{"title":"Hardware synthesis for multi-dimensional time","authors":"A. Guillou, P. Quinton, T. Risset","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212828","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce some basic principles for extending the classical systolic synthesis methodology to multidimensional time. Multidimensional scheduling enables complex algorithms that do not admit linear schedules to be parallelized, but it also requires the use of memories in the architecture. We explain how to obtain compatible allocation and memory functions for VLSI (or SIMD-like code) generation. We also present an original mechanism for controlling a VLSI architecture that has a multidimensional schedule. A structural VHDL code has been derived and synthesized (for implementation on FPGA platforms) using these systematic design principles. These results are preliminary steps to the hardware synthesis for multidimensional time.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121891619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance-improved computation of very large word-length LNS addition/subtraction using signed-digit arithmetic","authors":"Chichyang Chen, Rui-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212857","url":null,"abstract":"Pipelined computation of very large word-length LNS addition/subtraction requires a significant amount of hardware and long pipeline latency. We propose a base-e exponential algorithm to simplify the exponential computation and to replace half of the pipeline stages by multiplication-and-accumulate operations. By using this approach, the circuit cost of the previously proposed 64 bit pipelined LNS addition/subtraction unit can be reduced by more than fifty percent. We also developed signed-digit (SD) algorithms to further enhance the performance of the LNS computation. From our analysis, the throughput of the 64 bit LNS unit can be increased by a factor of 4.62, and the pipeline latency can be reduced by a factor of seven. Furthermore, this SD approach can still save more than 50% of the table size and 27.6% of the circuit of the previously proposed LNS unit. The proposed approaches and algorithms have been verified by comprehensive simulations on the designed 32 bit SD hardware-reduced LNS unit. We have concluded that the proposed approaches can significantly improve the performance of very large word-length LNS addition/subtraction computation.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128926480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arbitrary bit permutations in one or two cycles","authors":"Z. Shi, Xiao Yang, R. Lee","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212847","url":null,"abstract":"Symmetric-key block ciphers encrypt data, providing data confidentiality over the public Internet. For interoperability reasons, it is desirable to support a variety of symmetric-key ciphers efficiently. We show the basic operations performed by a variety of symmetric-key cryptography algorithms. Of these basic operations, only bit permutation is very slow using existing processors, followed by integer multiplication. New instructions have been proposed recently to accelerate bit permutations in general-purpose processors, reducing the instructions needed to achieve an arbitrary n-bit permutation from O(n) to O(log(n)). However, the serial data-dependency between these log(n) permutation instructions prevents them from being executed in fewer than log(n) cycles, even on superscalar processors. Since application specific instruction processors (ASIPs) have fewer constraints on maintaining standard processor datapath and control conventions, can we achieve even faster permutations? We propose six alternative ASIP approaches to achieve arbitrary 64 bit permutations in one or two cycles, using new BFLY and IBFLY instructions. This reduction to one or two cycles is achieved without increasing the cycle time. We compare the latencies of different permutation units in a technology independent way to estimate cycle time impact. We also compare the alternative ASIP architectures and their efficiency in performing arbitrary 64 bit permutations.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125540371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application-specific DSP architecture for fast Fourier transform","authors":"K. L. Heo, Sung M. Cho, J. H. Lee, M. Sunwoo","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212860","url":null,"abstract":"We present ASDSP (application-specific digital signal processor) instructions and their hardware architecture for high-speed FFT. The proposed instructions calculate a butterfly within two cycles. The proposed architecture employs a data processing unit (DPU) supporting the instructions and an FFT address generation unit (FAGU) automatically calculating the butterfly input and output data addresses. The proposed DPU has a smaller area than commercial DSP chips. Moreover, the number of FFT computation cycles is reduced by the proposed FAGU. The architecture has been modeled by the VHDL. We have used the UMC 0.25/spl square/standard cell library for logic synthesis. Performance comparisons show that the number of execution cycles is reduced over 10% and the size of the DPU decreases about 30% compared with Carmel DSP.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"797 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123006203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abhishek Singh, D. Phatak, T. Goff, Mike Riggs, J. Plusquellic, C. Patel
{"title":"Comparison of branching CORDIC implementations","authors":"Abhishek Singh, D. Phatak, T. Goff, Mike Riggs, J. Plusquellic, C. Patel","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212845","url":null,"abstract":"We compare implementations of Duprat and Muller's branching CORDIC and Phatak's double step branching (DSB)-CORDIC algorithms for sine and cosine evaluation. For reference we also report on classical CORDIC implementations for the same wordlengths. We have also implemented double stepping in the classical algorithm and report on the performance of this method. CORDIC evaluation of sine and cosine includes two parts, the zeroer and the rotator. We discuss implementation issues related to the minimization of the delay of each iteration of the algorithm (including delays for both the zeroer as well the rotator). We then examine hybrid methods that select the components from different algorithms (such as a DSB zeroer together with a classical rotator or vice versa).","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123006769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ayala, M. López-Vallejo, A. Veidenbaum, Carlos A. Lopez
{"title":"Energy aware register file implementation through instruction predecode","authors":"J. Ayala, M. López-Vallejo, A. Veidenbaum, Carlos A. Lopez","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212832","url":null,"abstract":"The register file is a power-hungry device in modern architectures. Current research on compiler technology and computer architectures encourages the implementation of larger devices to feed multiple data paths and to store global variables. However, low power techniques are not able to appreciably reduce power consumption in this device without a time penalty. We introduce an efficient hardware approach to reduce the register file energy consumption by turning unused registers into a low power state. Bypassing the register fields of the fetch instruction to the decode stage allows the identification of registers required by the current instruction (instruction predecode) and allows the control logic to turn them back on. They are put into the low-power state after the instruction use. This technique achieves an 85% energy reduction with no performance penalty. The simplicity of the approach makes it an effective low-power technique for embedded processors.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122853929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas Wieferink, Tim Kogel, A. Nohl, A. Hoffmann
{"title":"A generic tool-set for SoC multiprocessor debugging and synchronization","authors":"Andreas Wieferink, Tim Kogel, A. Nohl, A. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212840","url":null,"abstract":"Current and future SoC designs will contain an increasing number of programmable units. To be able to tailor and debug these processors in their system context at the highest possible overall simulation speed, we propose a methodology and the necessary tooling for a multiprocessor debugging environment which allows a flexible runtime tradeoff between observability and simulation speed. This approach has been applied on a complex SoC case study.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115362766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automatic instruction set extension and utilization for embedded processors","authors":"A. Peymandoust, L. Pozzi, P. Ienne, G. Micheli","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212834","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing demand for application-specific embedded processors in system-on-a-chip designs. Current tools and design methodologies often require designers to manually specialize the processor based on an application. Moreover, the use of the new complex instructions added to the processor is often left to designers' ingenuity. We present a solution that automatically groups dataflow operations in the application software as potential new complex instructions. The set of possible instructions is then automatically used for code generation combined with high-level arithmetic optimizations using symbolic algebra. Symbolic arithmetic manipulations provide a novel and effective method for instruction selection that is necessary due to the complexity of the automatically identified instructions. We have used our methodology to automatically add new instructions to Tensilica processors for a set of examples. Our results show that our tools improve designers productivity and efficiently specialize an embedded processor for the given application such that the execution time is greatly improved.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115606791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schulte, L.P. Marquette, S. Krithivasan, E. G. Walters, C. Glossner
{"title":"Combined multiplication and sum-of-squares units","authors":"M. Schulte, L.P. Marquette, S. Krithivasan, E. G. Walters, C. Glossner","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212844","url":null,"abstract":"Multiplication and squaring are important operations in digital signal processing and multimedia applications. We present designs for units that implement either multiplication, A/spl times/B, or sum-of-squares computations, A/sup 2/+B/sup 2/, based on an input control signal. Compared to conventional parallel multipliers, these units have a modest increase in area and delay, but allow either multiplication or sum-of-squares computations to be performed. Combined multiplication and sum-of-squares units for unsigned and two's complement operands are presented, along with integrated designs that can operate on either unsigned or two's complement operands. The designs can also be extended to work with a third accumulator operand to compute either Z+A/spl times/B or Z+A/sup 2/+B/sup 2/. Synthesis results indicate that a combined multiplication and sum-of-squares unit for 32-bit two's complement operands can be implemented with roughly 15% more area and nearly the same worst case delay as a conventional 32-bit two's complement multiplier.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127891624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An architecture for a radix-4 modular pipeline fast Fourier transform","authors":"A. El-Khashab, E. Swartzlander","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212861","url":null,"abstract":"We present a radix-4 modular pipeline architecture for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). For an N-point DFT, two conventional pipeline /spl radic/N-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) modules are joined by a specialized center element. The center element contains memories, coefficient ROMs, multipliers, and control logic. Compared with a standard N-point pipeline FFT, the modular FFT significantly reduces the number of delay lines to 2/spl radic/N. Further, the coefficient storage is concentrated within the center element, thereby reducing the ROM requirement within the pipeline FFT modules. The centralized memory and address generator provide data storage and reordering. The architecture has been analyzed through simulation and compared to the conventional pipeline FFT. The throughput of a standard radix-4 pipeline FFT is maintained with a slightly higher end-to-end latency. A reduction in power is achieved because the modular pipeline exhibits N/2 bit transitions on each clock as compared to y bit transitions in the conventional pipeline.","PeriodicalId":261592,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors. ASAP 2003","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127817252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}