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The Adequacy of Privacy: the European Union Data Protection Directive and the North American Response 隐私的充分性:欧盟数据保护指令和北美的回应
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129124
Colin J. Bennett, C. Raab
{"title":"The Adequacy of Privacy: the European Union Data Protection Directive and the North American Response","authors":"Colin J. Bennett, C. Raab","doi":"10.1080/019722497129124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129124","url":null,"abstract":"The recently passed European Directive on the Protection of Personal Data aims to harmonize European data protection law at a higher level of protection than exists now. It represents a European consensus on a standard for personal privacy and a model for countries without data protection laws. The protracted process for agreement and ratification, however, has produced a document with many derogations and ambiguities, reflecting the wider moves towards ''subsidiarity'' within the European Union. Of concern to North America is the stipulation that transborder data flow may not be permitted unless the receiving country can demonstrate an ''adequate'' level of protection. While the process through which this provision will be interpreted and applied is so far found to be complicated and unclear, nevertheless European authorities will be reluctant to tolerate ''data havens,'' a fact that should concern North American business that relies on the unimpeded flows of personal data from and to Europe. Neither Can...","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133444710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 34
Battle of the Sexes on E-mail - Or is it? 电子邮件中的性别之战——真的是吗?
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129106
C. Romm, N. Pliskin
{"title":"Battle of the Sexes on E-mail - Or is it?","authors":"C. Romm, N. Pliskin","doi":"10.1080/019722497129106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129106","url":null,"abstract":"Few studies have attempted to link e-mail use to power and politics. The purpose of this article is to offer some initial evidence and analysis of e-mail's role in organizational power and politics. To frame the discussion, the article reviews the relevant writings on power and politics. The review is concluded with a theoretical critique that suggests that contextual and, particularly, temporal aspects should be incorporated into research on power and politics in organizations. To demonstrate how an analysis based on temporal aspects can be undertaken, a case study that outlines the use of e-mail for power and politics in a university is presented. The discussion and conclusions sections synthesize the analysis by demonstrating that what was interpreted by many organization members at the early stages of the conflict as a ''battle of the sexes'' can be seen (and, indeed, was interpreted by many organization members at the later stages of the conflict) as an elaborate exercise in misinformation created by...","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130301432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Age of Uncontrolled Information Flow 信息流失控的时代
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129188
H. Spencer
{"title":"Age of Uncontrolled Information Flow","authors":"H. Spencer","doi":"10.1080/019722497129188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129188","url":null,"abstract":"We are heading into an era of uncontrolled and uncontrollable information flow. In the past, the tools of information flow required large investments, and the persons controlling them were easily identifiable. Now, effective long-range communication with large numbers of people can be done using tools that are easily affordable to the average citizen. Moreover, it can be done in ways that make monitoring and control virtually impossible. This is not a worrisome future change that can be averted by prompt action; it is a fait accompli and there is no reversing it. However, this is not necessarily clear to those interested in monitoring and control. Unfortunately, the bulk of electronic communication is still relatively exposed to monitoring and control, and is likely to remain so for a while. The danger is that the authorities, trying to retain a grip on a situation that is irretrievably slipping away, will react to the extremes of the problem in ways that leave ordinary users' privacy unprotected. The bes...","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123886900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Perceptual Differences in Approaches to Censorship: Information Intermediaries and the Implementation of Law 审查方式的感知差异:信息中介与法律实施
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129205
M. Wilkinson
{"title":"Perceptual Differences in Approaches to Censorship: Information Intermediaries and the Implementation of Law","authors":"M. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1080/019722497129205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129205","url":null,"abstract":"Censorship exists wherever there is preselection of information made available to a particular group of potential users-that is, wherever there is an information intermediary between the information source and the user. Therefore, one cannot ask whether or not there should be censorship. Nor is it realistic to declare that freedom of expression should override censorship. A more useful approach is to ask what checks and balances should be in place to ensure freedom of expression and other basic information rights in the face of the necessity and reality of the information selection process. Two forms of legal intervention have been used to create our current regime. This article first examines delegation of the censoring/selecting power to particular intermediaries in the information cycle. Historically, power to select appropriate information for dissemination was delegated to the ''censors,'' and examples of this approach continue in our law in such areas as access and copyright legislation and in unlegislated areas of the law such as confidential information. Second, the paper examines situations where the law regulates the censoring activity itself. In situations such as libel and obscenity, for example, our law preempts the intermediary by dictating the decision itself. The law, however, does not necessarily mirror actual decisions being made by information intermediaries. Empirical evidence suggests that selection/censorship decisions, which the current law might have been expected to affect, may be being made by other intermediaries and on other criteria than theoretical examination of the law would lead one to expect. These ''extralegal'' forms of censorship can be very effective, but are we content to leave those decisions without legal control? The article concludes that more strategic empirical analysis of our current legal attempts to create effective checks and balances on the censoring decisions made by intermediaries will assist us in further law reform attempts.","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133144019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Freedom of Speech and Privacy in the Information Age 信息时代的言论自由与隐私
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129197
John Sopinka
{"title":"Freedom of Speech and Privacy in the Information Age","authors":"John Sopinka","doi":"10.1080/019722497129197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129197","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the ramifications of the information age on the freedom of speech and privacy rights. New technologies such as computer networking have given Canadians greater opportunities to directly participate in the information age. Technology opens new doors of artistic, social, intellectual, and political expression. However, the ability to reach a wide audience with little or no regulation also results in a proliferation of speech that many may find hurtful or offensive. Therefore, it becomes all the more essential that we have an understanding of the meaning of freedom of expression in Canadian society and its limits","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122514775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Old Freedoms and New Technologies: The Evolution of Community Networking 旧自由与新技术:社区网络的演变
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129214
Jake Weston
{"title":"Old Freedoms and New Technologies: The Evolution of Community Networking","authors":"Jake Weston","doi":"10.1080/019722497129214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129214","url":null,"abstract":"Unparalleled in human experience, the Internet, or simply the Net, is the code word for the technosocial accident that gives large numbers of people the means by which they can speak for themselves in public. This is an ironical reversal of the historical social patterning of asymmetrical, centralizing communicating technologies that have molded all of the social relations of modern society. The problematic for this distributed communication capability will be manifest in struggles around the legitimacy of self-expression, assembly, and privacy, in all of their forms. However, unlike the mass mediated discourse where, as the ''audience'' object, we observed these externalized struggles by a narrow other, encounters with distributed media are palpable and subjective, and will be increasingly played out on the common terrain of local community. In initiating unconditional public access to the Net, community networks, or FreeNets, began the long process of blurring the distinction between the public and priv...","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129949262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Social Issues in Canada's Information Society 加拿大信息社会的社会问题
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129160
J. Shallit, H. Lyons
{"title":"Social Issues in Canada's Information Society","authors":"J. Shallit, H. Lyons","doi":"10.1080/019722497129160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129160","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction au Symposium on Free speech and Privacy in the Information Age tenu en 1994 au Canada, qui pose les questions de liberte d'expression, de censure, de pornographie sur Internet","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"368 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126707802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Content Analysis of Pornographic Images Available on the Internet 互联网上可用色情图片的内容分析
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129179
Michael D. Metha, Dwaine Plaza
{"title":"Content Analysis of Pornographic Images Available on the Internet","authors":"Michael D. Metha, Dwaine Plaza","doi":"10.1080/019722497129179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129179","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the nature and content of 150 randomly selected pornographic images available in Usenet newsgroups on the Internet in April 1994. Using content analysis, we identified themes that appear most frequently and explored differences in the type of material posted by commercial and noncommercial users. Results suggest that commercial vendors are more likely to post explicit pornographic material in public access newsgroups to attract new customers to their private, pay-per-use bulletin board services.","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130297608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 45
Electronic Commerce, World Wide Web, Minitel and EDI 电子商务,万维网,迷你通讯和EDI
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129269
Richard Hill
{"title":"Electronic Commerce, World Wide Web, Minitel and EDI","authors":"Richard Hill","doi":"10.1080/019722497129269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129269","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing interest in the use of the Internet in general, and the World Wide Web (WWW) in particular, as mechanisms for promoting electronic commerce. The French experience with Minitel and the international experience with electronic data interchange (EDI) hold some lessons for the future use of Internet as a mechanism for enabling the creation and maintenance of relationships with remote customers.","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129564595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
The Organization of Electronic Markets: Contributions from the New Institutional Economics 电子市场的组织:新制度经济学的贡献
Inf. Soc. Pub Date : 1997-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/019722497129313
A. Picot, Christine Bortenlanger, H. Rohrl
{"title":"The Organization of Electronic Markets: Contributions from the New Institutional Economics","authors":"A. Picot, Christine Bortenlanger, H. Rohrl","doi":"10.1080/019722497129313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129313","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic markets are increasingly gaining scientific and economic attention. In order to realize their often postulated rationalization potential, a closer look into their organization is necessary. New institutional economics provides a body of theory well suited for this task. Transaction cost theory helps to understand why transactions are more often conducted via markets and why those markets require organization. Principal-agent theory explains future (dis-)intermediation structures in electronic markets. Finally, property rights theory helps to understand why a certain level of market intransparency will remain in electronic markets.","PeriodicalId":259468,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Soc.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116827288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 74
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