Journal of Forest History最新文献

{"title":"Stewards of the People's Wealth: The Founding of British Columbia's Forest Branch","authors":"T. Roach","doi":"10.2307/4004788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004788","url":null,"abstract":"Xthe turn of the century, growing concern over the effects of accelerated forest utilization, forest fire, disease, and other threats to a valuable natural resource prompted the establishment of numerous public forestry agencies throughout the United States and Canada. Initially, such agencies were poorly equipped to handle the important job of forest conservation. Formation of the new state or national forestry services was an exercise in fiscal and bureaucratic restraint; seldom were they given the requisite power to design and implement an effective forestry program. Extending their jurisdiction gradually, such agencies evolved through a period of public debate and sometimes acrimonious bureaucratic wrangling before they achieved maturity as conservators of public resources. In the United States, Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot's fight to transfer administration of the federal forest reserves from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture is one case in point.' In Canada, Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry Elihu Stewart likewise struggled for control over cutting on dominion timber berths. At the provincial level, Judson Clark and Bernhard Fernow fought and lost the battle to consolidate powers in Ontario's forestry agency. The British Columbia situation was the exception to this trend. The provincial government had checked the transfer of public forestlands to private cornpanies in 1905, leaving B. C. with one of the highest percentages of commercial forest under government control in the world. The province's Forest Branch, established in 1912, was immediately given jurisdiction over all forestry activity on this immense area of crown (public) land. Relative latecomers to the North American forest conservation movement, British Columbia foresters were not only able to use the experiences of others to justify radical action to curb industrial excesses, but they were able to avoid the pitfalls of developing a forestry system in a region traditionally controlled by private interests operating on public lands. The B. C. forestry situa-","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124844543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Men and Mountains Meet: Journal of the Appalachian Mountain Club, 1876–1984","authors":"R. Manning","doi":"10.2307/4004789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004789","url":null,"abstract":"A t the turn of the century a rising interest in the aesthetic and spiritual benefits of America's wildland regions crystallized in the establishment of several regional organizations dedicated to nature appreciation, outdoor recreation, and preservation. These organizations drew upon the compelling religious naturalism of men like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and John Muir, and they found inspiration in the romantic movement, with its emphasis on natural landscapes. In the West, the most prominent mountaineering and conservation clubs were the Sierra Club, founded in California in 1892, the Mazamas (Oregon, 1894), the Mountaineers (Washington, 1906), and the Colorado Mountain Club (1912). Eastern enthusiasts, however, anticipated these western efforts by several years. Inspired mainly by New England's rugged and austere White Mountains-at the time still largely unexplored, unmapped, and unknown-a few dozen men met in Boston on January 8, 1876. The purpose of the meeting was to consider the advisability of forming a society or club devoted to mountain exploration and kindred subjects. It is not known who first suggested the name Appalachian Mountain Club; early records indicate only that the first comment from the floor was \"How do you spell it, two p's or one?\" Nevertheless, the name was favored by the group, principally because it provided a wide geographic scope to the club's activities. Charter membership numbered only thirty-nine, and total receipts to the club that first year were just $295. Yet, in June 1876 the club published a sixty-two-page journal titled Appalachia. Although the 500 printed copies required half the club's yearly receipts, this first issue initiated what would become a quiet but unfaltering commitment to the outdoors; Appalachia has since been published in Boston continuously, at first one","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121356756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fullerton, Louisiana: An American Monument","authors":"O. Richardson","doi":"10.2307/4004900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004900","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116827414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Policy in Early America: A Survey of Colonial Statutes","authors":"Yasuhide Kawashima, R. Tone","doi":"10.2307/4004898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004898","url":null,"abstract":"Seen from the air on a clear night, the Atlantic Coast between Boston and Washington stretches 400 miles as an almost un broken sea of lights. Yet, less than 400 years ago a vast, brooding forest confronted European settlers, extending back from this very coast mile upon mile into the interior, \"where many creatures never felt the full intensity of the sun.\"! The forest harbored a rich bounty of natural resources for Indian and European alike; it was not only a source of wood and timber but an invaluable hunting ground.\" Indeed, the variety of wild game and fowl, fish and shellfish, and other gleanings from the woods, streams, bays, rivers, and lakes provided a margin of subsistence that sustained settlers where meager first crops often did not. 3 The rich resources of the New World were exploited heavily by a growing number of white","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"112 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120842592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Logging the Unloggable: Timber Transport in Early Modern Japan","authors":"C. Totman","doi":"10.2307/4004899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004899","url":null,"abstract":"D uring the seventeenth century the people of Japan overcut forests from one end of their archipelago to the other. Earlier loggers had been able to obtain great quantities of excellent timber from easily accessible stands along deepflowing streams, float the pieces to landings, and carry them by ship or cart to the construction site. By the late 1600s, however, the last of the large oldgrowth timber accessible to a stream or roadway capable of handling the pieces had been cut, and loggers were moving miles back into the interior woods in search of exploitable timber. This dramatic change in the basic condition of the forest presented loggers with serious transportation problems and elicited some remarkable engineering and managerial solutions. Two basic characteristics of the situation made the disappearance of accessible timber a particularly difficult problem to overcome. First, the geography of Japan is unfavorable to logging. The archipelago lacks continental flatlands; it consists of slender deposition plains sandwiched between convoluted arcs and nodes of mountain land. On these mountains both the felling and moving of timber are difficult. Relatively young in geological time, these mountains are acutely upthrust and covered by coarse, infertile, and easily destabilized regolith. Out of these young, starkly beautiful, easily eroded mountains tumble streams whose levels of water and debris fluctuate sharply and quickly, depending on the vagaries of weather. Only in their lower reaches do the streams make reliable arteries of commerce, and even there the erratic flow makes them treacherous. Despite their inadequacies for lumber transport, however, these streams were essential to early modern loggers, since the character of the mountains precluded highway transport of all but the smallest of pieces, such as cooperage and fuelwood. Second, river transport was complicated by the social history of seventeenth-century Japan. Nearly one hundred fifty years of endemic warfare ended around 1600, and the nation entered an era of sustained peace. Administratively divided into some 250 daimyo domains, Japan was united by a nationally shared culture and by a hegemonic, autocratic regime, the shogunate, which kept the daimyos under tight control. With peace came rapid socioeconomic growth; the population grew apace, from some 18 million in the 1590s to 26 million in the 1720s. All the flatlands were opened to cultivation, and tillers pushed their land-opening efforts farther and farther up into the narrow valleys and the lower slopes of mountains. In the process, they contributed to terrain destabilization and rapid runoff, thereby intensifying the problem of irregular water flow and making log transport all the more difficult. The erosion that accompanied land opening and deforestation led to stream siltation on the plains, compelling dredging and the creation of ever-higher levees to hold the rivers in their beds. These levees were repeatedly endangere","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134600727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest Service Timber Appraisals","authors":"George A. Craig","doi":"10.2307/4004901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004901","url":null,"abstract":"Editor's Introduction \"Forestry will be practiced when it pays\" is a saying used by foresters since Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A. Schenck first introduced the rudiments of economics to American forestry during the 1890s. Although economic theory and practice are today much more sophisticated than this early truism, certain fundamental principles apply now as then. But consensus has proved elusive. For example, the best method ofassigning value to standing timber continues to be debated, a situation that probably surprises many outside forestry who could logically assume that anything that basic must have been worked out years ago. George A. Craig is a widely respected analyst of timber appraisal methods. He recently retired as head of the Western Timber Association, whose membership is limited to companies that buy timber from the U. S. Forest Service. Obviously, appraisal methods are a central concern to this organization, and Craig is able to utilize his many years of direct analytical experience in the discussion that follows. Had he been allowed more space, he might have elected to say that not only is consensus lacking on general appraisal principles, it is lacking also for the equally fundamental methods of measuring the timber to be appraised. Board feet vs. cubic feet, Scribner vs. International logrules, and water scale vs. truck scale are only a few of the technical questions under perennial debate. One might conclude that many forestry problems are never solved, but each genera tion devises its own accommodation. F ederal law in 1897 required that timber authorized and selected for sale from the forest reserves be appraised and sold \"for not less than the appraised value .\" Although there have been many changes in the details, the foundation for setting stumpage rates has been a determination of \"residual value\"-the difference between the estimated value of products to be produced and the sum of all estimated costs plus a margin for profit and risk. This approach causes variations in appraised stumpage rates for timber of the same species to reflect differences in the timber size, quality and volume to be cut per acre, accessibility, topography and related characteristics of the sale area, contract term, and other conditions of the sale . Timber pricing has received increased attention as timber values have risen. There are now more pressures for fundamental change than at any time in the past. In part, these pressures have focused on a shift toward transactions evidence appraisals-that is, using recently bid stumpage rates to appraise new offerings . The USDA Forest Service has been able to resist such pressures in the past, and in this case the logic for doing so is sound . Residual value appraisals could be retained in the West with some refinement in timber sale practice and greater educational efforts.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130816013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"James Graham Cooper, Pioneer Naturalist and Forest Conservationist","authors":"E. Coan","doi":"10.2307/4004949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004949","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134445276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood Use in the American Furniture Industry","authors":"H. W. Wisdom, Carmen Del Coro Wisdom","doi":"10.2307/4004948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004948","url":null,"abstract":"I making in America. In addition to its natural beauty and warmth, wood can be shaped both by hand and by power-driven tools; it may be painted, glued, bent, and otherwise worked, and generally it has been available near the centers of population that served as prime furniture markets. Three characteristics influenced the choice of wood used in furniture manufacture: function, style, and availability of the wood itself. Although a large number of tree species are usable for furniture making, a relatively limited number of woods, mainly hardwoods, have natural properties that make them preferable to others. Since colonial times, the most prized have been American walnut, mahogany, rosewood, white oak, black cherry, maple, beech, and, to a lesser extent, gum. Preference for specific woods has varied from period to period, mainly due to changes in consumer preference, location of particular manufacturing centers, and furnituremaking techniques. There have been four major periods in the development of the American furniture industry: Early Colonial (1620-1700), Late Colonial (1700-1790), Classical (1790-1900), and Modern (1900 to present). Each of these periods coincided with a stage in the history of the nation, and the technology and popular culture of each stage had a distinct influence on furniture styles and the types of wood preferred by the industry. In this sense, the development of American furniture mirrors the development of America as a nation. Furniture making in America started before 1650 as a handicraft, with individual pieces handmade from local woods by craftsmen with limited skills and tools. The isolation of the American colonies from Europe and the high cost of shipping bulky items encouraged the manufacture of furniture in the early colonial settlements. Seventeenth-century furniture styles were strongly influenced by those in","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127205877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upon Reading Sellars and Runte","authors":"Robin W. Winks","doi":"10.2307/4004953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004953","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133790341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The Compleat Forester”: David T. Mason's Early Career and Character","authors":"Elmo R. Richardson","doi":"10.2307/4004947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004947","url":null,"abstract":"D avid Townsend Mason was a numberscounter, one of a small but impressive company of quantifiers working within the emerging forestry profession in the 1920s and 1930s. The early years of his long career coincided with a period when calculators and engineers-these new corporate and political empire-builders-were beginning to take control of the nation's progress by measuring and managing natural and human resources. Writing and speaking the language of computation long before the age of electronic computers, they worked with yields per acre, gallons per minute and per mile, and production volumes per operation per day. More importantly, they recognized that their theories and findings had to be applied by government as well as private enterprise. A few were able to use the leverages of wealth or personal power. Others wielded great influence as colleagues, committeemen, and consultants. Mason was one of the latter. He was the honest broker, bringing together diverse and often antagonistic interests to find mutual advantages. He bridged what in his time was an enormous gap between private interests and the public interest. After constructing the first integrated model for sustained-yield forest management, Mason led the movement for its adoption by government and by a doubting, depressed lumber industry. Mason's greatest achievements on behalf of sustained-yield forestry came in the 1930s and 1940s, but the earlier decades of his career saw the formation of the distinctive personal and professional characteristics that prepared the way for his later success. Sustained-yield forestry-the policy of managing harvests for permanent timber production-was a timely idea when Mason arrived on the scene. By the end of the nineteenth century, American foresters were analyzing the applicability of older European forestry techniques to distinctly different conditions in their nation's relatively abundant timber tracts. Lumbermen agreed that some of these theories were impressive, but others were too rigid or costly. Protection of standing timber and planned control of annual production seemed far more practical than the selective logging of forests containing a variety of timber types and ages. For another decade, the subject of long-term forest management seemed purely academic. Lumbermen were far more con-","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122800441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}