Carbon最新文献

{"title":"Direct laser writing carbon lines on polyimide film tailored for highly sensitive strain sensors with low temperature coefficient","authors":"Chenxin Sa ,&nbsp;Dini Qing ,&nbsp;Yanbo Yao ,&nbsp;Tao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct laser writing carbonization (DLWc) has been proved to be a highly promising technique for fabricating low-cost piezoresistive sensors. Nevertheless, there remains a great challenge to develop the highly sensitive DLWc enabled strain sensor with low temperature coefficient to impart the sensor with self-temperature-compensation ability. In the present study, we comprehensively investigate the effect of laser processing conditions, carbon line design pattern and testing temperature on the electrical transport characteristics for the carbon lines fabricated by DLWc. Upon mapping the large experimental space to achieve the DLWc carbon lines with a <em>nominal</em> sheet resistance ranging from 1 Ω/sq to 10⁷ Ω/sq, we discovered that the synergistic effect of the laser processing conditions and the carbon line design parameter can make the dotted carbon line convert from an NTC (negative temperature coefficient of resistance) behaviour to that of PTC (positive temperature coefficient of resistance). On the basis of this discovery and along with the combined treatment of strain engineering straining and infusion of PDMS elastomer, we fabricated the DLWc enabled dotted line strain sensor with high piezoresistive sensitivity (gauge factor &gt;1000) and low temperature coefficient and successfully demonstrated its use for sensing small mechanical deformation and high-frequency vibration, as well as for wearable sensor in registering the wrist and finger gesture status, monitoring the heartbeats, and measuring the blood pressure. This study paves the way for developing the DLWc enabled high-performance and low-cost strain sensors with high sensitivity and self-temperature compensation ability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121275"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of stability and durability in MXene/TaOx bilayer memristor through hetero-interface engineering for neuromorphic computing","authors":"Mingmin Zhu ,&nbsp;Hui Ouyang ,&nbsp;Liangyu Chen ,&nbsp;Yu Du ,&nbsp;Guangxiao Song ,&nbsp;Wenjing Dong ,&nbsp;Jiawei Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Qiu ,&nbsp;Guoliang Yu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Xufeng Jing ,&nbsp;Haibin Zhu ,&nbsp;Hao-Miao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanomaterials exhibit considerable potential for electronic devices owing to their metal-like conductivity and abundant surface functional groups. However, utilizing the intrinsic properties of MXene in memristors remains challenging as MXene exhibits free-electron conduction behavior rather than semiconductor characteristics. In this work, a Cu/MXene/TaO_x/ITO memristor was fabricated via heterostructure engineering, and its resistive switching (RS) performances were systematically compared with those of the monolayer Cu/MXene/ITO and Cu/TaO_x/ITO memristors. Compared with the monolayer ones, the MXene/TaO_x memristor exhibits a narrower switching voltage range, a higher on/off ratio exceeding 240, and extended resistance retention exceeding 10⁴ s. Even after 15 months of storage, it maintains stable RS behavior with over 10⁴ cycles of endurance. The enhanced device performance is attributed to the interaction between MXene's surface functional groups and Cu²⁺ ions, coupled with the optimized interface Schottky barrier at the MXene/TaO_x heterojunction. Furthermore, typical biological synaptic plasticity characteristics, such as long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and spike time-dependent plasticity (STDP) were simulated with the proposed memristors. The MXene/TaO_x memristor achieves excellent LTP/LTD behavior with the best nonlinearity of 0.39/3.15 and symmetricity of 6.57. By its enhanced conductance symmetry and linearity, an accuracy of up to 94.57 % can be achieved in handwritten digit recognition within a constructed neuromorphic network. These results provide a feasible and effective strategy of integrating 2D materials with metal oxides to enhance memristor performance, highlighting their immense application potential in bio-inspired neuromorphic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121273"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidation-locking of hydrogen-substituted γ-graphdiyne via a two-step hydrothermal route: from enhanced catalyst to bifunctional quantum dots","authors":"Wenjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Youhai Huang ,&nbsp;Sifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Sanqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhaohua Fang ,&nbsp;Meng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a rising new member of carbon allotropes, graphdiyne has shown great potential in various fields due to its fascinating properties. Herein, a controlled two-step hydrothermal route was employed to convert hydrogen-substituted γ-graphdiyne into two functional derivatives: graphdiyne oxides (OGDY) and graphdiyne oxide quantum dots (OGDYQD). Systematic characterization revealed distinct differences in morphology, chemical structure, and optical properties between precursors and derivatives. Especially, the existence of alkyne bonds was demonstrated through evidence from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and selective oxidation experiments, which provides new insights for the characterization of graphdiyne materials. Moreover, we identified an oxidation-locking phenomenon governing selective alkyne oxidation at specific sites during synthesis. The oxidation-locking feature endowed significant application potential upon both derivatives: OGDY exhibited excellent photocatalytic ability in the degradation of cationic dyes, achieving efficiency ∼5–200 higher than those of other carbon-based materials; while OGDYQD could achieve ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of methyl orange with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.032 μM, as well as serve as an excellent catalyst, which was comparable to metal catalysts, for the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol. This work provides fundamental insights into sp-carbon reactivity while delivering practical platforms for multiple applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121294"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-electronegativity O-triggered vacancy defects and ionic channels in N-doped carbon-confined amorphous Mo–O clusters for high-performance potassium-ion hybrid capacitors","authors":"Taiyang Wang ,&nbsp;Fanyan Zeng ,&nbsp;Wenxiu He ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Li ,&nbsp;Hongbo Huang ,&nbsp;Dui Ma ,&nbsp;Yang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of potassium-ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) is hindered by insufficient electroactive sites and sluggish charge transfer in anodes. Herein, this work proposes a high-electronegativity O-mediated amorphization strategy to construct N-doped carbon-confined amorphous Mo–O clusters (Mo–O@NC). Compared with N- or C-coordinated analogues (Mo–N@NC and Mo–C@NC), the strongly bonded O (χ = 3.44) markedly modulates the local environment of Mo, inducing pronounced electron redistribution. This process generates abundant unsaturated vacancy defects and isotropic ion transport channels in the clusters and at their interfaces. Theoretical calculations reveal that high-electronegativity O optimizes K⁺ adsorption energy, broadens available adsorption sites, and upshifts the <em>d</em>-band center of Mo. These effects collectively promote charge transfer and establish a highly active “electron reservoir.” Electrochemically, the Mo–O@NC anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 529.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and retains 231.3 mAh g⁻¹ after 3000 cycles at 5.0 A g⁻¹, accompanied by a high capacitive contribution and low charge-transfer resistance, significantly outperforming its counterparts. The assembled PIHCs achieve remarkable energy/power densities (211.2 Wh kg⁻¹/10015 W kg⁻¹), with a capacity decay of only 0.0022 % per cycle. This study offers a novel design strategy for high-performance electrodes for metal ion storage via high-electronegativity O-triggered amorphization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121314"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of pitch oxidation temperature on the structure and electrochemical properties of derived activated carbon","authors":"Yaorong Hu ,&nbsp;Shijie Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Song ,&nbsp;Tao Yang ,&nbsp;Haoyang Wu ,&nbsp;Ning Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhanjun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-oxidation is an effective route for producing high-surface-area activated carbons, yet the role of oxidation temperature in pore development remains unclear. This work prepared pitch-derived activated carbons via pre-oxidation at 290 °C and 350 °C followed by steam activation, investigating the temperature-dependent evolution of oxygen functional groups and porosity. Results reveal that oxidation at 290 °C primarily attacks aliphatic side chains, forming C–O groups, while 350 °C promotes oxygen radical attack on aromatic C–H bonds, increasing cross-linking C(O)–O groups. This cross-linked structure inhibits carbon layer rearrangement during pre-carbonization, exposing defective sites conducive to pore formation. Concurrently, three-dimensional crosslinking and gas release from condensed oxygen groups creates steam channels, enhancing mesopore development. OP-290-AC exhibits a specific surface area of 1252 m² g⁻¹ with 68.57 % mesopores, whereas OP-350-AC achieves 1665 m² g⁻¹ and 89.72 % mesopores. As a cathode in potassium-ion hybrid capacitors, OP-350-AC's high mesoporosity facilitates rapid ion transport, improving rate capability, while its suitable surface chemistry contributes additional pseudo capacitance. The assembled OP-290-800//OP-350-AC device delivers a power density of 185.4 W kg⁻¹ at 74.0 Wh kg⁻¹. This work provides a theoretical and technical framework for pore-structure control and application-specific optimization of activated carbons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121311"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ti3C2Tx MXene decorated with NiCo2O4 nanocubes enhances microwave absorption performance for 5G/6G applications through engineered interface polarization","authors":"Zhipeng Yu ,&nbsp;Hanwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Rongyu Zhai ,&nbsp;Liyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiubo Xie ,&nbsp;Wei Du ,&nbsp;Runhua Fan ,&nbsp;Chuanxin Hou ,&nbsp;Fushan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NiCo₂O₄ nanocubes anchored on Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets were successfully fabricated via a simple mechanical mixing process followed by freeze-drying, aiming to develop lightweight and high-efficiency microwave absorbers for 5G/6G communication applications. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of dielectric loss from MXene and magnetic loss from NiCo₂O₄ nanocubes, the composites exhibited optimized impedance matching and enhanced interfacial polarization. Consequently, the NiCo₂O₄/MXene hybrid achieved a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of −22.71 dB at 5.36 GHz. Moreover, an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.5 GHz was obtained at a thickness of 1.5 mm, demonstrating its strong broadband absorption capability. The electromagnetic simulation software also demonstrates that the radar absorbing coating has excellent radar scattering interface (RCS) attenuation properties. The simulation results, as influenced by the structure design, demonstrate an augmentation of the effective absorption bandwidth to 32.11 GHz, thereby encompassing the majority of the microwave communication range. This study offers a feasible route for tailoring MXene-based composites and highlights their potential in next-generation electromagnetic waves (EMWs) absorption and interference shielding for 5G/6G systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121308"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regeneration of magnesia supported iron catalysts for growing single-walled carbon nanotubes","authors":"Lin Qi ,&nbsp;Fedor M. Maksimov ,&nbsp;Stanislav Colar ,&nbsp;Alexander I. Chernov ,&nbsp;Qi Wu ,&nbsp;Maoshuai He","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid supported heterogeneous catalysts provide a means to control the chirality of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) while simultaneously maintaining the capacity for large-scale production through chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Nevertheless, a significant disadvantage of supported catalysts lies in their unavoidable removal and disposal as waste during the SWNTs purification process. In this work, we propose a “dissolution-precipitation” strategy to recycle a used iron catalyst supported by magnesia (Fe/MgO) for regrowing SWNTs. The coprecipitation of both Fe and Mg cations with sodium hydroxide solution, subsequently followed by a heat treatment, leads to the regeneration of new Fe/MgO catalysts. Like the original catalyst, the regenerated catalysts perform similarly and yield SWNTs with a comparable chirality distribution. This study provides a new strategy for the repurposing of waste supported catalysts, thereby contributing to improved SWNT yield and promoting sustainable economic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121269"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomically tailored heteroatom-doped hard carbon from structure-engineered coordination-crosslinked polymers for potassium-ion storage","authors":"Chunlei Chi ,&nbsp;Guanwen Wang ,&nbsp;Xinhou Yang ,&nbsp;Bin Qi ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Li ,&nbsp;Baoyi Mu ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu ,&nbsp;Tong Wei ,&nbsp;Guojun Xu ,&nbsp;Zhuangjun Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard carbon (HC) possesses large interlayer spacing, abundant defects, and porous structures, enabling efficient storage of large-radius K⁺ ions. Nevertheless, its highly disordered nature renders the microstructure challenging to precisely regulate, which disrupts electronic conductivity and introduces irreversible active sites. Herein, conjugated poly(bithiophene) and phytic acid were employed as ligands to construct a lamellar precursor with reinforced interlayer support through Fe³⁺ coordination and crosslinking. Upon optimized pyrolysis, the derived HC exhibits a high reversible capacity of 407 mAh g⁻¹, long-term cycling stability (1800 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹), and excellent rate capability (200 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹) in potassium-ion batteries. Thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) analysis was conducted to investigate the structural evolution mechanisms of the precursor during pyrolysis. Furthermore, <em>ex-situ</em> characterization combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the intrinsic origin of the superior reversibility and activity associated with S–C and P–C doped configuration. These findings offer new insights into precursor engineering and controlled heteroatom doping for the development of high-performance HC anodes, providing both fundamental understanding and practical guidance for next-generation energy storage and conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121317"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient electromagnetic wave absorption of Ti3C2Tx composite hollow spheres via multilayer heterostructure impedance matching","authors":"Tianshuo Li ,&nbsp;Mengke Qiao ,&nbsp;Fu Chen ,&nbsp;Pingan Chen ,&nbsp;Xiangcheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The outstanding dielectric properties of two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x endow it with great potential in the field of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. However, the accompanying impedance mismatch problem severely degrades its wave-absorbing performance. In this work, Ti₃C₂T_x@C–Co@SiO₂ hollow spheres with a multi-layered heterogeneous structure were prepared via the self-assembly method and sacrificial template method. The impedance matching performance was optimized by adjusting the SiO₂ coating amount. The experimental results show that the SiO₂ shell significantly reduces the surface conductivity of the material. When the addition amount of TEOS was 4 mL, Ti₃C₂T_x@C–Co@SiO₂ exhibited the optimal impedance matching performance. Meanwhile, the multi-layered coating structure created Ti₃C₂T_x/C, C/Co, and C/SiO₂ heterogeneous interfaces. Density Functional Theory (DFT) was used to intuitively demonstrate the charge accumulation generated at the heterogeneous interfaces, which is conducive to enhancing polarization loss. Proper impedance matching and abundant loss mechanisms enabled the Ti₃C₂T_x@C–Co@SiO₂ sample to achieve a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of −51.8 dB at a thickness of 1.8 mm. As the thickness of SiO₂ varied, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of the samples could reach 3.9 GHz. All samples in the Ti₃C₂T_x@C–Co@SiO₂ series exhibited excellent impedance matching characteristics and EMW absorption performance. Therefore, the structural design in this study has been confirmed to play a crucial role in improving the surface impedance of the samples and enhancing their EMW absorption performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121286"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating closed pore structure in humic acid based hard carbons via Mg2+ chelation for high-performances sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Wei-wei Kang ,&nbsp;Hai-tao Zeng ,&nbsp;Guang-xu Huang ,&nbsp;Jian-bo Jia ,&nbsp;Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Han Hu ,&nbsp;Rui Hao ,&nbsp;Bing Xu ,&nbsp;Wei-jie Guo ,&nbsp;Bao-lin Xing ,&nbsp;Chuan-xiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Controlled shrinkage of open pores during carbonization enables closed pore formation in hard carbons as the anode for sodium ion batteries, though excessive open pores resist conversion and degrade electrochemical performances. Employing Mg²⁺ as a pore-forming agent chelated by humic acid, we constructed tailored closed pore architectures through pre-carbonization at 600 °C followed by 1500 °C treatment. The resulting hard carbons exhibit tunable interlayer spacing and disorder, with closed pores of uniform size (1.10–1.18 nm) yet distinct surface areas (307.4–408.3 m²/g). The optimized hard carbons deliver a high reversible capacity (262 mAh/g at 20 mA/g), excellent rate capability (52 % retention at 1000 mA/g), and cycling stability (75 % after 1000 cycles at 500 mA/g). Intercalation capacity correlates with pseudo-graphite carbon content, while pore-filling capacity scales with closed pore surface area. This study paves the way for rational engineering of closed pores in hard carbons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 121268"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}