to its offi cers and men,— not to any individual offi cer or man, as has been claimed in some instances, but to the regiment as a unit; and it was the result, in a large measure, to long, persistent, hard work, and an intelligent and cheerful concession on the part of the offi cers and men to all the discomforts imposed upon them to fi t them to give an instantaneous response when the moment for action arrived. Th eir fi re was “by battalion;” therefore, as stated, the honor belongs to no individual, but to the regiment as a unit. General Cutler, who commanded the brigade, Although the Gettysburg campaign ended in July 1863, the fi ghting did not. It merely assumed another form. One of the vehicles for continued confl ict was the National Tribune, a monthly newspaper that began publishing in 1877. Quite soon its pages included the reminiscences of former soldiers, both offi cers and men alike, especially in the “Fighting Th em Over” section in which correspondents shared their own memories and promoted their own versions of history. It did not take long for verbal jousts to emerge as the memories of the participants oft en clashed with each other on issues both large and small. One question that brought forth considerable debate was which Federal unit claimed the honor of being fi rst engaged. Th is question emerged periodically over the years, including an exchange of several letters in the summer of 1884. What prompted it is unknown since the several issues before the two letters that appeared in the March 20 issue do not appear to have mentioned it. Regardless, over the next few months several letters were exchanged by men promoting their own units. Although it was obvious that Gen. John Buford’s cavalry was the fi rst to fi re on the Rebels, most of the correspondents, like our fi rst correspondent below, discounted the cavalry’s claims, maintaining that the battle had not truly ","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122183240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Angel of the Wheatfield","authors":"J. Keith Jones","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The Angel of the Wheatfi eld them to halt. Purman, fearing capture, took fl ight and soon cried out, “I’m struck!” as he fell among the wheat, having been shot about four inches above his left ankle. Th e ball entered from the side and shattered both bones of his lower leg. He described the sensation of being shot: “At fi rst there is no pain, smarting, nor anguish. It is very like the shock of an electric battery. But that delusion soon passes and the acute pain follows, and you know that a missle [sic] has passed through the tender fl esh of your body.”2 Pipes was also wounded in the leg. His less severe injury allowed him to hobble off the fi eld using his rifl e as a crutch. Th ere, he was taken prisoner by Confederate fl ankers. Purman lay on the fi eld watching, as a Confederate regiment charged over him. Looking up, he saw the words “24th Georgia” on the fl ag going past. Night fell, and Purman lay among the wheat, listening to the cries of those about him. Sunrise revealed that Purman was trapped between the lines, with only the stalks of wheat and undulations of the fi eld to protect him. As the sun climbed above the horizon, the gunfi re of the previous day was renewed with shots being exchanged between the Pennsylvania Reserves and the TwentyFourth Georgia Infantry. A wounded Michigander called to Purman for water. Purman off ered his canteen of whiskey and attempted to toss it, but it landed between them. Th e Michigan man was struck a second time when he tried for the canteen. “Nothing could be seen except a line of blue on one side and gray on the other, and nothing heard","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126216049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Most Desperate Hour: 6:45 p.m.-7:45 p.m. July 2, 1863: The Federal Counterattack along the Emmitsburg Road","authors":"J. Priest","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Gettysburg Magazine, no. 52 Wright’s Georgians fi nished the formation farther to the north. A tenuous Federal line, stretching from the George Weikert orchard to the Copse of Trees, prepared for the onslaught. Maj. Freeman McGilvery formed an artillery line on the ridge immediately north of George Weikert’s orchard, its left fl ank anchored on the woods west of the house. Th e badly mauled Battery B, First New Jersey, had the left , with the Sixth Maine and the battered Battery E, Fift h Massachusetts, continuing it to the right. Th e 262man First Minnesota was lying down to the right of the Fift h Massachusetts with Battery C, Fourth U.S., on its right. A large gap of about three hundred yards separated the battery’s right from the Nineteenth Maine. Another 350 yards separated the New Englanders from the left of Col. Norman J. Hall’s brigade near the Copse of Trees. Th e SixtyNinth Pennsylvania (Brig. Gen. Alexander Webb’s brigade) fi nished the infantry’s front. Batteries A from the Fourth U.S. and the First Rhode Island secured the right of the Second Corps line. Battery B, First Rhode Island Artillery, was deployed in the fi eld about one hundred yards to the front of the SixtyNinth Pennsylvania when Wright’s brigade overran the Codori buildings. Th e narrative begins from here.","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131138355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lee: In Search of the Decisive Battle at Gettysburg","authors":"Michael J. Forsyth","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In Search of the Decisive Battle at Gettysburg the military in order to achieve that end state or whether or not it is possible to meet the objectives. Th e operational level is the province of the senior military leaders. Th e generals receive the strategic goals from the political leaders and translate them into tangible military plans— a campaign— capable of achieving the end state. Before defi ning the tactical level, we must fi rst defi ne the term “campaign.” Gen. Robert E. Lee is clearly among the outstanding tacticians to emerge from Civil War historiography. His record of tactical success has few peers and includes such battles as Second Manassas, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. Each of these engagements demonstrates Lee’s fi rm grasp of defensive and off ensive warfare. Furthermore, both Second Manassas and Chancellorsville show Lee’s keen understanding and expert use of the Napoleonic turning movement as described by Antoine de Jomini in his treatise on the art of war.1 However, Lee’s unparalleled grasp of Napoleonic tactics may have been the albatross that prevented greater success at the operational and strategic levels of war. At Gettysburg, Lee attempted to achieve the ultimate Civil War victory in one great battle in Pennsylvania. While Lee had a fi rm grasp of strategy, operations, and tactics, he failed at the two higher levels at Gettysburg because he became so engrossed with the tactical details and the possibility of achieving an Austerlitz that he lost his focus on directing a campaign linked to political ends. Th is contributed to the Confederacy’s demise and provides a textbook example of a commander reverting to where one is comfortable— in Lee’s case, the tactical level of war. Current military doctrine defi nes three levels of war: strategic, operational, and tactical. Th e strategic level is the domain of politicians and the most senior military leaders. At this level the national political leaders defi ne the parameters of what the war must achieve— the end state— and what constitutes successful prosecution of the confl ict. Th eir military advisors provide advice on how best to use","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116437796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Location Verification: Siting Tyson’s 1863 Photograph of Camp Letterman General Hospital","authors":"T. Danninger","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Gettysburg Magazine, no. 52 additional calculations to arrive at a solution. It is accomplished by choosing four points and matching the absolute value of the diff erence in the calculated focal length for each pair of points. Since all the reference points are from the same print, the focal lengths, though unknown, must be the same. Instead of producing two candidate points for the resulting camera position, the technique produces two continuous lines for which the diff erence in calculated focal lengths in near zero. Th e intersection of the two lines represents the candidate camera position. In order to validate the technique, I chose two observation locations close to the 1863 camera position specifi ed by Frassanito northeast of the town center. Th e fi rst position was on the fourth fl oor of the Hilton hotel just east of York Road. Th e second position was at a high point near the intersection of Natural Springs Road and Camp Letterman Drive. I used my Canon eos Rebel electronic camera and a 100– 300 mm lens to take pictures of the set of buildings visible in the background of the Tyson print. Details of the modern photos contain much of the same area contained in the background of the Tyson print. I selected and marked nine identifi able Gettysburg locations. Photoshop was used to mark and measure the distances between pairs of locations. Th e nine locations, left to right, are the southeast corner of the German Reformed Church, the northeast corner of the German Reformed Church, the northwest corner of the German Reformed Church, the southeast corner of the public school, the elevator shaft of the public school, the Gettysburg Presbyterian Church steeple, the United Using spatial methods and buildings visible in the background of the 1863 Tyson Letterman Hospital cartedevisité (cdv), this article describes an attempt to verify the location of the scene as identifi ed by William A. Frassanito by comparison to modern photographs and new technological approaches. Th e Tyson Brothers exposed a series of plates and a cdv in September 1863.1 In the background of the cdv a portion of the city of Gettysburg is visible. Visible in the background are several buildings (the German Reformed Church, a public school, the county courthouse, etc.) that remain in Gettysburg to this day. In Early Photography at Gettysburg Frassanito determined the camera location by studying the buildings relative to the distant mountains and the 1863 Bachelder and 1874 Warren maps.2 At the suggestion of Curt Musselman, National Park Service Cartographer at Gettysburg National Military Park, I looked for a second and hopefully more precise technique for verifying the camera position. Aft er some study, I employed a technique based upon measuring the relative distance between two points on the cdv print and gis (geographic information system) tools to match the measured distance against the actual distance between the same two points on the ground. Had the focal length of ","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"30 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121014108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pioneer Remembers Gettysburg","authors":"L. Fischer","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Gettysburg Magazine, no. 52 upon which our men were put into a doublequick, this gait being kept up to the battlefi eld, with only short breathing intermissions. As soon as we had passed the Round Tops, leaving them to our right or east, part of the First Corps’ fi ghting came into view due north, Gettysburg being visible northnortheast. For quite a distance we had heard the crackling fi re of the infantry, and seeing the First Corps heavily engaged, our men struck the longwinded dog trot, and went in that style through the town, emerging on the Mummasburg road. Aft er passing Pennsylvania College I saw the enemy’s infantry outfl anking the extreme right of the First Corps (the 12th Mass and 104th N.Y.) but their commanders changed their fronts from westnorthwest to due north. Aft er my Pioneers were put to work to cut down the post fences between the college and Hagy’s house to let the infantry and artillery into the fi elds north of the road, I naturally turned my attention to the terrible but indescribably fascinating scene on the east slope of Seminary Ridge. Th e rebel infantry was coming down the Mummasburg road at a run, about 600 yards from me, and taking shelter on the southwest side of the road in the ditch behind the fence, fi red into the exposed ranks of the 13th Mass and 104th N.Y., who stood in an open meadow. I could see every man fall as he was hit by the enemy (who lost hardly any in this unequal contest), until of the original line of blue was left only a thin line, with great gaps at that. My heart bounded with joy when Th e writer of this little article does not claim for it absolute correctness in the minutest details, it being penned mostly from memory, but endeavors to bring before all comrades of the Army of the Potomac, especially the First Corps, a comprehensive sketch of the fi ghting of the two divisions of the Eleventh Corps pitched against [Gen. Richard] Ewell’s (old Stonewall) Corps until enveloped in right fl ank and rear by numbers equaling two to one, according to the records of the War Department. I was an eyewitness to the unequal struggle of the Th ird and Second Divisions (I name them in this order, as we marched left in front that day, and went into action in that order) of my Corps for about two hours, being detached from my regiment to headquarters of the Th ird Division as second offi cer of the division Pioneer company. Th e Eleventh Corps camped during the night of June 30 to July 1 in and around Emmitsburg, near the line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. Breakfast was eaten before sunrise, and my Pioneer company, at the head of the corps, immediately behind Gen. C[arl] Schurz, was marching by the fi rst rays of the sun toward the most remarkably open and one of the most stubbornly contested battlefi elds of the civil war. When within six or seven miles of Gettysburg, about 10 a.m., the distant boom of cannon informed us of an engagement going on, and not long aft erward an Aid[e] of Gen. [Oliver O.] ","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114809728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"If You Want to Go: History Is, as History Was","authors":"Sonny Fulks","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Gettysburg Magazine, no. 52 secure surface. As I approached to set up my own shot, he looked at me and nodded, noticing the shiny M model Leica hanging from my neck. “Th at’s a beauty,” he off ered, motioning to my camera. “Yours, too,” I said, returning his compliment. “Big stuff you have there . . . a more expensive hobby than mine.” “Just making some test exposures,” he said as he picked up his coat and prepared to leave. And then I looked down and saw the nameplate on the top of his camera box. David Muench, it read. David Muench, the famous landscape photographer from Arizona Highways Magazine and anything else in America worth photographing. Like the line in the old skit with Garth and Wayne from Saturday Night Live, I probably said something like, “I’m not worthy.” I have that much respect for Muench’s work and reputation. He nodded a quiet “thank you” and walked down the hill to a waiting van, where he stowed his equipment, and then drove off . For me, it was a modernday epiphany on the battlefi eld, seeing a master at work on a selected scene, watching how he placed his camera, how he used the available light, and how he made his inspiration work. And in the years since, I’ve thought about that day and relate it to what Alexander Gardner, the great Scottish photographer and protégé of Matthew Brady, must have recognized when he walked up to the scene of the dead sharpshooter above Devil’s Den aft er the battle and saw an opportunity of his own. It is one of those postbattle images from Gettysburg that for generations has become etched in the If you want to see history like those who saw it fi rst, take a good photo reference, learn the facts, and fi nd those same historic scenes today. Your imagination will do the rest.","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114407730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Railroad Cut Reconsidered","authors":"R. W. Sledge","doi":"10.1353/GET.2015.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/GET.2015.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The Railroad Cut Reconsidered ing just to their north and began to turn to face the oncoming southerners. In the meantime, another of Wadsworth’s brigades had come onto the fi eld and entered McPherson’s woods south of the pike. Th ey were the Black Hats, Brig. Gen. “Long Sol” Meredith’s famous Iron Brigade of the West. Four of these regiments quickly clashed in mortal struggle with Archer’s men. Th e Iron Brigade’s other regiment, the Sixth Wisconsin, augmented by the Iron Brigade Guard of some one hundred men, was at fi rst held in reserve but now doubletimed north to head off the oncoming attack of Davis. Th e Wisconsin boys deployed along the Cashtown Pike and began fi ring at the Rebel charge. Two of Davis’s regiments, feeling the threat on their southern fl ank, quickly swung into line along the railroad rightofway that ran parallel to, and 150 yards to the north of, the Cashtown Pike. Th e FortySecond Mississippi, which was advancing between the pike and rail line, saw the oncoming New York regiments and ducked into the west end of the steepsided cut that carried the rail line on a level path through McPherson’s Ridge. Th e two opposing forces faced each other briefl y, and then the Union troops charged across the intervening fi eld and routed the three Confederate regiments. Many were killed and wounded on both sides. Th ough most of the Rebels fl ed to the north and west, 232 of them surrendered and were marched off to captivity. Th e victorious Federals regrouped and prepared to meet a further Confederate attack that was gathering to the west. Th at was not long in coming, and the strength of the Southern assault overwhelmed Wadsworth’s division and drove them back into the town of Gettysburg. Th e story of the battle in the railroad cut northwest of Gettysburg has been told from several perspectives. Th e events of the half hour or so at midday, July 1, 1863, have received so much detailed analysis that another article on the subject may seem redundant, but there are several matters that could still be open to reconsideration. Th e Battle of Gettysburg began when Maj. Gen. Henry Heth dispatched two Confederate brigades toward the town of Gettysburg from his base at Cashtown to probe the Union positions. Led by Brig. Gen. James J. Archer south of the Cashtown Pike and Brig. Gen. Joseph Davis north of the pike, the two brigades fi rst encountered dismounted Union cavalry units under Brig. Gen. John Buford. Th e embattled cavalryman sent word for infantry reinforcements. Th e fi rst units of the Army of the Potomac approaching from the south belonged to Maj. Gen. John Reynolds’s First Corps, led by the division under Maj. Gen. James Wadsworth. Wadsworth’s front brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler, rushed north along the west edge of the town and crossed the pike. Before Cutler’s troops were well in place, Davis’s brigade (from left to right, the Fift yFift h North Carolina, the Second Mississippi, and the FortySecond Mississi","PeriodicalId":268075,"journal":{"name":"Gettysburg Magazine","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126603505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}