{"title":"<i>Sacculina</i>-Induced Morphological Feminization in the Grapsid Crab <i>Pachygrapsus crassipes</i>.","authors":"Kenji Toyota, Takehiro Ito, Kaito Morishima, Retsu Hanazaki, Tsuyoshi Ohira","doi":"10.2108/zs230022","DOIUrl":"10.2108/zs230022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhizocephalan barnacles (Thecostraca: Cirripedia) are parasitic crustaceans that lack appendages, segmentation, and a digestive system in adults, while instead infiltrating their hosts with a nutrient-absorbing system of rootlets. Sacculinids, belonging to the Rhizocephala order, are known for their various parasitization-induced effects on their decapod hosts, such as parasitic castration, reduction in the growth of secondary sexual characteristics, feminization of male crabs, and alteration of host behavior. In this study, we conducted field surveys in Japan at Manazuru Town (Kanagawa) on the Pacific coast, and on Sado Island and Noto Peninsula on the Sea of Japan side, and found that sacculinid-parasite-ratios on the grapsid crab <i>Pachygrapsus crassipes</i> were particularly high on the Sea of Japan coast. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Manazuru population forms a single clade with <i>Sacculina yatsui</i>, and both Sado and Noto populations form a single clade with <i>S. confragosa</i>. We further demonstrated that external morphologies of male <i>P. crassipes</i> parasitized by sacculinids were changed to female phenotypes. This host-parasite interaction will be a useful model for understanding molecular mechanisms underlying rhizocephalan-driven morphological and behavioral feminization and castration.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"367-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Live Freshwater Parasite, <i>Salmincola californiensis</i> (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae), on the Gills of an Ocean-Migrating Steelhead Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) and Discussion on the Origin and Survival of the Parasite at Sea.","authors":"Kazuya Nagasawa","doi":"10.2108/zs230031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmincola californiensis</i> is a parasitic copepod of freshwater salmonids in the North Pacific rim countries. Sixteen adult females of the species were found alive on the gills of an ocean-age 4, maturing steelhead trout, <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>, caught in offshore waters (50°30'N, 179°30'W) of the North Pacific Ocean in July 1997. This is the first evidence of live individuals of <i>S. californiensis</i> from ocean-migrating salmonids. When found, copepods were attached to the distal ends of gill filaments, and their bodies were observed to be slowly moving in Petri dishes with seawater. Ocean-migrating steelhead trout comprise individuals originating from western Kamchatka (Russia) and western North America. Based on the date and catch location of the infected fish, it is inferred that it originated from western North America, where it acquired <i>S. californiensis</i> infection in fresh water. As this fish spent about 4 years in the ocean, the copepods likely survived the same period at sea. However, if the fish was a kelt, the survival period of the copepods in the ocean may be shorter than four years. To confirm identification of the copepods, adult females of <i>S. californiensis</i> are briefly described using the specimens collected from the fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"360-366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ovarian Follicle Development in Ascidians","authors":"Honoo Satake, Tsuyoshi Kawada, Tomohiro Osugi, Tsubasa Sakai, Akira Shiraishi, Tatsuya Yamamoto, Shin Matsubara","doi":"10.2108/zs230054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230054","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian follicle development is an essential process for continuation of sexually reproductive animals, and is controlled by a wide variety of regulatory factors such as neuropeptides and peptide hormones in the endocrine, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems. Moreover, while some molecular mechanisms underlying follicle development are conserved, others vary among species. Consequently, follicle development processes are closely related to the evolution and diversity of species. Ciona intestinalis type A (Ciona rubusta) is a cosmopolitan species of ascidians, which are the closest relative of vertebrates. However, unlike vertebrates, ascidians are not endowed with the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis involving pituitary gonadotropins and sexual steroids. Combined with the phylogenetic position of ascidians as the closest relative of vertebrates, such morphological and endocrine features suggest that ascidians possess both common and species-specific regulatory mechanisms in follicle development. To date, several neuropeptides have been shown to participate in the growth of vitellogenic follicles, oocyte maturation of postvitellogenic follicles, and ovulation of fully mature follicles in a developmental stage-specific fashion. Furthermore, recent studies have shed light on the evolutionary processes of follicle development throughout chordates. In this review, we provide an overview of the neuropeptidergic molecular mechanism in the premature follicle growth, oocyte maturation, and ovulation in Ciona, and comparative views of the follicle development processes of mammals and teleosts.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Satoshi Hirako, Yoshihiro Wakayama, Hyounju Kim, Yuzuru Iizuka, Nobuhiro Wada, Naoko Kaibara, Mai Okabe, Satoru Arata, Akiyo Matsumoto
{"title":"Association of Aquaporin 7 and 9 with Obesity and Fatty Liver in db/db Mice","authors":"Satoshi Hirako, Yoshihiro Wakayama, Hyounju Kim, Yuzuru Iizuka, Nobuhiro Wada, Naoko Kaibara, Mai Okabe, Satoru Arata, Akiyo Matsumoto","doi":"10.2108/zs230037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230037","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaporin (AQP) 7 and AQP9 are membrane channel proteins called aquaglyceroporins and are related to glucose and lipid metabolism. AQP7 is mainly expressed in white adipose tissue (WAT) and is involved in releasing glycerol into the bloodstream. AQP9 is the glycerol channel in the liver that supplies glycerol to the hepatic cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the expression of aquaglyceroporins and lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and fatty liver, using 22-week-old db/db mice. Body weight, WAT, and liver weight showed increases in db/db mice. The levels of liver lipids, plasma lipids, insulin, and leptin were also increased in db/db mice. Gene expression related to fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in the liver was enhanced in db/db mice. In addition, gene and protein expression of gluconeogenesis-related enzymes was increased. Conversely, lipolysis-related gene expression in WAT was reduced. In the db/db mice, AQP9 expression in the liver was raised; however, AQP7 expression in WAT was reduced. These results suggest that in db/db mice, enhanced hepatic AQP9 expression increased the supply of glycerol to the liver and induced fatty liver and hyperglycemia. Additionally, reduced AQP7 expression in WAT is associated with excessive lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Aquaglyceroporins are essential molecules for glucose and lipid metabolism, and may be potential target molecules for the treatment of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clivia Valle Machado, Marcia B. Mentz, Sara Hartke, Denise M. Zancan
{"title":"Occurrence of Cruzia tentaculata Larvae in the Land Snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus—Influence of Natural Parasite Load on Snail Physiology","authors":"Clivia Valle Machado, Marcia B. Mentz, Sara Hartke, Denise M. Zancan","doi":"10.2108/zs230047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230047","url":null,"abstract":"The nematode Cruzia tentaculata is reported here for the first time in the land snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus in southern Brazil. The snails were infected with a high prevalence of larvae up to the L3 stage (68.6%). Cysts were located mainly in the mantle (pulmonary cavity) and the nerve ring. No other helminths were identified in the collected snails. Some physiological aspects were compared between snails infected with L3 larvae and non-infected snails and among infected animals with different parasite loads. No differences were found in hemolymph protein, glucose, or urea content between L3-infected and non-infected snails, nor among animals with different parasite loads. Discontinuous lesions in the rectum associated with the presence of encapsulated larvae were visible in animals with high parasite loads and were more frequent in adult animals. All analyses were carried out during the breeding season; however, the albumen glands of mature snails had a smaller volume in those with higher parasite loads. Ovotestis weight was also significantly negatively correlated with parasite load. Snail reproductive capacity could, therefore, be partially impaired but only for individuals with higher parasite loads. Considering only the measured parameters, natural infection by C. tentaculata does not appear to affect intermediary metabolism of M. abbreviatus. A greater number of larvae and greater severity of tissue injuries are more frequently observed in older snails.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiharu Shinomiya, Genki Kobayashi, Koji Seike, Momo Yamashita, Luna Yamamori, Takahiro Sugiyama, Mariko Kawamura, Kanto Nishikawa, Ryutaro Goto
{"title":"Molecular and Morphological Assessment of Juvenile and Adult Forms in the Giant Worm <i>Eunice</i> Cf. <i>Aphroditois</i> (Annelida: Eunicidae) and Its Phylogenetic Position in the Family.","authors":"Chiharu Shinomiya, Genki Kobayashi, Koji Seike, Momo Yamashita, Luna Yamamori, Takahiro Sugiyama, Mariko Kawamura, Kanto Nishikawa, Ryutaro Goto","doi":"10.2108/zs220075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs220075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Eunice aphroditois</i> (Pallas, 1788) is a large polychaete worm (up to 3 m in length) and the type species of the genus. In Japan, a similar but potentially different species, <i>Eunice</i> cf. <i>aphroditois</i>, is distributed mainly in the rocky shores of the temperate and warm Pacific coasts. Juveniles and adults were suggested to be distinguished by their body color. The juvenile form was previously regarded as distinct species, <i>Eunice flavopicta</i> Izuka, 1912 and <i>Eunice ovalifera</i> Fauvel, 1936, although they are now considered synonymous with <i>E</i>. <i>aphroditois</i>. In this study, we revisited the validity of the present taxonomy based on morphological observations including SEM and microCT, and three molecular markers (cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I [COI], 16S rRNA, and histone H3 genes) and investigated the phylogenetic position of <i>E.</i> cf. <i>aphroditois</i> in the family Eunicidae using the combined dataset of three genes (COI + 16S rRNA + 18S rRNA). The adult and juvenile forms were different in body size, color, the distribution of the branchiae and subacicular hooks, and maxillae shape, but not in other characteristics. One individual showed an intermediate body color between the two forms. The adult and juvenile forms shared major haplotypes and the maximum K2P genetic distance of COI was 1.7%, which can be considered within intraspecific variation. In the phylogenetic tree based on the combined gene dataset, <i>E.</i> cf. <i>aphroditois</i> was closely related to <i>Eunice roussaei</i> Quatrefages, 1866 and <i>Eunice</i> cf. <i>violaceomaculata</i> Ehlers, 1887, which are large species from the Mediterranean Sea and the Caribbean Sea, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 4","pages":"314-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10274221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Compound Eye Regulates Free-Running Period and Stability of the Circadian Locomotor Rhythm in the Cricket <i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>.","authors":"Kenji Tomioka","doi":"10.2108/zs230005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The circadian system of many multicellular organisms consists of a hierarchical structure of multiple clocks, including central and peripheral clocks. The temporal structure has been analyzed in terms of central-to-peripheral regulation but rarely from the opposite perspective. In this study, the potential control of the central clock in the optic lobe by the peripheral clock in the compound eye was investigated in the cricket <i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>. The locomotor activity rhythm of crickets in which one of the two bilateral optic lobe clocks was surgically removed was tested in constant darkness at three environmental temperatures (20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) and compared with that of crickets in which the optic nerve connecting between the compound eye and optic lobe of the intact side was also severed. When the optic nerve was severed at 30°C, the free-running period and its stability were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, compared to those of intact and sham-operated crickets, whereas at 20°C, only the free-running period was significantly lengthened, and at 25°C, no significant changes were observed in these parameters. At 30°C, the changes in these two parameters were reproduced when the anterior half of the compound eye was removed, while the removal of the posterior half induced period lengthening only. Together with previous data, these results suggest that the free-running period and stability of the locomotor rhythm are regulated through reciprocal coupling between the clocks in the compound eye and the optic lobe.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 4","pages":"300-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9910766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Species of <i>Branchellion</i> (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae) Parasitizing the Gills of Short-Tail Stingrays (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) from the West Pacific.","authors":"Naoto Jimi, Junpei Shinji, Natsumi Hookabe, Masanori Okanishi, Sau Pinn Woo, Takafumi Nakano","doi":"10.2108/zs220057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs220057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new fish leech, <i>Branchellion brevicaudatae</i> sp. n., is described based on specimens parasitizing the gills of the short-tail stingray, <i>Bathytoshia brevicaudata</i> (Hutton, 1875), collected from Japanese waters. The new species can be distinguished from other congeners by having: i) pulsating vesicles emerging from posterior base of branchiae, one pair per somite; ii) dorsal white spots, not arranged in longitudinal row; and iii) blackish body. A phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I gene from the new species and other piscicolid worms showed that the new species is sister to <i>Branchellion torpedinis</i> Savigny, 1822. This is the first record of <i>Branchellion</i> Savigny, 1822 from Japanese waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 4","pages":"308-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9910764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyun-Ju Yoon, Mu-Yeong Lee, Hye-Sook Jeon, Junghwa An, Jongmin Yoon
{"title":"Temporal Changes in Demography and Genetic Diversity of Oriental Storks at the Stage of Long-Term Captive Propagation and Reintroduction Initiation.","authors":"Hyun-Ju Yoon, Mu-Yeong Lee, Hye-Sook Jeon, Junghwa An, Jongmin Yoon","doi":"10.2108/zs220076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs220076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Captive propagation and reintroduction are the major steps in the ex-situ conservation of locally extirpated endangered species in a historical region. In a species restoration project conducted in South Korea, we examined temporal changes in demographics and genetic diversity of oriental storks (<i>Ciconia boyciana</i>). Demographic and genetic data from 1996-2018 were analyzed for 80% of all captive and recently reintroduced individuals. Founder establishment and pair formation induced increases in population size and genetic diversity during the early stage of captive propagation. The degree of genetic diversity was found to become saturated and stable with long-term captive propagation. However, this might be a concern for future genetic diversity of both captive and reintroduced populations simultaneously due to the extraction of captive populations at the early stage of reintroduction. Our findings suggest that periodic evaluation of genetic diversity and selection for releasing individuals, using effective genetic markers, would assist in balancing the genetic diversity of the captive and reintroduced oriental storks at the early stage of reintroduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 4","pages":"284-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10256125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fecal Pellets of a <i>Marphysa</i> Species (Annelida: Eunicidae) in the Yoro Tidal Flat, Japan.","authors":"Yuichiro Osaka, Satoshi Abe, Hirokazu Abe, Masaatsu Tanaka, Mayu Onozato, Kenji Okoshi, Atsuko Nishigaki","doi":"10.2108/zs230020","DOIUrl":"10.2108/zs230020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fecal pellets of <i>Marphysa</i> sp. E sensu Abe et al. (2019) (Annelida, Eunicidae) living in the Yoro tidal flat (Ichihara, Chiba, Japan) contain high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the concentrations rapidly decrease over time. To investigate the origin of the high-concentration PAHs in the fecal pellets and food sources of the worms, the PAH concentrations, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N), total organic carbon, and total nitrogen for two types of sediment (sands and reduced muds), fecal pellets, and the body of the worms were determined. The PAH concentrations and chemical properties of the fecal pellets were similar to those of the reduced muds (20-30 cm sediment depth). The <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, and C/N values of reduced muds were the same as the typical values of terrestrial C3 plants, suggesting that reduced muds were derived from terrestrial plants. These data indicated that the worms selectively take up reduced muds containing high levels of PAHs. The <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values of the worm bodies indicated that the worms did not use the organic carbon derived from terrestrial C3 plants as primary nutrition. Taking into consideration their selective uptake of reduced muds, excretion, and subsequent rapid decrease of PAHs in the fecal pellets, the worms could contribute to the remediation of chemical pollutants in the tidal flat sediments.</p>","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 4","pages":"292-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10256126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}