Journal of Forest History最新文献

{"title":"Landscape History and Ecological Change","authors":"N. Christensen","doi":"10.2307/4005121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005121","url":null,"abstract":"N orth American ecologists have a long tradition of studying \"natural\" or undisturbed ecosystems. In addition to the innate affection for wilderness that likely initially enticed most ecologists to their discipline, practical reasons have prompted this focus. Ecologists seek to identify and understand the factors regulating the distribution and abundance of organisms. Interpreting the complex relationships between organisms and their environments is complicated by the variation in ecological communities caused by disturbances and past human interventions. Ecologists can control the effects of these external variables on their research by studying undisturbed ecosystems. Yet ecologists have for some time recognized that their concentration on natural ecosystems is, in many cases, rather naive or even misleading. During the past several years, the emphasis of their research has shifted to the consequences of past historical events for the current structure and function of ecosystems. Several factors account for this shift. First, it has become obvious that the research emanating from the focus on natural ecosystems suffers from serious limitations. Although statistically significant relationships","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122311399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Irony of the Bob Marshall Wilderness","authors":"L. C. Merriam","doi":"10.2307/4005104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130440330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Tree and the Stump: Hieroglyphics of the Sacred Forest","authors":"R. Mcgrath","doi":"10.2307/4005102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005102","url":null,"abstract":"During the early romantic period, American artists gradually learned the symbolic language of trees a language they have never since abandoned. The early romantics employed the symbolism of trees to create the text of a national landscape. As both signs in space and icons of the sacred grove, trees located heaven in perspective. Informed over time by the aesthetics of romanticism, realism, and abstraction, the grammar of trees was transformed, but not the symbolism. In time the art of nature and the nature of art conjoined to define the American arboreal lexicon. The first American artists seem to have had difficulty seeing the woods for the trees. Their art, still informed by the classical tradition, could not easily subsume the trackless forest-a \"tangled maze\" beyond village and studio. They occasionally used individual trees as useful and wellbehaved pictorial props-the enframing motifs of picturesque convention but could not seem to transform the intractable wilderness into scenery. For the public the forest was even less manageable. Throughout our early history the forest, both as fact and symbol, was experienced as a material and moral wilderness, a barrier to civilization and virtue. Shocked contemporary European observers saw the central metaphors for American attitudes and behavior toward the fiend-filled forest as warfare and tempest.1 The first stirrings of romanticism on this continent prompted artists to begin seeing the landscape in a different way. For psychological as well as cultural reasons, a new set","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129503820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of the Timber and Stone Act on Public Land Ownership in Northern Minnesota","authors":"J. M. Curry-Roper","doi":"10.2307/4005103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005103","url":null,"abstract":"O ver the two-hundred-year history of the United States, the American public's concern over forest resources and its attitudes toward public ownership of land have undergone gradual changes. These changes have affected the decisions made by the federal government, state governments, and private parties. Present-day timberland ownership patterns in the United States reflect the changing public perception and its effect on decision makersO Understanding how these ownership patterns evolved is important at a time when public policy is moving once again toward privatization of forestlands. Well into the 1800s the public believed that the forest resources of the country were inexhaustible and that private ownership brought about their best use. During this era, as the West was settled and railroads built, virgin timber was plentiful and the need for it was great. Partly as a result of these beliefs and economic conditions, Congress allowed millions of acres of timberland to pass into private hands. The Timber and Stone Act, the particular concern of this study, was one of the laws that moved the land from the public domain into private hands. Under the provisions of the act, passed in 1878, public timberland was sold in California, Oregon, Nevada, and Washington in 160-acre tracts at a price of no less than $2.50 an acre.2 In 1892 the law was extended to all publicland states.3 Within a relatively short period of time, the","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123260197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American Indian Land Wisdom? Sorting Out the Issues","authors":"B. Callicott","doi":"10.2307/4005055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005055","url":null,"abstract":"structure an essentially social structure emerges. The core conceptual pattern of the totemic natural community of the Ojibwa and the biologist's economy of nature are identical.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120962725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timber Management, Traditional Forestry, and Multiple-Use Stewardship: The Case of the Intermountain Region, 1950–85","authors":"T. G. Alexander","doi":"10.2307/4005054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005054","url":null,"abstract":"Between the end of World War II and the mid-1980s, self-scrutiny and external pressure brought about fundamental internal changes in the the U.S. Forest Service. Federal foresters faced a major challenge in adapting to changing conditions both in the national forest system and in individual regions,' During this period foresters began to divide into two definite groups of thought about timber management. The first group, the \"traditionalists;' found their intellectual antecedents in the theory and practice of German and European forestry. They emphasized maximum timber production and even-aged timber stands created by c1earcutting and replanting single species.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"242 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113995740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oaks, Wolves and Love: Celtic Monks and Northern Forests","authors":"S. Bratton","doi":"10.2307/4005053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005053","url":null,"abstract":"In 1967 Lynn White, Jr., published a controversial paper, \"The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis'1 which suggested that part of the blame for Western culture's abuse of nature lay at the door of Christian tradition. Through the long scholarly battle precipitated by White's analysis, historians, theologians, and environmental managers have both lauded and condemned Christian writings and attitudes concerning nature. In the field of environmental history, the academic squabble over the worth of Christianity as an ethical basis for environmental management has unfortunately resulted in sweeping summaries of hundreds of years of European and Middle Eastern religious thought and technological development. Dedicated to extracting an overall evaluation of Christian ecotheology, such summaries have paid very little attention to differences among individual religious sects or to the social milieus in which they arose. The literature has tended to rely on a few well-known texts, such as the first chapters of Genesis, and to dwell on the best-known figures and groups, such as Saint Francis of Assisi. The result has been a historiography that dabbles in the most accessible literatures and then summarizes information from widely disjunct sources and eras. Most modern students of environmental history are familiar with Saint Francis's The Canticle of Brother Sun and with such stories as \"The Wolf of Gubbio\" from the Little Flowers of St. Francis.2 Fewer are familiar with Saint Antony of Egypt, despite available translations, and only those very conversant in folklore, archaeology, medieval art, or Celtic history are likely to have studied Saint Coemgen (Kevin) or Saint Columban. Eclectic scholarship and lack of interest in primary sources have given the false impression that early Christian appreciation of wild nature was isolated and strongly suppressed throughout the church. In Wilderness and the American Mind, Roderick Nash addresses the common misconception that early Christian and monastic interest in nature was limited to a handful of insightful saints. Although Nash recognizes Christian monasticism as a possible exception to the supposed early Christian antagonism to wilderness, he suggests, however, that the monks paid little attention to their environment and had few, if any, aesthetic concerns. He distinguishes Saint Basil's fourth-century written description of \"the forested mountain on which he lived\" as unusual for the time because it seems to acknowledge natural beauty in wilderness.3 Nash concludes, \"On the whole monks regarded wilderness as having value only for escaping","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132772499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reshaping Maine's Landscape: Rural Culture, Tourism, and Conservation, 1890–1929","authors":"R. W. Judd","doi":"10.2307/4005035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005035","url":null,"abstract":"I n August 1929 Herbert K. Furbush, self-styled \"ordinary working man ;' stood before the Joint Legislative Committee on Water Powers of the Maine Legislature and voiced his views on how the state's most valuable natural resource should be conserved. The power of the rivers, controlled, transformed into industrial energy, and diffused into the countryside, he reasoned, would provide Ma ine's small towns and villages a means to fulfill their economic destinies. Conserved in this manner, waterpower would place the entire countryside on even terms with the largest industrial users and permit the spread of rural industry. Furbush's vision of a thri ving, diversified rural economy was clouded bygrowing monopoly control over this important resource. \"Why am I not supplied with that power?\" he asked the committee. \"If I could get that power I would start a business in the State of Maine, a citizen of the State. Failing to obtain that power since 1920, I am at a standstill as a manufacturer, being an inventor of novelties and of medicines [made from] the natural resources I draw from the State of Maine,\"!","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133591358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 1899 New Jersey State Geologist's Report: A Call for Forest Management","authors":"E. Russell","doi":"10.2307/4005037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005037","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the nineteenth century foresters and others were beginning to realize that the forest resources of the United States were being rapidly depleted. In 1894 the New Jersey state legislature formally recognized the severity of the problem, noting that market control was providing inadequate protection for the state's natural resources. To establish a basis for state regulation the New Jersey legislature authorized the state geologist to conduct a survey \"to ascertain the extent, character and location of the wild lands in [the] state which [were] suited for permanent occupation by forests rather than by agriculture.\" One aim of this survey was to determine \"the advantages as regards the timber supply, water supply, scenery and","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125256086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribal Land to Private Land: A Century of Oklahoma Choctaw Timberland Alienation from the 1880s to the 1980s","authors":"Sandra L. Faiman-Silva","doi":"10.2307/4005036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4005036","url":null,"abstract":"The Choctaw of southeastern Oklahoma over the last two centuries have suffered an untimely and inopportune relati onsh ip to prominent events in wo rld and national history, as a result o f which the y have lost tribal control of prime farmland and later prime timberland, in two different parts of the country. At the turn of the nineteenth century the Choctaw still occupied the ir aboriginal homeland in the highly desirable co tto nproducing region of the Miss issippi valley. Between 1801 and 1820 they ceded approximately half of their tribal land to whites, most of it through the persistent efforts of John C. Calhoun, secretary of war under President James Monroe (181720). Wh en Calhoun appointed Andrew Jackson as chief negotiator for removal of the Choctaw in 182 0, Calhoun's own mod erate negot iating tactics gave way to Jackson's unequivocal stand in favor of ea rly removal to Indian Territory. The Treaty of Do ak 's Stand, signed in 1820, sealed the fate of th e Choctaw. In it they ceded about one-third of their Mississippi landhold ings, abo ut five million acres, in exch ange for approximately thirteen million acres of land in what is today the southern half of Oklahoma and western Arkansas,' The Choctaw removal to Indi an Terr i-","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127605559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}