Athena: filosofijos studijos最新文献

{"title":"Necropolitics and Scarce Resource Allocation: Letting Die in Death-worlds within the Framework of Lifeboat Ethics","authors":"Luana Adriano Araújo","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.11","url":null,"abstract":"The debate about the allocation of scarce healthcare resources was one of the most heated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main ethical concern is what should we do in crisis periods when there are unmet demands for specific health goods, products, and services. One of the assumptions for the authors in this field is to take scarcity as a given neutral fact. Following this, literature mostly focuses on preference scales and optimal allocation measures, obliterating substantive discussions on how scarcity is produced and differentially distributed. Such an obliteration is what took Tom Koch (2013) to criticize “lifeboat ethics” – for him, we should not be focusing on how to distribute places in the lifeboat, but rather on why we ever allowed ourselves to navigate in such circumstances. His argument can be used to defend a duty to plan, which, if fulfilled, would prevent tragic choices. Here, I follow a different argument, related to how scarcity plays a role in the maintenance of status quo in necropolitical frameworks. In those settings, scarcity is not an accident of crisis periods, but a permanent structural factor and a means of governing. While we keep our ethical lens away from how scarcity is produced in these countries, we run the risk of leaving aside antecedent public choices that prioritize certain interests over the life of the ultimately killable ones – i.e., the decisions that reify and naturalize scarcity.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127194058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustojęs gyvenimas: pandemija ir afektyvieji sutrikimai","authors":"Denis Petrina","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.8","url":null,"abstract":"The phrase “total lockdown” in the first part of the title signifies a universal existential situation, in which we found ourselves during the pandemic and in which we partially live until now, mainly caused by the negation of life as a vital force (vita activa). The second part of the title – “the pandemic and its affective disorders” – highlights the affective disbalance that manifests itself not only on a personal, but also on a more universal – social and political – level. The paper explores what affects, feelings, sensations, and experiences have been spread, how we “contract” them, as well as how (and whether) we deal with them. Even though the research question of the paper might look rather simple at first: how to speak about the (affective) experiences of the pandemic, it becomes more complex when we consider the fact that affect resists verbalization and signification. This paper looks at the pandemic through the lens of the interplay between the material conditions and outcomes of the pandemic and the discursive formations that both structure and are structured by them. Particular attention is paid to the inevitable tension between the hegemonic discourse on/of the pandemic, which encapsulates and homogenizes a broad spectrum of affective responses to the “total lockdown” and the affective drama happening behind the “smokescreen” of this discourse. On the one hand, the paper raises the question of how to articulate this drama and find a balance between particular experiences and the commonality of these experiences. On the other hand, the paper focuses on the narratives and techniques that transgress beyond the insensitive to the outcomes of the pandemic discourse.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"5071 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132555137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuodinga viruso dovana, skiepo dovana ir žmonijos evoliucija: apie biopolitikos ir biofilosofijos konvergenciją","authors":"Naglis Kardelis","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.5","url":null,"abstract":"The author of the article analyses the lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of a possible dialogue between biopolitics and biophilosophy. It is argued that the pandemic, despite the horrific sufferings it has caused to humankind, had a certain positive side to it as it made us raise our ethical, social and political consciousness to a qualitatively new level. In this sense, the new coronavirus might be viewed as a pharmakon, that is, both as a poison (as the etymology of the Latin word virus suggests) and as a remedy – or as a gift. The author, drawing attention to the fact that viruses, strictly speaking, are neither alive nor dead, yet play a significant role in the evolution of living organisms, argues that the “poisonous” gift of the new coronavirus and the gift of COVID-19 vaccines interact – either by way of the initiation of the selection process or by way of its correction (limitation) – in the process of natural selection of the members of human population, thus affecting human evolution: the “poisonous” gift of the virus acts positively, presenting a biological challenge to humans, and the gift of vaccines acts negatively, by way of correcting this process, that is, selectively limiting the extent and intensity of the challenge posed by the virus. It is evident that individuals vaccinated against COVID-19, though they are not completely exempt from the dangers of coronaviral infection, participate in the process of natural selection, initiated by the action of coronavirus, to a significantly lesser extent and degree. Bearing in mind that personal decisions to accept or decline the gift of a COVID-19 vaccine are related to certain personal convictions, one might claim that, in the process of this particular case of natural selection, holding to certain specific convictions selects humans for certain cognitively, ethically and socially important personal traits that play a role in personal decision-making and are, as we might suggest, at least partially influenced by genes. Therefore, not only the urgency to act promptly – to act in a biopolitical sense – in the face of such challenges as COVID-19 pandemic (and, in the future, in the face of dangers posed by similar pandemic diseases), but also the necessity to reflect – to reflect in biophilosophical sense – on the interaction between humans and viruses that takes place on a global scale and in a common biological medium highlight the importance of a new trend – that of the convergence between biopolitics and biophilosophy.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134610160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pandemic and Race: Un(fore)seen Circumstances, Same Old Biopolitics of Extraction and Use?","authors":"Aistis Žekevičius","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.10","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, I suggest that the interplay between pandemic and race, instead of opening paths towards an understanding of mutual interconnectedness and vulnerability, deepens the existing structural racial inequality by reinforcing the existing necropolitical regimes of exclusion and amplifying the importance of race in biopolitics. First, I question the biopolitical uses of race, discern the general capitalization of life and highlight the colonial nature of epidemiology. Further, I focus on the neoliberal subjectivity of the new working class and argue that the Foucauldian imperative “make live or let die” gave way to the differentiation between lives to be saved and lives to be risked. Then, I claim that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the race-based necropolitics of usable bodies and the biopolitics based on the distribution of differential vulnerability. Finally, I analyse decolonial, politico-economic, ecological, and solidary remedies that might help to find a way out of the current necropolitical condition.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133754195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons From the Pandemic: Biopower, Politics and Reality","authors":"S. Prozorov","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.2","url":null,"abstract":"Frequently described as the return or the revenge of the real, the COVID-19 pandemic poses the question of the relation of politics to reality: does politics produce or construct reality that henceforth exists as its effect or does reality rather pose a limit to political practice, serving as a remainder that politics cannot grasp? While the first solution defines a constructivist approach to politics, the second affirms a realist approach. The article offers a reading of Michel Foucault’s methodological introduction to his Birth of Biopolitics lectures that demonstrates how Foucault’s own response to this question oscillated between realism and constructivism before the constructivist tendency arguably prevailed in the work of Foucault’s followers. In conclusion, I address the implications of reconsidering biopolitics from a realist standpoint.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"142 6‐7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120836196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Martinas Heideggeris, medijos ir Graikijos dievai","authors":"Friedrich A. Kittler","doi":"10.53631/athena.2021.16.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2021.16.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126733225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big Data as “Practical Ontology”: The Ontotheology Underlying the Interpretation of Reality as Data","authors":"Guilherme Silva, Tales Tomaz","doi":"10.53631/athena.2021.16.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2021.16.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the emergence of a “practical ontology” in some of the most triumphalist discourses on Big Data. Such an interpretation can be drawn from the Heideggerian critique of ontotheology, a term he used as an equivalent to Western metaphysics. Following his perspective, the article argues that the reduction of reality to data, as in many Big Data discourses, means putting functionality as the fundamental aspect of beings, hence – the idea of a practical ontology. The Heideggerian critique of ontotheology, however, not only makes the ontological core of Big Data’s practical discourses more transparent but also points out the theoretical limits of that ontology and, furthermore, of most discourses around Big Data. It could be said that eventually Big Data’s practical ontology conceals the very moment of unconcealment of beings as data, undermining a proper comprehension of its object of analysis – the data.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126249767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dirbtinis intelektas moterišku kūnu filmuose Ex Machina ir Ji","authors":"Justina Žiūraitė-Pupelė","doi":"10.53631/athena.2021.16.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2021.16.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores how artificial intelligence is constructed in a female body and showcases the boundaries between human and technological traits, as well as the relationship between human beings and technology. The article defines the notion of artificial intelligence and discusses how artificial intelligence is portrayed in science fiction films. The article does not attempt to provide new theoretical insights into artificial intelligence but, instead, to show how artificial intelligence is characterised in the context of modern science fiction films. Two contemporary science fiction films, which focus on the artificial intelligence in the female body, are analysed: Alex Garland’s Ex Machina (2014) and Spike Jonze’s Her (2013). The analysis of the films showcases the blurred lines between being a human and being a robot: AI in the female body is portrayed as having adequate cognitive abilities and an ability to experience or to realistically imitate various mental states. The AI embodiment found in the films explores different narratives: the anthropomorphic body (Ex Machina) motivates to get to know the world and thus expands one’s experience, while the partial embodiment (Her) “programs” intellectual actions and development beyond the human body. Ex Machina highlights the anti-humanity of the female robot: another (human) life is devalued in order to pursue a goal. On the contrary, Her highlights the hyper-humanity of the operating system: continuous improvements exceed the boundaries of communication with other people.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133345093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilusis telefonas, raštas ir atmintis","authors":"Dalius Jonkus","doi":"10.53631/athena.2021.16.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2021.16.2","url":null,"abstract":"Even though cultural actions are creative, they are not established ex nihilo. They are based on previous actions, their passive or active memory, and extension. Memory is impossible without forgetting. To remember, we have to choose what matters and what does not. The mechanism of memory is based on forgetfulness, which does not deny memory as such, but in a sense makes it passive. Passive memory (forgetfulness) can be transformed into active memory through the actions of actualization and reactivation. Writing is a form of passive memory that can be activated by intelligent reading. The aim of the article is to discuss the phenomenon of the mobile phone as an example of socio-cultural writing and to raise the question of the relationship between writing and memory. Based on the concepts of writing developed by the Italian philosopher Mauricio Ferraris, Derrida, and Husserl, I argue that writing is a model of cultural sedimentation and memory.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121796147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kūniškos mediacijos: biomedijos šiuolaikinėje kontrolės visuomenėje","authors":"Denis Petrina","doi":"10.53631/athena.2021.16.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2021.16.9","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to present, discuss and critically reflect the emerging in media studies notion of biomedia, which refutes the alleged dichotomy between technology and the body. In the broadest sense, biomedia can be construed as a particular way of mediation whereby the media directly affect and transform the biological dimension of the body and vice versa. The article opens with the discussion of the context in which biomedia emerge – the societies of control (G. Deleuze). In the this first part, the genesis of the concept of biomedia is discussed, as well as two conceptual paradigms – epistemological (E. Thacker’s “dark media”) and ethical (M. Fuller, A. Goffey’s “gray media”) are presented. In the second part, the nexus between biomedia and the cyberbiopolitical regime is highlighted, as well as a peculiar form of biopower, functioning through biomedia – neuropower (W. Neidich) is presented. Ultimately, two potential resistance lines (negative and critical) are examined.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134371413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}