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Head-up displays and visual attention: Integrating data and theory 平视显示器和视觉注意:整合数据和理论
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-10
G. W. Stuart, K. McAnally, J. Meehan
{"title":"Head-up displays and visual attention: Integrating data and theory","authors":"G. W. Stuart, K. McAnally, J. Meehan","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-10","url":null,"abstract":"Head-up displays (HUDs) are regularly used in military aviation, increasingly so in commercial aviation, and are being considered for use in general aviation. In the last decade, a great deal of applied research explored the phenomenon of 'attentional capture' or the tendency for the pilot to pay attention to the display at the expense of outside events. Awareness of these events, such as the presence of other aircraft during flight or runway obstacles during landing, are critical to safe operation of the aircraft. To better understand the effects of HUDs on visual attention, the authors reviewed and critically analyzed the applied literature in the context of current theories of visual attention. By integrating data from applied studies with theories derived from basic lab research, it should be possible to improve both the design of HUDS and methods for training in their use to minimize their adverse effects on visual attention.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126635985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Investigating complexity factors in UK air traffic management 调查英国空中交通管理的复杂性因素
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315094472-22
B. Kirwan, R. Scaife, R. Kennedy
{"title":"Investigating complexity factors in UK air traffic management","authors":"B. Kirwan, R. Scaife, R. Kennedy","doi":"10.4324/9781315094472-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315094472-22","url":null,"abstract":"As air traffic volume continues to expand, the primary controller task of maintaining aircraft separation becomes more difficult and also more complex. Increased complexity of traffic can result in human performance problems for the controller, and may result in errors, all of which can contribute to incidents wherein there is a loss of separation between aircraft. However, air traffic complexity is not easy to understand or model, with U.K. airspace configurations and traffic patterns differing for each airspace sector, and traffic patterns changing throughout the day. This study, therefore, aimed to determine those factors that increase complexity for the controller. This was achieved by using an expert judgment process, with 4 independent controller groups, to elicit the top 12 factors contributing to complexity. This factor listing was corroborated by analysis of 1 year's sample of U.K. aircraft proximity incident reports.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122759591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 62
Teamwork at 35,000 feet: Enhancing safety through team training 35000英尺高空的团队合作:通过团队培训加强安全
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-17
C. Burke, Kaitlin A. Wilson, E. Salas
{"title":"Teamwork at 35,000 feet: Enhancing safety through team training","authors":"C. Burke, Kaitlin A. Wilson, E. Salas","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-17","url":null,"abstract":"The aviation industry has been commended for its ability to maintain a high level of safety despite operating in a mission critical, high impact work environment. This commitment to mindfulness and safely has led to the aviation community's transition to a high reliability organisation (HRO). A key factor in this transition was its commitment to team training and belief that collaboration among crew-members can be used as a key strategy by which errors can be managed. This recognition led to the development of a highly successful team training program (i.e., crew resource management, CRM). CRM's touted success within aviation has led to its adoption by many industries outside CRM. Therefore, it becomes important to delineate how aviation made this progression through the use of CRM as well as identify areas that have posed key challenges in making this transition. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to review how aviation has used CRM to become a mindful HRO. In doing this, we briefly review the theoretical drivers behind CRM. Second, to provide principles concerning how organisations outside of aviation can use lessons learned within aviation to move towards becoming an HRO. In highlighting principles we also identify those areas that continue to pose challenges in aviation's quest to maintain HRO status and continually improve.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130957222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Why we need new accident models 为什么我们需要新的事故模型
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-18
S. Dekker
{"title":"Why we need new accident models","authors":"S. Dekker","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-18","url":null,"abstract":"The models we currently use to understand aerospace safety and accidents are based on a structuralist vocabulary, with mechanistic metaphors that describe the internal workings or failings of operators and their surrounding organizations. Such a view may be increasingly at odds with interpretative demands posed by recent accidents in otherwise very safe systems. Particularly the drift into failure, which represents a large category of residual risk in aerospace, is hard to model (and thereby understand and predict) with structuralist approaches. Drifting into failure is not so much about breakdowns or malfunctioning of components, but about an organization not adapting effectively to the complexity of its structure and environment. This requires aerospace to adopt a true systems approach, which sees sociotechnical complexity not as constituted of parts and their interactions, but as a web of dynamic, evolving relationships and transactions. This can lead to models that can make processes of drift come alive, and help point to more productive countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116644476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 61
INTEGRATED SAFETY SYSTEMS DESIGN AND HUMAN FACTORS CONSIDERATIONS FOR JET TRANSPORT AEROPLANES 喷气式运输机综合安全系统设计及人为因素考虑
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-9
J. Applegate, R. Graeber
{"title":"INTEGRATED SAFETY SYSTEMS DESIGN AND HUMAN FACTORS CONSIDERATIONS FOR JET TRANSPORT AEROPLANES","authors":"J. Applegate, R. Graeber","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-9","url":null,"abstract":"Improved flight safety is a goal expected by the flying public and shared by all aircraft manufacturers and operators. The accident rate for recent designs are considerably better than the first generation of commercial jet aircraft. A major factor in this and further expected improvement in newer aircraft is the commitment of the aircraft manufacturers to improved safety, together with improved certification regulations and continuing airworthiness programs from the regulatory authorities. The potential contribution of new flight deck technology to improved safety is an integral part of this process. This paper discusses improved safety methods used in the design of aircraft and also in the systems that implement the functions of those aircraft.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127707663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Developing human informed automation in air traffic management 在空中交通管理中发展人类信息自动化
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-22
B. Kirwan
{"title":"Developing human informed automation in air traffic management","authors":"B. Kirwan","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-22","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a vision of possible future air traffic management (ATM) automation in European airspace, to show the context in which human centered automation (HCA) must fit and work. An extraction of the HCA design principles that have evolved within aviation, and also other high-technology high-risk fields, is provided. A number of prototype future ATM system development projects are then given to consider the utility and practicality of implementing such HCA design principles, in particular focusing on a tool to aid controllers in their most critical task of aircraft conflict resolution. This leads to the conclusion that an HCA approach can be incorporated into ATM design and development strategies, and that the approach would benefit ATM, helping to protect it from 'automation-assisted failures', while it evolves over the next 10-15 years. However, some elaboration of the HCA concept is needed, to create a more balanced philosophy with system optimization as the primary goal.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130790223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
MINIMISING PILOT ERROR BY DESIGN: ARE TEST PILOTS DOING A GOOD ENOUGH JOB? 通过设计最小化飞行员错误:试飞员是否做得足够好?
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-12
G. Singer
{"title":"MINIMISING PILOT ERROR BY DESIGN: ARE TEST PILOTS DOING A GOOD ENOUGH JOB?","authors":"G. Singer","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-12","url":null,"abstract":"It has been well documented that about 70% of commercial aircraft accidents in the last 15 years were related to human error. The cockpit of an airliner is designed for the specific task of providing a safe and efficient interface with the operators, usually 2 pilots. Despite similar tasks performed by all crews, designs vary greatly among manufacturers and few standards exist for interface methods. Design decisions in commercial projects have always been made based on subjective statements of test pilots, and test pilots rely on the certification regulations, company design philosophy, and prior experience. The design is scrutinized in reviews, flight tests, and certification tests, and is formally approved before it is allowed to enter service. However, most accidents of late have occurred despite this process, which begs the question of whether test pilots have been doing a good enough job in contributing to cockpit design. This paper explores this question, describing the present process of approval used by many manufacturers, finds the deficiencies in this method, and focuses on the role of test pilots.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129503621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
METHODS USED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHTCREW CRM TRAINING IN THE UK AVIATION INDUSTRY 用于评估英国航空业机组人员CRM培训有效性的方法
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315258997-22
P. O'Connor, R. Flin, G. Fletcher, P. Hemsley
{"title":"METHODS USED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHTCREW CRM TRAINING IN THE UK AVIATION INDUSTRY","authors":"P. O'Connor, R. Flin, G. Fletcher, P. Hemsley","doi":"10.4324/9781315258997-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315258997-22","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the techniques which UK aviation operators are employing to evaluate crew resource management (CRM) training. A questionnaire designed to elicit information on the methods used in industry to evaluate CRM training was sent to all aviation operators in the UK. A total of 113 questionnaires were returned (65% response rate). A representative sample of 20 interviews was also carried out with companies who had completed the questionnaire. The survey showed that most UK operators attempt to evaluate the impact of their CRM training. However, many of the methods used would appear not to be based on formal evaluation techniques and do not provide sufficient information to assess whether CRM training is actually transferring to the flight deck. The main reasons why companies are not evaluating CRM training are a lack of availability of resources and of simple, concise material on how to carry out training evaluation.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115713904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Incompatible goals, uncertain information and conflicting incentives: The dispatch dilemma 不相容的目标、不确定的信息和冲突的激励:调度困境
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315095080-28
Kersha Smith
{"title":"Incompatible goals, uncertain information and conflicting incentives: The dispatch dilemma","authors":"Kersha Smith","doi":"10.4324/9781315095080-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315095080-28","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a series of sensitivity analyses, using a traditional decision tree and Monte Carlo methods, that provide a rational approach for resolving dilemmas posed by conflicting airline dispatch incentives. Adoption of this approach might save the industry millions, but would require a wholesale change in corporate philosophy. The paper advocates incentive structures that place greater value on the process of decisionmaking than in their largely uncontrollable outcomes.","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126512234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Controller workload, airspace capacity and future systems. 管制员工作量，空域容量和未来系统。
Human Factors and Aerospace Safety Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315259482-21
P. Brooker
{"title":"Controller workload, airspace capacity and future systems.","authors":"P. Brooker","doi":"10.4324/9781315259482-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259482-21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249145,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Aerospace Safety","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133052653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
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