{"title":"A Statistical Analysis of Performance in the 2021 CEC-GECCO-PESGM Competition on Evolutionary Computation in the Energy Domain","authors":"F. Lezama, J. Soares, B. Canizes, Z. Vale","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660117","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have emerged as an efficient alternative to deal with real-world applications with high complexity. However, due to the stochastic nature of the results obtained using EAs, the design of benchmarks and competitions where such approaches can be evaluated and compared is attracting attention in the field. In the energy domain, the “2021 CEC-GECCO-PESGM Competition on Evolutionary Computation in the Energy Domain: Smart Grid Applications” provides a platform to test and compare new EAs to solve complex problems in the field. However, the metric used to rank the algorithms is based solely on the mean fitness value (related to the objective function value only), which does not give statistical significance to the performance of the algorithms. Thus, this paper presents a statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon pair-wise comparison to study the performance of algorithms with statistical grounds. Results suggest that, for track 1 of the competition, only the winner approach (first place) is significantly different and superior to the other algorithms; in contrast, the second place is already statistically comparable to some other contestants. For track 2, all the winner approaches (first, second, and third) are statistically different from each other and the rest of the contestants. This type of analysis is important to have a deeper understanding of the stochastic performance of algorithms.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124856917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive Optimal Control of Continuous-Time Linear Systems via Hybrid Iteration","authors":"Omar Qasem, Weinan Gao, T. Bian","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660016","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, under the name of hybrid iteration (HI), for continuous-time linear systems. The proposed HI approach combines the advantages of two well-known DP algorithms, i.e., policy iteration (PI) and value iteration (VI). In particular, HI drops the need of an initial stabilizing control policy required in PI, and at the same time it maintains a faster convergence rate compared with VI. Based on the proposed HI algorithm, a data-driven adaptive optimal controller design is also proposed. Simulation results for randomly generated continuous-time linear systems with different system orders demonstrate that the proposed HI approach can save CPU time up to 73% and reduce the number of iterations to converge up to 98% comparing with the VI approach.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123263639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Non-Walking Triangle Optimization Representation: Enabling Monte Carlo Tree Search-like Methods for Real Parameter Optimization Problems","authors":"Rachel Brown, D. Ashlock","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660157","url":null,"abstract":"Real parameter estimation is typically performed by an algorithm that operates directly on vectors of real parameters. This study presents an extension of a representation for real parameter optimization that is discrete and based on the iterated partition of simplices, known as the Walking Triangle Representation (WTR), and pairs it with Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)-like algorithms. The number of moves allowed to the WTR is reduced to only its centering move, where a vertex of the simplex is replaced by its center of mass. This representation converts a real parameter optimization to a discrete form, which can then be paired with MCTS-like algorithms. The tree structure of MCTS allows one to keep track of and exploit information from previous attempts (tree extensions) when choosing the next set of moves to try. Six real parameter optimization problems were used to test the algorithm. Four parameters in the algorithm were studied, including: minimum gene length, maximum gene length, number of tree extensions, and probability of exploration (chance). The algorithm regularly performed consistently well, even with a low number of fitness evaluations (typical number of fitness evaluations is up to 3750 per run). This paper focuses on the ability of the Non-Walking Triangle Representation to convert real parameter optimization problems into discrete representations. This concept is demonstrated through the evaluation of the Non-Walking Triangle Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCNon-Walk) algorithm's ability to find optima in a variety of real parameter optimization problems, using differential evolution as a baseline for comparison.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123279277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improvements to Speed and Efficacy in Non-Stationary Learning in a Flapping-Wing Air Vehicle: Constrained and Unconstrained Flight","authors":"J. Gallagher, Monica Sam","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660163","url":null,"abstract":"Small Flapping-Wing Micro-Air Vehicles (FW-MA Vs) may experience wing damage and wear while in service with even small amounts introducing significant deficits in maintaining path control. Previous work employed a custom Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) that adapted wing motion patterns, while in flight and in normal online service, to compensate for wing damage. Although generally successful in finding solutions to this challenging online non-stationary problem, the previous methods would very often require hours of flight time to reach full success and sometime failed altogether in cases of extreme wing damage. This paper details a new approach that reduces the required learning time by an order of magnitude and extends the range of damage over which one can expect suitable performance. A discussion of what changes were made and why they were made will be provided along with extensive simulation results demonstrating the claims of success. The paper will also provide discussion of what additional work is possible now that both speed and efficacy have been sufficiently improved to support practical in-flight learning in real vehicles.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123650366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cooperative Optimization Strategy for Distributed Energy Resource System using Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Zhaoyang Liu, Tianchun Xiang, Tianhao Wang, C. Mu","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659540","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a consensus multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm is introduced for distributed cooperative secondary voltage control of microgrids. To reduce dependence on the system model and enhance communication efficiency, we propose a fully decentralized multi-agent advantage actor critic (A2C) algorithm with local communication networks, which considers each distributed energy resource (DER) as an agent. Both local state and the messages received from neighbors are employed by each agent to learn a control strategy. Moreover, the maximum entropy reinforcement learning framework is applied to improve exploration of agents. The proposed algorithm is verified in two different scale microgrid setups, which are microgrid-6 and microgrid-20. Experiment results show the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125267520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thilina Perera, L. Wijerathna, Deshya Wijesundera, T. Srikanthan
{"title":"Road-network aware Dynamic Workload Balancing Technique for Real-time Route Generation in On-Demand Public Transit","authors":"Thilina Perera, L. Wijerathna, Deshya Wijesundera, T. Srikanthan","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659934","url":null,"abstract":"On-demand public transit systems require real-time computation of routes to ensure a user-friendly responsive service while also minimizing the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) of the fleet for increasing the profits of an operator. To ensure responsiveness, heuristic algorithms that rapidly generate near-optimal solutions are preferred over time-consuming exact computations. In order to further ensure the scalability of heuristic algorithms, especially to solve large problems, parallel computing techniques need to distribute the workload evenly across several partitions, while keeping passengers on similar routes with less detour in a single partition to reduce the VMT. However, existing works ignore these factors when partitioning the workload. This work proposes a road-network aware tree partitioning algorithm that not only considers the shortest path based routes but also the workloads to create balanced partitions in real-time. Experimental results on a real road-network show that the proposed algorithm outperforms a well-known unsupervised learning algorithm in terms of quality of results and runtime.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126227968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Moonwalkers: Evolving Robots for Locomotion in a Moon-like Environment","authors":"Koen Van Der Pool, A. Eiben","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660029","url":null,"abstract":"Robots are arguably essential for space research in the future, but designing and producing robots for unknown environments represents a grand challenge. The field of Evolutionary Robotics offers a solution by applying the principles of natural evolution to robot design. In this paper, we consider a Moon-like environment and investigate the joint evolution of morphologies (bodies) and controllers (brains) when fitness is determined by the ability to locomote. In particular, we are interested in the evolved morphologies and compare the emerging 'life forms' in a Moonlike environment to those evolved under Earth-like conditions. To model the Moon we change two environmental properties of our baseline environment that represents the Earth: gravity is set to a low value and the flat terrain is replaced by the NASA model of the Moon landing site of the Apollo 14. The results show that changing only one of these does not lead to different evolved robot morphologies, but changing both does. Our evolved Moonwalkers are usually bigger, have fewer limbs and a less space filling shape than the robots evolved on Earth.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"17 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125765444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Adaptive Evolutionary Algorithm for Bi- Level Multi-objective VRPs with Real-Time Traffic Conditions","authors":"Baojian Chen, Changhe Li, Sanyou Zeng, Shengxiang Yang, Michalis Mavrovouniotis","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659933","url":null,"abstract":"The research of vehicle routing problem (VRP) is significant for people traveling and logistics distribution. Recently, in order to alleviate global warming, the VRP based on electric vehicles has attracted much attention from researchers. In this paper, a bi-level routing problem model based on electric vehicles is presented, which can simulate the actual logistics distribution process. The classic backpropagation neural network is used to predict the road conditions for applying the method in real life. We also propose a local search algorithm based on a dynamic constrained multiobjective optimization framework. In this algorithm, 26 local search operators are designed and selected adaptively to optimize initial solutions. We also make a comparison between our algorithm and 3 modified algorithms. Experimental results indicate that our algorithm can attain an excellent solution that can satisfy the constraints of the VRP with real-time traffic conditions and be more competitive than the other 3 modified algorithms.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"110 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125882804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feature Selection for Fake News Classification","authors":"Simen Sverdrup-Thygeson, P. Haddow","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660080","url":null,"abstract":"An explosive growth of misleading and untrustworthy news articles has been observed over the last years. These news articles are often referred to as fake news and have been found to severely impact fair elections and democratic values. Computational Intelligence models may be applied to the classification of news articles, assuming that an efficient feature set is available as input to the model. However, the selection of appropriate feature sets is an open question for such high-dimensional tasks. A further challenge is the general applicability of feature selection strategies, where testing on a single dataset may convey misleading results. The work herein evaluates a wide-range of potential news article features resulting in twenty-five potential features. Feature selection, based on a combination of feature scoring, feature ranking and mutual information is then applied, evaluated on multiple datasets: Kaggle, Liar and FakeNewsNet. An Artificial Immune System model is applied in the feature ranking and as the classification model. The accuracy obtained is compared to state of the art fake news classification models, highlighting that the approach shows promise in terms of accuracy despite the small feature sets provided for classification.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129341214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diabetes Prediction Using Quantum Neurons with Preprocessing Based on Hypercomplex Numbers","authors":"Cláudio A. Monteiro, F. M. P. Neto","doi":"10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9660028","url":null,"abstract":"The use of properties that are intrinsic to quantum mechanics has made it possible to build quantum algorithms with greater efficiency than classical algorithms to solve problems whose classically efficient solution either does not exist or is not known. There are quantum neurons that can carry an exponential amount of information to a linear number of quantum information units (qubits) using the quantum property of superposition. In this paper, we compare the performance of three of these quantum neuron models applied to the diabetes classification problem. We also propose the use of different data preprocessing strategies. Quantum neurons were simulated using the IBM Qiskit tool. We compare the preprocessing approaches applied to two toy problems (1) simulating the XOR operator and (2) solving a generic nonlinear problem. The results of the experiments shows that a single quantum neuron is capable of achieving an accuracy rate of 100% in the XOR problem and an accuracy rate of 100% in a non-linear dataset, demonstrating that the quantum neurons with real weights are capable of modeling non-linearly separable problems. In the problem of diagnosing diabetes, quantum neurons achieved an accuracy rate of 76% and AUC-ROC of 88%, while its classic version, the perceptron, reached only 63% accuracy and the artificial neural network reached 80% AUC-ROC. These results indicate that a single quantum neuron performs better than its classical version and even the artificial neural network for AUC-ROC, demonstrating potential for use in healthcare applications in the near future.","PeriodicalId":255763,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129475554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}