In Commons最新文献

{"title":"Nonconforming Housing: Housing the Working Class","authors":"D. Chiessa","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.18","url":null,"abstract":"As cities struggle to provide enough adequate housing for their residents, there is a need to develop new ideas and typologies that address the housing crisis directly. Growth in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex [1] continues to provide challenges in addressing housing shortages [2], particularly for cost-burdened communities and those in danger of gentrification, displacement, or chronic homelessness [3]. This project focused on developing contextual infill housing typologies by analyzing the housing stock and context of a neighborhood in Fort Worth, TX. The central question driving the project was: How to design infill housing to increase density in existing single-family urban areas with an aging housing stock, a history of community marginalization, and inadequate zoning that deems many properties as nonconforming or unbuildable?","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131474341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disrupting the Commons. Social Change and the Emergence of New Subjects in Modern Housing","authors":"D. Franco","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.33","url":null,"abstract":"Most dominant narratives in architectural theory, even from opposite positions, share their skepticism against the discipline’s possibilities of being an emancipatory force in society. Either for understanding that it is too difficult for architecture to induce significant change or because they deem it unnecessary. This paper attempts to introduce a new perspective in that debate. Following Jacques Rancière’s writings on the politics of esthetics, instead of looking for systemic transformations, it will aim to uncover discrete emancipatory episodes in the realm of architecture. These episodes happen as ambiguous moments of disruption of the architectural commons. New voices previously dismissed or ignored by architecture’s dominant discourse emerge into visibility, altering what Rancière calls the distribution of the sensible. In that way, the realm of our common shared experiences—of what can be expressed and who can express it—expands to new subjects and architectures. To exemplify these emancipatory disruptions, this paper will analyze three heterodox examples from the twentieth-century modern housing canon: Red Vienna’s Gemeindebauten, Rome’s Quartiere Tiburtino, and Ralph Erskine’s Byker Wall in Newcastle. These cases can establish a baseline and an ancestry of emancipatory practices whose lessons might be helpful in our current context.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129655830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Post-Digital Picturesque: Sinister Dishevelment?","authors":"Nick Safley","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.21","url":null,"abstract":"Sidney K. Robinson’s 1988 essay, The Picturesque: Sinister Dishevelment, critically reframes the English Picturesque through the social and political implications of compositional strategies and mechanisms used for landscape design. Most critically, Robinson identifies sinister qualities of the Picturesque in the hidden power, or power in reserve, that gentlemanly landscape designers used to create scenes in the landscape that only they could discern as having been either labored upon or the result of natural decay. Today some post-digital practices have continued the digital project in a picturesque mode similar to these historic landscape designers. These designers and practices obscure authorial labor in their work with simulations of disorder or material decay. Labor that was evident and abundant in designs of earlier digital work is rendered ambiguous. Viewers are left unsure if the computer-simulated these scenes using computational physics or if a person has directly authored the digital model or image. Computational power is intentionally rendered ambiguous. For these practices, digital expertise and labor have continued, but it is not clear where the computer’s agency stops and starts in the design process. The labor required to produce this sort of work appears indiscernible to all but the expert viewer when, in fact, the practices spared no effort in creating the appearance of a casual lack of labor. Only those knowledgeable of the post-digital techniques used to generate this work can discern where labor has been applied, creating a novel form of sinister dishevelment. Today’s post-digital picturesque does not protect an aristocratic elite as those of the 18th century did with parlor talk but continues the digital project with intentionally limited discourse while sidestepping its excess. The reuse of Sidney Robinson’s essay and a comparison to alternative post-digital practices provides a lens to understand these post-digital picturesque practices and the implications of concealing the indexes of labor.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133850995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Code Switching: Female Architects of Yugoslav Late Modernism - Between Domesticity and Avant-Garde","authors":"Dragana Zorić","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.30","url":null,"abstract":"Female architects of Socialist Yugoslavia, many with families and children concurrent with their career peaks, commonly co-opted an image of the avant-garde artist for their professional lives. The explicit normalcy and domesticity of their private spheres appeared to be largely and publicly suppressed in favor of a black-clad persona, whose work and communication veered away from the everyday and relatable, choosing to focus on the outwardly conceptual, and the abstract. Additionally, the overt separation of the collective government-run architectural practice, and a simultaneous individual (i.e., private architectural practice) for women architects triggered a similar type of code switching. In that case, the avant-garde iconography provided for a consumable media-savvy figure. For the architects of Atelje Lik and the architect Svetlana Kana Radević, operating in a country where architecture was the precise embodiment of societal ideals, code-switching counteracted the established patriarchal environment, but also positioned their private practices, better placed to realize their progressive social ideals through architecture.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121788951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commoning the Urban Residual: Approacing Clandestine Social Infrastructure","authors":"R. Sproull","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.67","url":null,"abstract":"Critical infrastructure doubling as social infrastructure has been a useful strategy for centuries. Projects with these overlapping programs usually spring from a handful of different design scenarios. They are often built initially as hard infrastructure and converted to social infrastructure at the end of their useful life. They can be modifications of existing ‘still-in-use’ critical infrastructure projects. Lastly, they can be designed as overlapping critical and social infrastructure from their conception.One method for establishing critical/social infrastructure is through enhanced public works projects where hard infrastructure is injected with additional social program. Often, this “thickening” of the program can face uphill battles related to increased funding, red tape, or public backlash, however, commoning, (the grass roots collaborative effort of a community to meet its needs), can be a viable alternative method for the creation of these enhancements. There already exist precedents of critical/social infrastructure evolving out of the commons. Chicano Park in San Diego and FDR Skate Park in Philadelphia are lasting examples which are related to residual space left after interstate highways were built. This paper will present ongoing research and teaching related to the overlap of critical and social infrastructure specifically as it relates to atypical methods for their creation. It will present a design course that explores opportunities to create social infrastructure in the overlooked spaces left by the construction of critical infrastructure. It will discuss this on a global level through case studies from around the world and a local level from a series of student design projects situated in a mid-size southern U.S. city. In these projects, residual spaces, (the highway right-of-way and surrounding neighborhood), become the setting for projects that can tap into the commons and be re-imagined as social infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"14 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120995234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Another Path Towards Restorative Community Design","authors":"Ignacio Cardona","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.54","url":null,"abstract":"In 1969, several publications and international conferences put citizens at the center of architecture and urban design. Robert Sommer discusses the influence of space on human behavior in his seminal book Personal Space. Edward T. Hall wrote the Hidden Dimension about the relevance of cultural perspective in characterizing the space surrounding people. The Dalandhui University of Strathclyde held the First Conference on Architectural Psychology hosted by David Canter, pleading for an architecture interwoven with participatory design. Among these examples, perhaps the most influential is A Ladder of Citizen Participation by Sherry Arnstein, which combines academia and activism, asking for complete and progressive citizen empowerment in design decision-making. In 1969, architecture began to strongly demand the expansion of the discipline to share the common good from a people-centered perspective. Fifty-three years later, the debate on orchestrating the integration of people’s needs persists. Architects design logic to shape the territory following technical needs that do not always find a foothold to include emergent social dynamics. The gap between technical needs and people’s everyday demands has contributed to consolidating inequalities that have already become structural. In the inquiry for transdisciplinary strategies to overlap these multiple needs in the design field, this research proposes the framework of Restorative Community Design (RCD) which includes three theoretical bodies: Restorative Justice, the Right to the City, and Participatory Design. First, Restorative Justice is a branch of criminal justice that seeks to bring together different stakeholders affected by wrongdoing; this theoretical framework aims to address needs and responsibilities and heal damage through the close relationships between various community members. Second, RCD is also based on the theory of the Right to the City, which posits that cities are environments that either allow or limit the development of the capabilities of their citizens and that networked access to the opportunities offered by the city is a fundamental variable to integrates citizen´s capabilities to the opportunities and resources that the city provides. Finally, Participatory Design merges the two previous approaches through a critical understanding of practices to promote community empowerment. This research proposes the working definition of Restorative Community Design by implementing a game technique called PATH (Participatory Architecture Towards Humanity). Specifically, the investigation systematizes the application of PATH in two specific case studies. The first one occurred in Petare (2015), the denser self-produced settlement -commonly called the informal city – in America, located in Caracas. The second experience happened in Flushing (2018), the most racially diverse borough in New York City. Researchers found historically disenfranchised communities in both cases, and Restorati","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130736124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circuit Connection Reconfiguration Of Partially Shaded BIPV Systems, A Solution For Power Loss Reduction","authors":"Hamideh Hossei, K. Kim","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.7","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating PV panels as a source of clean energy has been a widely established method to achieve net-zero energy (NZE) buildings. The exterior envelope of high-rise buildings can serve as the best place to integrate PV panels for utilizing solar energy. The taller the building, the higher the potential to utilize solar energy by PV panels. However, shadows casting on the BIPV façade systems are unavoidable as they are often subject to partial shades from panels’ self-shading as well as building walls. Partial shading or ununiform solar radiation on the PV surface causes a dramatic decrease in the current output of the circuit. For that reason, in BIPV facades the default circuit connection of manufactured PV panels does not output maximum power under partial shading conditions. This paper investigates the different circuit connections in the BIPV façade system to achieve higher energy yields while addressing design requirements. To this end, PV panel’s power production in different circuit connection reconfiguration scenarios was explored both by simulation and experimentation in two levels of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) components: 1) PV cells, and 2) strings of PV cells. The results of simulations demonstrated that the maximum power generation occurred when the circuit connection between cells within a string is series, and the circuit connection between the strings within a PV panel is parallel. Comparing the results of Ladybug (LB) energy simulations with the proposed Grasshopper (GH) analysis recipe showed that the developed GH definition will increase the BIPVs energy simulation by 90%. To validate the simulation results, experimental tests were conducted. The measured power output indicated that the series-parallel circuit connection increased the energy yields of the BIPV facades 71 times in real-world applications compared to the manufactured series-series PV panels.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133978710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Justice: A Case Study into the Heat Vulnerable Neighborhoods of Philadelphia","authors":"E. May, P. Du, Victoria Martine","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.53","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown that low-income communities and communities of color are more likely to live in neighborhoods experiencing multiple environmental burdens and disproportionate vulnerability to the impacts of climate change in American cities. The practice of redlining in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has caused environmental injustice in ways that might not have been obvious at that time however there are neighborhoods that are still affected by this practice. These areas have the lowest median household incomes, lowest life expectancies, and highest population of African American people compared to the rest of the city. The main objective of this research is to map the heat vulnerable neighborhoods in Philadelphia and suggest ways to mitigate urban heat island. Mapping heat vulnerability shows the areas that are more susceptible to the exacerbating effects of heat. The research began with mapping factors that determine vulnerability, such as heat exposure, access to green space/tree coverage, median household income, life expectancy, and race. Mapping these indicators allowed the vulnerable neighborhoods to be pinpointed. The most vulnerable neighborhoods chosen were Tioga and Carroll Park. To conduct a better analysis the least vulnerable neighborhood, Chestnut Hill, was chosen to compare to. Further, overlaying the Homeowners Loan Corporation redlining map to find out that the “hazardous” neighborhoods overlap with the most vulnerable neighborhoods. To continue the analysis with simulations, Rhino and Grasshopper (Ladybug Tools) were used to quantify the urban heat island indicators such as Direct Sun Hours, Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and Heat Stress Hours in both public spaces and streets. In summary, this research proposes design interventions, including strategies of adding greenery, to mitigate the urban heat island effect. The simulations showed that the neighborhoods that are the most heat vulnerable would have to drastically change their environment to mitigate the urban heat island.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133647873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-center / Expand Access: Drone public transit in low density areas","authors":"Marleen Davis","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.65","url":null,"abstract":"Social justice can be pursued through expanding accessible and affordable public transit in low-density urbanisms. This paper outlines the future viability of a drone-based local transit system for America’s medium-sized cities, connecting residents of low-density neighborhoods to educational and job opportunities in suburban locations.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134536108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immanent Appalachia: Insurgent Practices of Circular","authors":"J. Magner","doi":"10.35483/acsa.am.111.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.17","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its unique tectonic history and extreme biological diversity, East Tennessee is a place defined by the incredible abundance of natural resources and the inevitable environmental degradation in the exploitation thereof. What we share most truthfully and vividly in the commons of Appalachia are the myriad forms of catastrophe wrought by extraction economies. Representing a body of scholarship undertaken as the Tennessee Architecture Fellow in the University of Tennessee College of Architecture and Design, the work began by investigating the means of production within three dominant material regimes of East Tennessee – the lithic, metallic, and xylological – this project locates three sites as the ‘theater of operations2’ for the development of architectural ‘mock-ups3’ (Figures 1-3) which address the consequences of extraction by inducing circularity in flows of material and labor. Evoking histories of abundance, craft, and community of pre-modern and indigenous4 Appalachian cultures while working directly with material harvested on site, each mock-up seeks to conjure an immanent geopoetic5 agency, generating unique assemblages6 of meaning, feeling, and place in proto- architectural relationships between structure and surface. Speculative fabrication protocols introduced digital precision (Figures 7, 8) to traditional, high-participation means and methods of manual craft in order to manage the inherent complexity and eccentricity of non-standard parts in structural assemblies while foregrounding issues of automation which loom large in the region.","PeriodicalId":243862,"journal":{"name":"In Commons","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129848922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}