{"title":"Dielectric-barrier-stabilized solution plasma for high-nitrogen, few-layer graphene via low-temperature CN radical polymerization","authors":"Jiangqi Niu , Pinli Diao , Shan Ding , Fei Qi , Chayanaphat Chokradjaroen , Rusen Zhou , Sibudjing Kawi","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) with high crystallinity and elevated nitrogen content is highly desirable for energy and catalytic applications, yet conventional high-temperature methods suffer from nitrogen volatilization, structural degradation, and metal contamination. Here, we report a dielectric-barrier-assisted criss-cross electrode configuration for solution plasma (SP) synthesis that achieves stable, low-temperature glow discharge in a benzene–DMF mixture. Finite-element simulations and optical diagnostics reveal that the dielectric barrier suppresses electron avalanches, producing a spatially uniform CN-rich plasma (∼2505 K) while minimizing C<sub>2</sub> formation, thereby preserving aromatic integrity and limiting nitrogen loss. Compared to the conventional pin-to-pin SP, which generates high-temperature (∼5280 K), C<sub>2</sub>-dominated abnormal glow, the dielectric-stabilized system yields few-layer NG with markedly reduced defect density (I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> = 0.133), narrower 2D band (FWHM = 70 cm<sup>−1</sup>), and higher crystallinity. XPS analysis shows a nitrogen content of 12.22 at% with a high fraction of quaternary N (32.6 %), achieved without detectable metal carbide impurities. Mechanistic analysis suggests that the CN-rich plasma environment promotes polymerization of nitrogen-containing oligomers (e.g., CN·, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>·) into ordered graphene frameworks, providing a controllable pathway for tailoring both the structural and chemical properties of NG. Additional precursor tests (σ-bonded aliphatic, π-bonded aromatic, and extended conjugated molecules) further confirm the generality of this CN-driven mechanism. This work establishes a scalable, low-temperature, in-liquid plasma strategy for producing high-purity, nitrogen-rich graphene with tunable functionalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120914"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CarbonPub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120908
Benwu Xin, Jiaxu Ding, Hongyu Liu, Shiwen Li, Qinglin Yuan, Qian Chen, Yang Wang, Dongyan Liu, Zengqin Song, Jinjing Li
{"title":"Enhanced catalyst nucleation for vertically grafted CNTs in 3D heterostructures on defect-free 2D materials","authors":"Benwu Xin, Jiaxu Ding, Hongyu Liu, Shiwen Li, Qinglin Yuan, Qian Chen, Yang Wang, Dongyan Liu, Zengqin Song, Jinjing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A rationally designed three-dimensional (3D) heterostructure integrating anisotropic low-dimensional materials (such as one-dimensional nanotubes and two-dimensional crystals) exhibits synergistic properties unattainable in individual components. By combining the axial anisotropy of 1D materials with the in-plane characteristics of 2D materials, such architectures offer broad application prospects in areas such as out-of-plane electrical conduction and 3D thermal diffusion. In this study, a 3D chemically bonded heterostructure comprising vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) and defect-free graphite was synthesized via optimized Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Fe/graphite catalytic system, forming a 3D VA-CNTs/graphite allotropic heterostructure without an intermediate dielectric layer. Experiments have proved that the presence of amorphous Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> effectively confines lateral migration of Fe nanoparticles and suppresses their ripening, thereby reducing the size dispersion of the catalyst particles, ultimately facilitating an ordered growth of VA-CNTs. Furthermore, this confinement mechanism shows its applicability to other 2D materials like h-BN, which broadens its potential applications. This reveals a new way of developing novel anisotropic 3D nanostructures based on hierarchical CNT grafting, allowing the utilization of the intrinsic properties of both nanomaterials, with potential applications in various fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120908"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CarbonPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120801
Jin Liang , Ze Qin , Zhong Quan , Jing Hao , Xian-ying Qin , Bao-hua Li , Fei-yu Kang
{"title":"A review of strategies to produce a fast-charging graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Jin Liang , Ze Qin , Zhong Quan , Jing Hao , Xian-ying Qin , Bao-hua Li , Fei-yu Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120801","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120801"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CarbonPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120807
Bin Xie , Xin-ya Zhao , Zheng-dong Ma , Yi-jian Zhang , Jia-rong Dong , Yan Wang , Qiu-hong Bai , Ye-hua Shen
{"title":"Modifying the pore structure of biomass-derived porous carbon for use in energy storage systems","authors":"Bin Xie , Xin-ya Zhao , Zheng-dong Ma , Yi-jian Zhang , Jia-rong Dong , Yan Wang , Qiu-hong Bai , Ye-hua Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120807","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120807"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CarbonPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120806
Jin-ting Li , Nurbiye Sawu , Yi-chu Zhao , Ping Liu , Yan-xia Wang , Yu-liang Cao
{"title":"Microstructure-mechanism-performance relationships in hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Jin-ting Li , Nurbiye Sawu , Yi-chu Zhao , Ping Liu , Yan-xia Wang , Yu-liang Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120806"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CarbonPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120804
Jun-yi Zhou , Hong-hui Du , Xue-tao Wang , Xin-ru Cao , Lin-jie Zhi
{"title":"Carbon materials for smart batteries","authors":"Jun-yi Zhou , Hong-hui Du , Xue-tao Wang , Xin-ru Cao , Lin-jie Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120804","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120804"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compilation and characterization of the visual appearance of alkali metal graphite intercalation compounds","authors":"Rika Matsumoto , Masato Oshima , Katsumi Yamada , Tokio Yukiya , Masaomi Sanekata","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120754","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120754"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Separating the effects of the electrolyte and solid electrolyte interphase on alkali metal ion transer resistance in non-graphitizable carbon","authors":"Shota Tsujimoto , Yasuyuki Kondo , Changhee Lee , Yuko Yokoyama , Yuto Miyahara , Kohei Miyazaki , Takeshi Abe","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120758"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CarbonPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120750
Akiko Yoshida , Tetsuji Itoh , Hirotomo Nishihara
{"title":"Carbon-based electrodes and sensors for miniaturized blood gas analyzers","authors":"Akiko Yoshida , Tetsuji Itoh , Hirotomo Nishihara","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120750","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 120750"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}