Applied Surface Science最新文献

{"title":"Multifunctional D-shaped optical fiber biosensor integrating Ag-CuO nanostructures for non-enzymatic glucose sensing, antibacterial activity, and hydrophobic surface engineering","authors":"Kanhu Charan Nayak, Ashok Kumar Sahu, Srimayee Pani, Saswat Sourav Mohapatra, Shuvendu Jena, Sukanta Kumar Tripathy","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168539","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of high-performance sensing, antimicrobial protection, and water repellency within a single optical fiber platform remains a significant challenge for biomedical applications. Herein, we report a multifunctional D-shaped optical fiber biosensor engineered with surface-modified Ag-CuO nanostructures that uniquely combines non-enzymatic glucose sensing, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, and hydrophobic properties. Through systematic synthesis and integration of CuO, Ag-CuO, and stearic acid-functionalized Ag-CuO nanostructures, we demonstrate that silver incorporation synergistically enhances the optical and interfacial characteristics of the sensing layer, resulting in improved glucose-sensing performance and stronger simulated evanescent-field interactions. Stearic acid functionalization imparts exceptional hydrophobicity (contact angle of 140°) and antibacterial efficacy. The optimized sensor achieves a remarkable sensitivity of 0.25514 nW/(mg/dL), a limit of detection of 48.58 mg/dL, a rapid response time of 3–5 s, excellent linearity (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> = 0.96), and superior selectivity against interfering saccharides, outperforming recently reported glucose sensors. COMSOL simulations corroborate enhanced evanescent-field confinement and possible plasmon-assisted electromagnetic-field enhancement at the Ag-CuO interface. This work presents the first demonstration of a single D-shaped optical fiber platform concurrently delivering non-enzymatic glucose detection, antibacterial functionality, and hydrophobicity, addressing critical challenges in sensor contamination and long-term stability for next-generation diabetic monitoring.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to “Facile preparation of mussel-inspired antibiotic-decorated titanium surfaces with enhanced antibacterial activity for implant applications” [Appl. Surf. Sci. 496 (2019) 143675]","authors":"Jae Seo Lee, Sang Jin Lee, Seok Bin Yang, Donghyun Lee, Haram Nah, Dong Nyoung Heo, Ho-Jin Moon, Yu-Shik Hwang, Rui L. Reis, Ji-Hoi Moon, Il Keun Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168379","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterostructure engineering of MXene/PEDOT:PSS/MnO2 for high-performance transparent supercapacitors","authors":"Mengna Liu, Yinshuo Li, Kesheng Fu, Lin Wang, Mohan Huang, Yan Fan, Junlang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168530","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving high charge-storage capability while maintaining optical transparency remains a major challenge for transparent supercapacitors. Herein, an ultrathin interface-engineered MXene/PEDOT:PSS/MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> heterostructured electrode is developed, where PEDOT:PSS acts as an interfacial modulation layer to regulate MXene nanosheet stacking and construct a homogeneous conductive network, while vertically aligned MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> nanosheets provide abundant Faradaic active sites and efficient ion-transport pathways. Density functional theory calculations reveal strong interfacial interactions between the PEDOT backbone and Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> MXene, supporting the role of PEDOT:PSS in stabilizing the MXene framework and facilitating charge transport. The optimized composite electrode exhibits an ultrathin architecture (∼340 nm), achieving a transmittance of 78.5% at 550 nm and an areal capacitance of 6.09 mF/cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> at 10 mV/s. The assembled symmetric transparent supercapacitor exhibits a transmittance of 68.8%, an energy density of 0.46 μWh/cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> at a power density of 236.57 μW/cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>, and 75% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 98%. This work demonstrates that rational regulation of film uniformity and interfacial structure through a theoretically supported interface-engineering strategy provides an effective approach for balancing optical transparency and charge-storage performance in transparent supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust ring-interlocked nanowire-engineered stratified porous CuxO/np-CuNiO electrodes with exceptional cycling durability under illumination","authors":"Erbao Lu, Yulong Lu, Man Li, Lingqi Li, Chunling Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168515","url":null,"abstract":"To address the poor cycling stability of photo-assisted supercapacitors under light illumination, this work rationally synthesizes self-standing stratified porous photoelectrodes (namely Cu<ce:inf loc=\"post\">x</ce:inf>O/np-CuNiO, x = 1, 2) with robust structural durability and markedly improved cycling stability, via a sequentially engineered design. By precisely tuning critical anodization parameters, clustered Cu<ce:inf loc=\"post\">x</ce:inf>O nanowires are transformed into a reinforced ring-interlocked nanowire network, which greatly improves structural stability and facilitates efficient light harvesting. The photoelectrode with ring-interlocked Cu<ce:inf loc=\"post\">x</ce:inf>O nanowires possesses an excellent volumetric specific capacitance of 1124.20F cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−3</ce:sup> at 1 A cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−3</ce:sup> under light illumination, attaining a 39 % capacitance enhancement compared with the dark condition. Impressively, it delivers remarkable cyclic performance, with 89 % capacitance retention after 5000 light-irradiated cycles, surpassing the 2000-cycle lifetime of the original clustered nanowire structure. Moreover, the band structure and charge transport pathways of the NiO/Cu<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O heterojunction are briefly illustrated in this work.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"168515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylation sterically protects Ti3C2O2 MXene from thermal oxidation","authors":"Francisco E. Palay, Rafael I. González, Fabiola Pineda","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168504","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional MXenes possess exceptional properties but suffer from severe chemical instability under oxidizing and high-temperature conditions. In this work, we employ ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that methyl (–CH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>) functionalization provides substantial protection for Ti<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> MXene against thermal oxidation. While the pristine material undergoes active oxygen diffusion and massive structural degradation at 1000 K, the methylated system effectively preserves its lattice integrity over the simulated 2.0 ns trajectory under the same severe thermal stress. Atomistic analysis reveals that the methyl groups act as a robust interfacial steric shield, establishing a 5.0 Å exclusion zone that keeps atmospheric oxygen at a safe 6.2 Å distance from reactive Ti sites. Consequently, structural Ti–O bonds remain virtually unchanged, significantly suppressing early-stage oxide phase nucleation. Ultimately, surface methylation emerges as an effective passive strategy for enhancing the stability of MXenes under the high-temperature environments investigated in this study.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen-vacancy-engineered TiO2-supported Ag-Ag2S heterojunction co-catalyst for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution","authors":"Xiaoliang Wang, Yulong Bao, Rui Yang, Shuhui Wang, Ying Liu, Huiying Mu, Yanlong Yu, Hongyu Sun, H. Hugo Pérez Garza, Fa-tang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168500","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering semiconductor defects in conjunction with heterojunction co-catalysts is an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, an oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-supported Ag-Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S heterojunction (TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>(ov)-Ag-Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S) was constructed. Under simulated solar irradiation (AM 1.5G) using methanol as a sacrificial agent, the catalyst achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of 1738.37μmol h<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-1</ce:sup>g<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, which is 7.0, 1.6, and 1.2 times higher than TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>(ov), TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>(ov)-Ag, and TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-Ag-Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S, respectively, and retains 91% of its initial activity after 12 h of cycling. Spectroscopic and electro(photo)chemical analyses reveal enhanced visible-light absorption, suppressed charge recombination, and accelerated interfacial charge transfer resulting from the dual-modification strategy. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that oxygen vacancies reduce the work function of TiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, thereby enhancing its electron-donating capability, while the Ag-Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S heterojunction induces directional electron redistribution and generates a built-in electric field that facilitates charge separation. Furthermore, projected density of states analysis indicates an upshift of the d-band center of interfacial Ag relative to bulk-like Ag, and the Ag-Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S interfacial sites exhibit a reduced hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔG<ce:inf loc=\"post\">H∗</ce:inf> = 0.52 eV), leading to improved hydrogen evolution kinetics. This work highlights a synergistic defect/heterojunction design strategy for simultaneously optimizing charge separation and interfacial catalytic activity in metal oxide-based photocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flocculation-induced colloidal architecture regulates nanobubble persistence through interfacial organization","authors":"Liming Liu, Liang Cao, Yongjun Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168495","url":null,"abstract":"Nanobubble (NB) persistence in colloidal suspensions is influenced by complex interactions among particles, polymers, and gas–liquid interfaces. While the effects of individual particles and dissolved polymers on NB behavior have been widely investigated, the role of polymer-induced flocculated colloidal structures remains poorly understood. In this study, anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) was used to generate controlled flocculation regimes in silica nanoparticle suspensions, and the resulting effects on NB formation and persistence were systematically examined. The results showed that NB behavior was strongly dependent on flocculation state. Optimum flocculation conditions promoted interconnected nanoparticle–polymer assemblies associated with enhanced NB persistence, whereas both underdosed and overdosed systems exhibited reduced persistence. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed that NB generation and persistence over the investigated 24 h period are related but distinct processes, each influenced by the colloidal aggregation state of the system. Surface tension, zeta potential, and viscosity measurements demonstrated that conventional interfacial and bulk physicochemical parameters alone cannot fully explain the observed behavior. Atomic force microscopy provided complementary nanoscale evidence of enhanced interfacial mechanical response associated with optimum flocculation in a surface NB model system. These findings suggest that NB persistence is influenced not only by particle surface properties and polymer chemistry but also by the mesoscale architecture of flocculated colloidal assemblies. By identifying flocculation-induced colloidal organization as an important factor regulating NB persistence, this work provides a structural and interfacial framework for understanding nanoscale gas domains in complex particle–polymer systems relevant to mineral flotation, water treatment, and related multiphase processes.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"168495"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the mechanism of enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation for norfloxacin degradation by Co doping into MnO2 nanosheet","authors":"Jiankang Wang, Chenguang Wang, Yanhong Zhou, Yajing Wang, Qinqin Zhang, Quanxi Zhu, Peng Zhang, Zhongping Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168477","url":null,"abstract":"The slow electron transfer rate, insufficient active sites and sluggish Mn(Ⅳ)/Mn(Ⅲ) redox cycling of MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation severely hinder its application in wastewater treatment. Herein, Co doped MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> nanosheet with oxygen vacancy on nickel foam (NF) was fabricated via a simple hydrothermal method. Phase composition and microstructure of the as-prepared catalysts were systematically characterized. The optimized Co<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.07</ce:inf>-MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>/NF exhibited superior norfloxacin (NOX) degradation efficiency, achieving 98.2 % removal and 56.4 % total organic carbon (TOC) mineralization within 60 min. The Co<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.07</ce:inf>-MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>/NF/PMS system possessed prominent tolerance to inorganic anions (Cl<ce:sup loc=\"post\">–</ce:sup>, NO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">–</ce:sup> and H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>PO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">–</ce:sup>) and universal degradation capability for typical organic contaminants as well as satisfactory cyclic stability. Electrochemical analysis, scavenger experiment and EPR analysis verified the generation of SO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>•<ce:sup loc=\"post\">–</ce:sup>, •OH, •O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">–</ce:sup>, <ce:sup loc=\"post\">1</ce:sup>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and high-valent Co(IV)/Mn(V)-oxo species in Co<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.07</ce:inf>-MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>/NF/PMS system, among which SO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>•<ce:sup loc=\"post\">–</ce:sup> and <ce:sup loc=\"post\">1</ce:sup>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> dominated NOX degradation. XPS analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation elucidated that Co/Mn active sites and oxygen vacancies boosted reactive oxygen species generation during PMS activation by enhancing PMS adsorption, accelerating interfacial electron transfer and promoting O-O bond cleavage in PMS. Finally, three plausible degradation pathways were proposed, and the overall ecotoxicity of the degradation solution can be reduced as the reaction progresses. This work clarifies the underlying mechanism of Co doping enhancing PMS activation capability of MnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and can provide valuable guidance for rational design of highly efficient and stable PMS activators through defect engineering for wastewater remediation.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"168477"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe-induced transformation of core–shell ZIFs into FeCo–NC with synergistic active sites for efficient oxygen evolution","authors":"Meng Zhang, Yinggui Xia, Guanxin Qi, Yan Xu, Zhenglin Li, Zhu Gao, Cuijuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168464","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a highly designable platform for electrocatalyst construction. However, conventional MOF-derived catalysts still suffer from poor conductivity and limited active-site exposure. In this work, a core–shell MOF engineering strategy is developed to construct a ZIF-derived Fe–Co electrocatalyst through potassium ferricyanide-assisted Fe incorporation and coordination-environment modulation. Using ZIF-7@ZIF-67 as a confined structural platform, Fe species are introduced into the Co-containing ZIF shell, enabling local coordination regulation and the formation of Fe–Co dual catalytic sites. After pyrolysis at 800°C, the precursor is converted into FeCo-NC-800 with a porous N-doped carbon framework, uniformly dispersed Fe–Co active sites, and an optimized conductive microenvironment. FeCo-NC-800 exhibits excellent OER performance, requiring only 260 mV at 10 mA cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>, with a Tafel slope of 73 mV dec<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-1</ce:sup> and stable operation for 100 h.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"168464"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Samarium-induced electronic structure modulation of NiFe layered double hydroxide for enhanced oxygen evolution in alkaline simulated seawater","authors":"Min Yu, Yihao Qu, Yuhan Wang, Ji Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.168465","url":null,"abstract":"Samarium incorporation offers a means of modifying the electronic environment of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrodes. Here, Sm-containing NiFe-LDH nanosheet arrays were grown on nickel foam by a two-step hydrothermal method and evaluated for oxygen evolution in alkaline freshwater and simulated seawater. In 1 M NaOH + 0.5 M NaCl, Sm-NiFe LDH/NF delivered overpotentials of 253 and 329 mV at 100 and 500 mA cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>, respectively, compared with 269 and 360 mV for NiFe LDH/NF. At 100 mA cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>, the measured O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> Faradaic efficiency was 98.0%, and the DPD-derived active-chlorine Faradaic efficiency was 1.8 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-3</ce:sup>%. The electrode operated for 100 h with an approximately 15 mV potential increase. Post-test characterization and electrolyte analysis indicated retained electrode activity together with surface changes and measurable metal dissolution. XPS supported changes in the Ni/Fe chemical environment, while density functional theory described charge distribution and bonding in a Sm-containing model.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"168465"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}