Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Tensile acoustic rheometry for rapid and contactless characterization of soft viscoelastic biomaterials","authors":"Weiping Li ,&nbsp;Eric C. Hobson ,&nbsp;Kiera Downey ,&nbsp;Timothy L. Hall ,&nbsp;Jan P. Stegemann ,&nbsp;Cheri X. Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately measuring the <strong>viscoelastic properties of biomaterials</strong> is critical for understanding their functions in biological systems and optimizing their development for specific applications. Conventional methods often require direct physical contact, which hinders longitudinal studies of sterile samples and impose strict requirements in sample preparation. Here, we introduce tensile acoustic rheometry (TAR), a technique for rapid, contactless characterization of soft viscoelastic biomaterials. TAR uses a dual-mode ultrasound approach to apply an upward force impulse, generating oscillatory tensile and compressive motion in a small, free-standing sample (∼30 mm³) with its bottom immobilized on a pre-wetted flat surface by capillary stiction. High frequency ultrasound pulse echo detection is employed to track this motion via the movement of the top surface of the sample in real time. In this study, we developed a theoretical framework of the tensile-compression motion of the sample from which Young's modulus and viscosity of the sample are determined based on the TAR measurements. TAR was validated across a variety of samples, including engineered hydrogels and commercially available natural food products. Results from TAR measurements aligned closely with theoretical predictions, reported values, and shear wave elastography measurements. These findings underscore the versatility and flexibility of TAR as a robust, versatile rheological method for biomaterial characterization with minimal sample preparation requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123325"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic hydration driven adhesiveness self-reinforcement of powdery protein for rapid artery hemostasis","authors":"Junlian Nie ,&nbsp;Yingchuan Sun ,&nbsp;Shengjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Guang Wen ,&nbsp;Tong Li ,&nbsp;Jianwu Zhao ,&nbsp;Wen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surgical adhesives with rapid and tough adhesion under wet or aqueous conditions are highly desirable for artery hemostasis yet still extremely challenging. We here explored a kind of protein powder featured with hydration<strong>-</strong>driven adhesiveness self-reinforcement in water. The protein powder, consisting of corn-derived protein (zein), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and poly-lysine (PLL), was conveniently produced via sandcastle worm-inspired multivalent ionic crosslinking between zein/SDS colloid and PLL, which showed rapidly water-contacting gelation and tough adhesion on wet surfaces. We revealed that the interfacial water removal and bulk heterogeneity of the hydrated zein/SDS-PLL powder synergistically improved both the interfacial adhesion and the bulk cohesion, resulting in tough wet adhesion within 2 min. The rapid interfacial adhesion of the zein/SDS-PLL powder is attributed to the highly hydrated propensity of the ionic complex and self-gelation via interfacial water removal, while the bulk heterogeneity resulted from the incompletely hydrated ionic domains, which functioned as rigid fillers to improve the cross-density and bulk cohesion of the hydrated adhesive matrix. This bulk heterogeneity mechanism fulfills the existing knowledge gap of adhesiveness enhancement of the hydrated powdery adhesives. The hydrated zein/SDS-PLL powdery adhesive with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradation can resist high bursting pressure (118.2–129.4 mmHg), which can achieve rapid and reliable artery hemostasis on rat, rabbit and pig models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123328"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wireless discharge of piezoelectric nanogenerator opens voltage-gated ion channels for calcium overload-mediated tumor treatment","authors":"Yuchu He ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Yang ,&nbsp;Meng Yuan ,&nbsp;Xuwu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenkang Tu ,&nbsp;Weili Xue ,&nbsp;Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Dawei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium overload-mediated tumor treatment conventionally necessitates calcium-containing drugs. However, these drugs are susceptible to calcium ion leakage during <em>in vivo</em> delivery, potentially causing adverse effects such as hypercalcemia and hypertension. Furthermore, voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) on the tumor cell membrane stringently regulate calcium ion influx to preserve intracellular calcium homeostasis. To address these issues, a calcium-free piezoelectric nanogenerator, (K, Na) NbO₃ (KNN), capable of local and wireless discharge (at a voltage of up to 0.4 mV) into tumors under ultrasound (US) excitation, is designed to open VGICs. Given the significantly higher extracellular calcium ion concentration compared to intracellular levels (approximately 15,000-fold), a substantial influx of calcium ions ensures, leading to intracellular calcium overload. Concurrently, US stimulates KNN to undergo piezoelectric catalysis, converting water into reactive oxygen species (ROS). The synergistic effect of calcium overload and high ROS oxidation induces mitochondrial damage, culminating in tumor elimination. Additionally, the calcium ion influx induces polarization of tumor-associated macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to an immunity-promoting M1 phenotype, thereby enhancing systemic anti-tumor immune responses. This study demonstrates that local electric field within tumors can open VGICs for efficient and safe calcium overload-mediated tumor treatment, showing great potential for clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123311"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-responsive contractile hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel loaded with ginsenoside Rg1 for hemostasis and promotion of gastric wound healing","authors":"Yixing Li ,&nbsp;Tongyang Li ,&nbsp;Jinteng Feng ,&nbsp;Bohao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Jiahui He ,&nbsp;Zhe Chen ,&nbsp;Runyi Tao ,&nbsp;Hongyi Wang ,&nbsp;Kun Fan ,&nbsp;Ye Sun ,&nbsp;Jizhao Wang ,&nbsp;Baolin Guo ,&nbsp;Guangjian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to constant stimulation by stomach acid and local bleeding, gastric tissue wounds tend to heal slowly and complications such as anastomotic leakage have a high incidence. Suturing is often used to treat gastric wounds in clinic, but it still faces risks such as bleeding, slow healing, and leakage. Recently, hydrogel have been widely used to treat various types of wounds. Although hydrogels have shown promising efficacy in wound healing, it is still a challenge in dealing with wounds in gastric tissue for the poor adaptability of traditional materials in acidic environments. Hence, a series of pH responsive and good tissue adhesive hydrogels (MA-HA/AA) based on methacryloyl hyaluronic acid (MA-HA) and acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid (AA) via in situ photo-crosslinking were designed, and anti-inflammatory and pro-healing traditional Chinese medicines ginsenoside Rg1 was incorporated into the hydrogel to treat gastric tissue wound. These acid-responsive hydrogels could form effective acid-resistant barriers and could lead to hemostasis rapidly through its strong adhesion. Besides, the hydrogels contracted under an acidic environment, which could tighten the gastric tissue wounds and sustained release the loaded ginsenoside Rg1. In addition, the hydrogels showed excellent biocompatibility and <em>in vivo</em> degradability. In summary, the acid-responsive contractile hyaluronic acid hydrogel loaded with ginsenoside Rg1 had good properties for hemostasis and acid-resistance to facilitate the promotion of gastric wounds healing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123320"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered gold nanoparticles for accurate and full-scale tumor treatment via pH-dependent sequential charge-reversal and copper triggered photothermal-chemodynamic-immunotherapy","authors":"Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Tang ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Qianqian Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Longyu Qin ,&nbsp;Yanmin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current anti-tumor strategies majorly rely on the targeted delivery of functional nanomedicines to tumor region, neglecting the importance of effective infiltration of these nanomedicines in whole tumor tissue. This process normally causes the quick endocytosis by the tumor cells at surface layer of tumor tissue, resulting in the restriction of the penetration of these nanomedicines and limited therapeutic region, which would not be able to treat the entire tumor tissue. Herein, we prepared a series of engineered gold nanoparticles (Au-MBP NPs) with step-wise charge reversal in different acid environments that could entirely infiltrate into the whole tumor tissue and then perform tumor-specific photothermal-chemodynamic-immunotherapy to achieve the complete and accurate tumor treatment. These Au-MBP NPs consisted of AuNPs, thiol modified piperidine (SH-PD, charge reversal group), thiol modified benzoyl thiourea (SH-BTU, copper chelator) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) with different proportions. Once these Au-MBP NPs arrived tumor tissue, the decreasing pH values from shallow to deep region of tumor tissue separately induced the charge reversal of these nanoparticles from negative to positive, allowing them to bind with negatively charged tumor cells at designed area to occupy the whole tumor for further therapy. Following with the internalization by tumor cells, these Au-MBP NPs would selectively capture the excessive Cu²⁺ to decrease the available copper in tumor cells, resulting in the inhibition of tumor metastasis via the copper metabolism blockade. On one hand, the captured Cu²⁺ also induced the aggregation of Au-MBP NPs, which in situ generated the photothermal agents in tumor cells for tumor-specific photothermal therapy (PTT). On the other hand, the chelated Cu²⁺ ions were reduced to Cu⁺, which catalyzed the high concentration of intracellular H₂O₂ to produce cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (•OH), exerting tumor-specific chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Furthermore, the immune-associated tumor antigens were also generated during PTT and CDT processes via immunogenic cell death (ICD), which further matured the dendritic cells (DCs) and then activated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells to turn on the immunotherapy, resulting in additional anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effects. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicated that these Au-MBP NPs possessed enormous potential for effectively suppressing primary and metastatic tumors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123322"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered extracellular vesicles with surface FGF21 and enclosed miR-223 for treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","authors":"Hanchae Cho ,&nbsp;Hyunji Ju ,&nbsp;Yongdeok Ahn ,&nbsp;Juhee Jang ,&nbsp;Juhyeong Cho ,&nbsp;Eunju Park ,&nbsp;Sung-Min Kang ,&nbsp;Jaemin Lee ,&nbsp;Daeha Seo ,&nbsp;Moon-Chang Baek ,&nbsp;Kyungmoo Yea","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a progressive liver disorder with a complex pathogenesis that requires combination therapies rather than monotherapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit inherently efficient delivery to the liver and can be engineered to carry various therapeutic substances, making them promising agents. In this study, EVs were engineered to display fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on their surface and encapsulate miR-223 (223/F-EVs), aiming to improve steatosis and alleviate inflammation and fibrosis, respectively. Introducing the 223/F-EVs into human liver cell lines significantly reduced both basal and induced levels of lipid storage, inflammation, and fibrosis markers. Furthermore, using an FGF21-blocking antibody or miR-223 inhibitor effectively diminished the efficacy of the 223/F-EVs, confirming the essential roles of FGF21 and miR-223 in these processes. In a Choline-Deficient, <span>l</span>-Amino acid-defined, High-Fat Diet (CDAHFD)-fed mouse model, intravenously administered 223/F-EVs demonstrated liver-preferential delivery and a marked reduction in the MASH phenotype without compromising bone density, unlike conventional FGF21 treatment. Collectively, 223/F-EVs convey FGF21 and miR-223 exclusively to the liver, offering strategic advantages by mitigating MASH progression via multiple pathways. This study lays a solid foundation for further investigation of engineered EVs as a transformative therapeutic approach for treating MASH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123321"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering adeno-associated viral vectors for CRISPR/Cas based in vivo therapeutic genome editing","authors":"Buhle Moyo ,&nbsp;Lucas B.C. Brown ,&nbsp;Ishika I. Khondaker ,&nbsp;Gang Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recent approval of the first gene editing therapy for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) demonstrates the immense potential of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technologies to treat patients with genetic disorders that were previously considered incurable. While significant advancements have been made with <em>ex vivo</em> gene editing approaches, the development of <em>in vivo</em> CRISPR/Cas gene editing therapies has not progressed as rapidly due to significant challenges in achieving highly efficient and specific <em>in vivo</em> delivery. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have shown great promise in clinical trials as vehicles for delivering therapeutic transgenes and other cargos but currently face multiple limitations for effective delivery of gene editing machineries. This review elucidates these challenges and highlights the latest engineering strategies aimed at improving the efficiency, specificity, and safety profiles of AAV-packaged CRISPR/Cas systems (AAV-CRISPR) to enhance their clinical utility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123314"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A heterojunction-engineering nanodrug with tumor microenvironment responsiveness for tumor-specific cuproptosis and chemotherapy amplified sono-immunotherapy","authors":"Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Tingting Yan ,&nbsp;Jinming Cai ,&nbsp;Hongjing Dou ,&nbsp;Yu Zhu ,&nbsp;Bijiang Geng ,&nbsp;Dengyu Pan ,&nbsp;Longxiang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cuproptosis has recently identified as a unique copper-dependent cell death mechanism that may provide new opportunities for improving the therapeutic effect of tumor therapy through triggering efficient adaptive immune responses. However, the poor delivery efficiency and non-tumor-specific release of Cu ions would restrict the potential clinical applications of cuproptosis inducers. Herein, we report for the first time the development of hollow Cu_2-xSe nanocubes as the tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive drug delivery systems and cuproptosis inducers for tumor-specific chemotherapy and cuproptosis. The presence of Cu vacancy endows Cu_2-xSe with excellent sonodynamic and chemodynamic activity. The hollow Cu_2-xSe nanocubes with TME-responsive degradation behaviors are further utilized to load graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanodrugs to form GQD/Cu_2-xSe heterojunctions for achieving tumor-specific chemotherapy. The heterojunction-fabrication GQD/Cu_2-xSe exhibits amplified ROS generation capabilities and improved TME regulation ability owing to the optimized electron-hole separation kinetics. More importantly, the significant increase in ROS levels and efficient cuproptosis could reverse the immunosuppressive TME and induce immunogenic cell death that stimulates strong systemic immune responses to eliminate tumors. Collectively, this work presents an innovative strategy for the utilization of TME-responsive cuproptosis inducers for tumor-specific chemotherapy and cuproptosis augmented sono-immunotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123319"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to enhance the penetration of nanomedicine in solid tumors","authors":"Sen Liu ,&nbsp;Zhendong Ren ,&nbsp;Manqi Yan ,&nbsp;Wei Ye ,&nbsp;Yong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanomedicine was previously regarded as a promising solution in the battle against cancer. Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to exploit nanomedicine for overcoming tumors. Unfortunately, despite these efforts, nanomedicine has not yet demonstrated its ability to cure tumors, and the research on nanomedicine has reached a bottleneck. For a significant period of time, drug delivery strategies have primarily focused on targeting nanomedicine delivery to tumors while neglecting its redistribution within solid tumors. The uneven distribution of nanomedicine within solid tumors results in limited therapeutic effects on most tumor cells and significantly hampers the efficiency of drug delivery and treatment outcomes. Therefore, this review discusses the challenges faced by nanomedicine in penetrating solid tumors and provides an overview of current nanotechnology strategies (alleviating penetration resistance, size regulation, tumor cell transport, and nanomotors) that facilitate enhanced penetration of nanomedicine into solid tumors. Additionally, we discussed the potential role of nanobionics in promoting effective penetration of nanomedicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123315"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the application of smart materials in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases","authors":"Yida Liu ,&nbsp;Hong Ren ,&nbsp;Zhenkai Wu ,&nbsp;Yukun Wu ,&nbsp;Xuezhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Dan Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart materials dynamically sense and respond to physiological signals like reactive oxygen species (ROS), pH, and light, surpassing traditional materials such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), which have high drug loss rates and limited spatiotemporal control. These innovative materials offer new strategies for ophthalmic treatments, with core advantages including targeted delivery via ROS-sensitive nanocarriers, precise regulation through microvalves, and multifunctional integration, such as glucose-responsive contact lenses that create a \"sensing-treatment\" loop. However, challenges remain, like pathological microenvironment interference with material response specificity, and the need to address long-term biocompatibility and energy dependence issues. This article systematically examines three key treatment barriers: the blood-ocular barrier, immune rejection, and physiological fluctuations, while reviewing innovative smart material design strategies. Future research should focus on biomimetic interface engineering, for example, cornea mimicking nanostructures, AI-driven dynamic optimization like causal network-regulated drug release, and multidisciplinary approaches combining gene editing with smart materials. These efforts aim to shift from structural replacement to physiological function simulation, enabling precise treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Clinical translation must balance innovation with safety, prioritizing clinical value to ensure reliable, widespread application of smart materials in ophthalmology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":254,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 123316"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}