Biosensors and Bioelectronics最新文献

{"title":"Advances in peptide nucleic acid-based sensors and antisense therapeutics: Surface immobilization on planar gold substrates","authors":"Birgit Meindl ,&nbsp;Katharina Pfennigbauer ,&nbsp;Agnes Lenz,&nbsp;Stephanie Müllauer,&nbsp;Brigitte Holzer","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic analogues of nucleic acids featuring a neutral peptide-backbone that provides exceptional stability and resistance to enzymatic degradation. They are highly specific towards complementary DNA or RNA sequences rendering them ideal capture probes for sensitive and selective biosensing. The uncharged backbone minimizes nonspecific interactions and reduces background noise in bioelectronic devices, thereby improving signal-to-noise ratios. The precise immobilization of PNAs on gold substrates allows the development of real-time, label-free electrochemical and optical sensors. Parameters – such as immobilization strategy, concentration, temperature, substrate morphology – that strongly influences the surface probe density and ultimately play key roles in the sensor's performance are discussed within this review.</div><div>Furthermore, this review highlights current strategies for tuning planar gold-based PNA sensors and outlines how nucleic acid sensor technologies can be leveraged to evaluate emerging PNA-based antisense oligonucleotides. Given the relevance of PNA derivatives in therapeutic oligonucleotide development, it further shows how sensor platforms can be used to assess and improve the design and binding kinetics of new PNA antisense drug candidates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 118481"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ mapping of HSA reabsorption by a NIR fluorogenic sensor as a practical phenotypic assay for nephroprotective drug discovery","authors":"Yufan Fan ,&nbsp;Bei Zhao ,&nbsp;Ya Zhang ,&nbsp;Pingjin Xie ,&nbsp;Lele Liu ,&nbsp;Xuerui Wang ,&nbsp;Guanghao Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhaobin Guo ,&nbsp;Fangyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Jin ,&nbsp;Jing Hu ,&nbsp;Guangbo Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impaired reabsorption of kidney tubules is a critical early event in drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI), making real-time monitoring of human serum albumin (HSA) endocytosis essential for assessing renal function and screening nephroprotective agents. Inspired by the specific warfarin-HSA interactions, a novel coumarin-derived near-infrared (NIR) fluorogenic sensor, <strong>NCBP</strong>, was engineered based on a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism. Under physiological conditions, <strong>NCBP</strong> rapidly and stably bound to subdomain IIA of HSA with 1:1 stoichiometry, triggering a 79-fold fluorescence enhancement at 665 nm. <strong>NCBP</strong> integrated multiple advantages for detecting HSA, including instantaneous response, high physicochemical stability, ultrahigh sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. Furthermore, <strong>NCBP</strong> enabled <em>in situ</em> spatiotemporal imaging of HSA reabsorption in living nephrocytes and renal tissues, which was then used for screening nephroprotective agents to mitigate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CINT). Nobiletin (NOB) and 4’,7-dimethoxyisoflavone (DIF) were identified as promising lead compounds capable of restoring renal uptake function and mitigating cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. In CINT mice, both NOB and DIF significantly improved renal function and attenuated tubular injury, confirming their nephroprotective potentials. Collectively, a TICT-based NIR sensor was developed for <em>in situ</em> imaging of HSA reabsorption, offering a robust phenotypic platform for spatiotemporal mapping of cellular HSA trafficking and discovering nephroprotective agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 118490"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attogram per milliliter detection of prostate cancer biomarker using polymer dots-based electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor","authors":"Samira Mansouri Majd ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Mirzapour ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Shamsipur ,&nbsp;Ziba Nematifar","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early detection of biomarkers in body fluids plays a critical role in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer, the second most common cancer in men. In this study, we synthesized novel semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) to serve as the channel material in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFET) for the ultrasensitive detection of PSA antigen, a key cancer biomarker. To fabricate the active channel material, Pdots were drop-cast onto the FET surface, and the surface was subsequently functionalized with PSA antibodies. The Pdot EGOFET immunosensor demonstrated the ability to detect PSA antigen across a concentration range of 10 ag/mL to 10 ng/mL, with a significant decrease in drain current (I_ds) and a high sensitivity of 0.9097 μA/decade. The sensor exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.0 ag/mL. Furthermore, the Pdot EGOFET immunosensor displayed remarkable electrical characteristics, including a mobility of 0.029 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹, an on/off current ratio of 22.66, and a subthreshold swing (SS) of 909.1 mV/decade. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, with its performance being compared favorably to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting PSA in spiked human serum samples. The positive and promising results of this study indicate that the developed Pdot EGOFET immunosensor holds significant potential as a highly effective platform for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 118476"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Area-selective assembly of cell membrane/Ti3C2Tx MXene nanocomposites for biomimetic electrochemical detection","authors":"Hongrae Kim ,&nbsp;Yonghwan Kim ,&nbsp;Jaeheung Kim ,&nbsp;Hyunji Kim ,&nbsp;Jae Won Jang ,&nbsp;Seungmin Lee ,&nbsp;Hyo Gi Jung ,&nbsp;Jae Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Junho Bang ,&nbsp;Ji Sung Yoon ,&nbsp;Jeong Hoon Lee ,&nbsp;Dongsung Park ,&nbsp;Dae Sung Yoon ,&nbsp;Kyo Seon Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cell membrane (CM) coating technology offers a promising strategy for developing biomimetic electronics, leveraging native cellular functionalities such as antifouling properties and receptor-mediated specificity. However, achieving uniform and stable CM deposition within precisely defined regions remains a significant challenge. Here, we present an area-selective CM coating approach that confines A549 lung carcinoma cells-derived membranes (AM) to photolithographically defined Ti₃C₂T_x MXene micropatterns. The hydrophilic surface of Ti₃C₂T_x, enriched with hydroxyl groups, promotes strong electrostatic interactions with the phospholipid headgroups, enabling the formation of a uniform and continuous MXene-directed CM coating. Fluorescence microscopy shows that AM coatings on MXene films effectively suppress nonspecific protein adsorption while preserving highly specific, receptor-mediated binding of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples via endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Based on these features, we further integrated this biomimetic interface into an electrochemical biosensor by confining the MXene and AM layers to the working electrode. The AM-coated sensors exhibited excellent sensitivity for the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, achieving a detection limit of 132 pM with high selectivity against various interfering molecules. Furthermore, the AM-on-MXene sensor successfully discriminated SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical samples from healthy controls, highlighting its clinical applicability. These results demonstrate a robust and scalable strategy for integrating biological membranes with 2D conductive nanomaterials, significantly broadening the potential of biointerface engineering in advanced bioelectronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 118507"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and construction of a novel transcription factor-based glycine biosensor for directed enzyme evolution in Escherichia coli","authors":"Jiani Peng ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Li ,&nbsp;Yixuan Li ,&nbsp;Xinna Zhu ,&nbsp;Yongzhong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhe Sun ,&nbsp;Xueli Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glycine is an essential metabolite and a valuable precursor for various industrially relevant compounds. However, the lack of efficient high-throughput detection methods has limited progress in metabolic engineering for glycine bioproduction. In this study, we developed a transcription factor-based glycine biosensor in <em>Escherichia coli</em> by reprogramming the native GcvA/GcvR regulatory complex. By fine-tuning the expression balance between GcvA and GcvR, the biosensor exhibited significantly reduced basal fluorescence while achieving strong glycine-dependent induction of up to 16.45-fold. The optimized system demonstrated rapid response kinetics, high sensitivity, and excellent specificity toward exogenously supplied glycine. The biosensor accurately reflected intracellular glycine concentrations in engineered glycine-producing strains, with fluorescence output correlating with production levels. Furthermore, its application enabled high-throughput screening of SerC (phosphoserine aminotransferase) mutants with enhanced glycine production. The best-performing SerC variant resulted in a 48.54-fold increase in fluorescence intensity and a 2.25-fold improvement in glycine accumulation, validating the biosensor as an effective tool for directed enzyme evolution. This work established a robust and tunable platform for glycine biosensing, offering broad potential for metabolic pathway optimization and enzyme engineering related to glycine metabolism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 118478"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-sensitive Fiber-OECT biosensor enabled by ZIF-67/f-MWCNT for noninvasive urea monitoring","authors":"Li Jinsong ,&nbsp;Shi Xiaoxia ,&nbsp;Yang Huihuang ,&nbsp;Cai Li ,&nbsp;Li Zhongbo ,&nbsp;Zhang Lijun","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urea is a key biomarker for diagnosing various kidney and liver disorders, which can be assessed through sensing platforms. However, existing urea sensors have performance issues in real samples. Herein, a novel fiber-organic electrochemical transistor (F-OECT) sensing platform was constructed by sequentially depositing cobalt-based metal-organic framework material (ZIF-67), carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and urease on cotton fibers for urea determination. The resulting F-OECT sensor exhibited excellent performance toward urea detection with a high sensitivity (82.91 μA/decade). This performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical composite: the significantly enlarged electrochemically active surface area of PEDOT/f-MWCNT/ZIF-67 facilitates high-density urease immobilization, while the conductive network ensures efficient signal transduction, coupled with the intrinsic signal amplification of the OECT architecture. Under optimized conditions, the F-OECT sensor illustrated a wide linear response range (1 pM-10 mM) and a low detection limit of 1 pM toward the detection of urea, coupled with an excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. More importantly, the F-OECT sensor was able to detect urea in real sweat and urine samples. Based on these encouraging data, the F-OECT sensor was connected to a printed circuit board to transmit signals via Bluetooth, and the results showed a sensor capable of visually quantifying urea. Overall, the proposed F-OECT sensor looks promising for future non-invasive and sensitive liquid detection of urea, thereby deserving further research and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 118479"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex miRNA quantification based on response of difunctional molecular beacon to hairpin probe-triggered isothermal amplification","authors":"Wenjing Hu ,&nbsp;Huyun Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiaonan Liu ,&nbsp;Jiangwei Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>miRNA, the non-coding RNA comprised of about 22 nucleotides, serves as the biomarker in various biomedical scenarios based on different expression level. The more miRNAs are characterized, the more accurate result will be obtained, highlighting the necessary of multiplex miRNA quantification. Although PCR-based methods have been widely applied, the limited specificity and sensitivity restrict their application in liquid biopsy, prenatal diagnosis and forensic identification due to the trace of target and degraded specimen. Despite the higher sensitivity and specificity of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), the short fragment renders miRNA detection impossible, let alone multiplex quantification. In this study, a novel strategy for multiplex miRNA quantification is developed based on the response of difunctional molecular beacon to hairpin probe-triggered isothermal amplification. Two hairpin probes are designed to hybridize with target miRNA and fused by ligase, forming a dumbbell structure as the trigger to initiate LAMP. The difunctional molecular beacon, featured with 3′-overhang, serves as loop primer by annealing to the dumbbell structure and participates in amplification. The quencher-fluorophore pair located on molecular beacon is separated through strand displacement, generating fluorescence to monitor amplification of each target for multiplex miRNA quantification. Hairpin probe addresses the incompatibility between template length requirement of LAMP and short fragment of miRNA, even extended cDNA from reverse transcription. Besides, specificity is improved by hairpin probe fusion with single nucleotide distinguishability, which is also not possessed in reverse transcription. The paradigm contains universal hairpin probe and molecular beacon, providing a general platform for multiplex miRNA analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 118469"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenylboronic acid-modified magnetic beads combined with DNA-anchored near-infrared AIEgen-based ultrasensitive signal tags for Argonaute-based biosensing","authors":"Xuewen Peng ,&nbsp;Sufen Yang ,&nbsp;Zhengzhang Huang ,&nbsp;Niu Feng ,&nbsp;Hetong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiqi Li ,&nbsp;Yating Han ,&nbsp;Caiyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jimei Ma ,&nbsp;Yiping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pathogens have long presented a significant threat to human lives and environmental security, and the rapid detection of infectious pathogens is therefore vital for mitigating such risks. However, the practical application of biosensors is often hampered by complex sample matrices and limited sensitivity. To address these challenges, we established magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) functionalized with phenylboronic acid (PBA) (MNP-PBA) that efficiently and non-destructively captures <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) from complex samples within 20 min, achieving 92.21 % capture rate at 10⁸ CFU/mL. In addition, an aggregation-induced emission luminogen, TTQ-PF₆, was introduced as a detection probe. TTQ-PF₆ exhibits a large Stokes shift (265 nm), intense red fluorescence, and exceptional anti-photobleaching ability—representing a 5.67-fold and 9.40-fold enhancement compared to Rhodamine X, respectively. Moreover, TTQ-PF₆ allows multiple fluorophores to be conjugated to a single DNA strand without the need for chemical reagents. The combination of MNP-PBA and red-emitting TTQ-PF₆ provides strong resistance to matrix interference in bacterial detection, realizing a broad detection linear range for <em>S. aureus</em> from 10² to 10⁷ CFU/mL, with a limit of detection as low as 13.74 CFU/mL. Overall, this work provides a robust and efficient platform for pathogen detection in complex environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 118450"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A turn-on CRISPR/Cas12a strategy featuring a sterically-hindered activator for in situ fluorescence imaging of H2O2 in vivo","authors":"Zhiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Wenxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhe Feng ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Feng ,&nbsp;Yang Shi ,&nbsp;Jiayin Zhan ,&nbsp;Jingjing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) serves as a key biomarker of oxidative stress in pathological processes such as cancer and inflammation. However, its in vivo visualization remains challenging due to the lack of sensitive, rapid, and bioorthogonal imaging methods. Here, we present a H₂O₂-activatable CRISPR/Cas12a strategy, termed A-BO-CRISPR, for real-time fluorescence imaging in living systems. This biosensing strategy employs a 4-bromomethylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester-caged DNA activator whose binding to crRNA is initially blocked by steric hindrance, effectively suppressing Cas12a trans-cleavage activity. Upon encountering endogenous H₂O₂, the boronate ester is selectively hydrolyzed, restoring activator/crRNA hybridization and triggering amplified fluorescent signal generation via Cas12a-mediated collateral cleavage of a ssDNA reporter. The system achieves a detection limit of 0.64 μM and responds within minutes, enabling real-time monitoring of H₂O₂ fluxes in living cells and tumor-bearing mice. It exhibits high selectivity and robust stability in complex biological environments. By integrating a chemical gating mechanism with CRISPR-based signal amplification, this work paves the way for potential applications in probing redox biology, imaging-guided diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 118449"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active detection of melanoma via a dual-extraction-driven flexible microneedles sensor","authors":"Min Wu ,&nbsp;Songlong Jiao ,&nbsp;Lei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2026.118451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wearable microneedles (MNs) biosensors offer significant potential for minimally invasive biomarker detection in interstitial fluid (ISF). However, suboptimal fluid collection efficiency, dermal irritation due to rigid structural components, and inadequate long-term operational stability collectively represent critical barriers to their clinical translation for early disease diagnosis. Here, we propose a fully integrated dual-extraction-driven flexible microneedles (DFMN) sensor for active detection of melanoma-associated miRNA. The DFMN sensor comprises hydrogel MNs, hollow Au-Ag NPs functionalized flexible electrodes, and a miniaturized wireless module. The synergistic combination of passive diffusion driven by hydrogel MN swelling and active transport <em>via</em> reverse iontophoresis enhanced ISF extraction volume by 1.6-fold within 5 min. This dual-extraction mechanism enabled real-time wireless detection of miRNA-221 with an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 43 aM. Furthermore, to enhance reliability in complex biological environments, an artificial neural network algorithm was implemented, achieving a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.985. The DFMN sensor holds broad application prospects in interdisciplinary fields such as human-machine interaction, smart healthcare, and artificial intelligence, providing an innovative solution for real-time sensitive detection of wearable flexible sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 118451"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}