Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social最新文献

{"title":"Capital ficticio y digitalización","authors":"Manuel Núñez","doi":"10.6018/reg.601851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.601851","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"63 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140494203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mismatch Thesis. Fiction and Reality in the Accumulation of Capital","authors":"Shimshon Bichler, Jonathan Nitzan","doi":"10.6018/reg.600191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.600191","url":null,"abstract":"Political economists, both mainstream and Marxist, find it difficult to reconcile the «real» and «financial» appearances of capital. The conventional view is that «real» capital is an objective productive entity; that «finance» merely reflects this reality; and that, unfortunately, the reflection is often inaccurate, causing the two to «mismatch». This convention, we argue, is baseless if not fraudulent. First, although economists know full well that «real» capital, comprising different capital goods, cannot have a unique objective quantity – they measure this pseudo quantity anyway, arbitrarily. Second, when they realize that their arbitrary measure of «real» capital differs greatly from the corresponding magnitude of finance, they blame the deviation on invisible fluctuations in intangible capital, investor irrationality and market imperfections. And third, they insist that «real» accumulation drives «financial» accumulation, even though their own measures show that the two processes move in opposite directions!\u0000 Political economists, both mainstream and Marxist, find it difficult to reconcile the «real» and «financial» appearances of capital. The conventional view is that «real» capital is an objective productive entity; that «finance» merely reflects this reality; and that, unfortunately, the reflection is often inaccurate, causing the two to «mismatch». This convention, we argue, is baseless if not fraudulent. First, although economists know full well that «real» capital, comprising different capital goods, cannot have a unique objective quantity – they measure this pseudo quantity anyway, arbitrarily. Second, when they realize that their arbitrary measure of «real» capital differs greatly from the corresponding magnitude of finance, they blame the deviation on invisible fluctuations in intangible capital, investor irrationality and market imperfections. And third, they insist that «real» accumulation drives «financial» accumulation, even though their own measures show that the two processes move in opposite directions!","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"90 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140494577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guerra y Cambio Social","authors":"Siniša Malešević","doi":"10.6018/reg.600251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.600251","url":null,"abstract":"Warfare has shapedmuch of humanhistory and as such has had a profound impact onthe rise and Transformation of social relations.This entry defines warfare and outlines the key instances in the historical relationship between war and society.\u0000 La guerra ha dado forma a gran parte de la historia humana y, como tal, ha tenido un profundo impacto en el surgimiento y la transformación de las relaciones sociales. En este breve ensayo Malešević define la guerra y describe los casos clave en la relación histórica entre la guerra y la sociedad.","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"84 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140494609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cartografías de la metástasis: mapas cognitivos, financiarización y la disputa hegemónica sino-estadounidense","authors":"Malfred Gerig","doi":"10.6018/reg.600241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.600241","url":null,"abstract":"This article poses to build a cognitive mapping for what we denominate the metastasis era, which is the period of crisis/dispute of the American hegemony over the modern world-system. The cardinal thesis of the research is that financialization unleashed historical processes and social forces that caused both the configuration of new geopolitical power relations ant that the interstate system to cross the antagonism threshold. In a span of time that goes from the 1970s, when the monetarist counterrevolution and financialization were applied as a solution to the overaccumulation crisis, to the Great Recession from which the Sino-American symbiosis reached a turning point, we interpret from classical social theory ―Marx, Weber, Braudel―, along with the political economy of world-systems and contemporary Marxism ―Arrighi, Wallerstein, Harvey, Anderson―to financialization as the determining process in the 21st century for the fate of the historical capitalism, which faces a triple process of decoupling, recentering and reorientation.\u0000 Este artículo se plantea construir un mapeo cognitivo para lo que denominamos la era de la metástasis, esto es, el periodo de crisis/disputa de la hegemonía estadounidense sobre el sistema-mundo moderno. La tesis cardinal de la investigación es que la financiarización desató procesos históricos y fuerzas sociales que ocasionaron tanto la configuración de nuevas relaciones de poder geopolíticas, como que el sistema interestatal cruzara el umbral del antagonismo. En un arco temporal que va desde la década de 1970 donde la contrarrevolución monetarista y la financiarización se aplicó como solución a la crisis de sobreacumulación, hasta la Gran Recesión a partir de la cual la simbiosis sino-estadounidense llegó a un punto de inflexión, interpretamos desde la teoría social clásica ―Marx, Weber, Braudel―, junto a la economía política de sistemas-mundo y el marxismo contemporáneo ―Arrighi, Wallerstein, Harvey, Anderson― a la financiarización como el proceso determinante en el siglo XXI para el destino del capitalismo histórico, el cual se enfrenta a un triple proceso de desacoplamiento, recentramiento y reorientación.","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140493855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Technology, Work, Finance and Crises: Do We Now Live in Lash and Urry’s Capitalism of Mobilities or in Ernest Mandel’s Late Capitalism?","authors":"John Michael Roberts","doi":"10.6018/reg.600281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.600281","url":null,"abstract":"The single and combined work of Scott Lash and John Urry have become extremely significant in the social sciences in the UK and beyond. In particular, one of their principal ideas that dominant capitalist countries have made a transition to a ‘disorganized’ and ‘mobile’ era founded on digital networks, global flows of people, objects, images and texts, decentralized and flexible work practices, declining industrialized social classes, and a loss of power for the nation-state to regulate flows of finance, has influenced many researchers. Their work has even helped to establish of a new ‘mobilities’ paradigm in the social sciences. Ernest Mandel has also explored the impact of digital technology on capitalist restructuring. Indeed, he claims that from 1945 onwards, a ‘late capitalist’ wave emerged predicated on the rise of factors like automation, the service sector, and new class identities. Unlike Lash and Urry, however, Mandel applies Marxist theory to investigate these changes. The aim of this paper is to draw on Mandel’s ideas to examine critically the account put forward by Lash and Urry. Five areas in particular will be discussed: theoretical differences between Lash and Urry and Mandel; the transition between different phases in capitalism; the changing composition of social class; whether the workplace is now dominated by decentralized and flexible networks; and the relationship between finance, the state and digital technology. \u0000 \u0000 Los trabajos individuales y combinados de Scott Lash y John Urry han adquirido una gran relevancia en las ciencias sociales del Reino Unido y de otros países. En particular, una de sus ideas principals y más influyente se fundamente en que los países capitalistas dominantes han realizado una transición hacia una era \"desorganizada\" y \"móvil\" basada en las redes digitales, flujos globales de personas, objetos, imágenes y textos, prácticas laborales descentralizadas y flexibles, declive de las clases sociales industrializadas y pérdida de poder del Estado-nación para regular los flujos financieros. Su trabajo, sin duda, ha contribuido a establecer un nuevo paradigma de \"movilidades\" en las ciencias sociales. También Ernest Mandel ha estudiado el impacto de la tecnología digital en la reestructuración capitalista. En efecto, afirma que a partir de 1945 surgió una oleada de \"capitalismo tardío\" basada en el auge de factores como la automatización, el sector servicios y las nuevas identidades de clase. Sin embargo, a diferencia de Lash y Urry, Mandel aplica la teoría marxista para investigar estos cambios. El objetivo de este artículo es basarse en las ideas de Mandel para examinar críticamente el relato presentado por Lash y Urry. Se discutirán cinco áreas en particular: las diferencias teóricas entre Lash y Urry y Mandel; la transición entre las diferentes fases del capitalismo; la composición cambiante de la clase social; si el lugar de trabajo está ahora dominado por redes descentralizadas y flexibles; y la rela","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"76 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140493517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El particular momento del dominio por el capital ficticio","authors":"Manuel Núñez","doi":"10.6018/reg.600221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.600221","url":null,"abstract":"The financialized capitalism characteristic of our time is not new. There have been other periods in which fictitious capital has been, if not dominant, a relevant form of capital. It is notable that the fictitious capital has reached, in quantitative terms, values never previously achieved in history. The essential causes of this dominance, the growing imbalance between the different forms of capital and between it and work, are not new either. It is the interaction between these “traditional” causes and factors typical of our time, a currency that is both a country's currency and a world currency, the infrastructural power of central banks and the scale of the latest wave of globalization, accelerated by the digitalization of societies, which allows us to characterize our time. The spiral generated by the relationship between these factors and the political systems of liberal democracy that emerged from the Cold War, makes these systems particularly irreformable. That is why crises of various types accumulate and the ability to resolve them without violence are becoming negligible. A wave of instability on a global scale appears inevitable.\u0000 El capitalismo financializado característico de nuestra época no es nuevo. Ha habido otros períodos en los cuales el capital ficticio ha sido la forma, si no dominante, si muy relevante, del capital. Si es reseñable que ha alcanzado en términos cuantitativos unos valores nunca alcanzados previamente en la historia. Las causas esenciales de esa dominancia, el creciente desequilibrio entre las diferentes formas de capital y entre este y el trabajo, tampoco son nuevas. Es la interacción entre esas causas y factores propios de la época, una moneda que es al tiempo moneda de país y moneda mundo, el poder infraestructural de los bancos centrales y la escala de la última ola de globalización, acelerada por la digitalización de las sociedades, que permite caracterizar nuestra época. La espiral generada por la relación entre estos factores y los sistemas políticos de democracia liberal que emergieron de la guerra fría, hace de estos sistemas particularmente irreformables. Es por ello que las crisis de diverso tipo se acumulan y la capacidad de resolverlas sin violencia es cada vez menor. Una ola de inestabilidad a escala global se vislumbra como inevitable.","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140493430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Sociology of Central Bank Digital Currencies: Digital Ruble, Trust, and Financialization of the Social Life (on the Example of Russian Small Entrepreneurs)","authors":"Egor Makarov","doi":"10.6018/reg.600211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.600211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides sociological account of central banks digital currencies (CBDCs), and digital ruble particularly. The development of digital economy stimulates active attention of governments of different countries. In some of them, including Russia, one of the reactions on these developments is the emergence of central banks digital currencies. From a sociological perspective, money is a social process embedded in social relations. One of the major aspects in this regard is trust. This paper analyzes the problem of trust on theoretical level as a systemic characteristic of social network enabling the shift from monetary mediums to money-as-account. The problem of trust touches the micro level of monetary proliferation. The paper, thus, discovers the narratives of trust, choice and enforcement using 12 interviews with small Russian entrepreneurs. It distinguishes between impersonal, technological, and institutional trust and shows discursive patterns among them. The results the paper presents are that at the level of narrative, technological optimism and skepticism could be distinguished in relation to the perception of possibility of enlarging institutional control. At the practical level, impersonal trust is identified as a major factor of digital ruble adoption. The findings of the paper fits with the literature on monetary proliferation and make a contribution to understanding patterns of new monetary forms adoption at the practical level.\u0000 Este artículo presenta un análisis sociológico de las monedas digitales de los bancos centrales y, en particular, del rublo digital. El desarrollo de la economía digital estimula la atención activa de los gobiernos de diferentes países. En algunos de ellos, incluida Rusia, una de las reacciones a esta evolución es la aparición de monedas digitales de los bancos centrales. Desde una perspectiva sociológica, el dinero es un proceso social integrado en las relaciones sociales. Uno de los principales aspectos a este respecto es la confianza. Este artículo analiza el problema de la confianza a nivel teórico como una característica sistémica de la red social que permite el paso de los medios monetarios al dinero como cuenta. El problema de la confianza afecta al nivel micro de la proliferación monetaria. Así pues, el artículo analiza las narrativas de la confianza, la elección y el cumplimiento utilizando 12 entrevistas con pequeños empresarios rusos. Distingue entre confianza impersonal, tecnológica e institucional y muestra patrones discursivos entre ellas. Los resultados que presenta el documento son que, en el plano de la narrativa, podrían distinguirse el optimismo y el escepticismo tecnológicos en relación con la percepción de la posibilidad de ampliar el control institucional. A nivel práctico, la confianza impersonal se identifica como un factor importante de la adopción del rublo digital. Las conclusiones del artículo encajan con la bibliografía sobre la proliferación monetaria y contribuyen a compr","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"21 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140493816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Las fisuras de la democracia","authors":"Enrique Fernández-Vilas, José María García Martínez, C. C. Cerdá Mondejar","doi":"10.6018/reg.576231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.576231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124801465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La democracia amenazada. Comentarios de un observador","authors":"Luis Cruz Miravet","doi":"10.6018/reg.576061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.576061","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to identify the context in which democracies develop and the causes of citizen disaffection towards them. A disaffection caused by the abandonment of the paradigm of the Welfare State and full employment, by the implementation of misguided economic and fiscal policies, by the inability to offer solutions and answers to the problems affecting citizens and democratic societies as a whole, for the failure to improve the structures and functioning of democracies without the necessary controls and in need of reform, for the failure to comply with electoral programs, for not firmly tackling the eradication of inequality, poverty and exclusion, for the unacceptable management of immigration and for corruption, including the so-called “revolving doors”. In short, a manifest disaffection on the part of many citizens who are convinced that their representatives are not concerned with improving their daily lives. This disaffection is, in turn, the cause of the emergence of new parties, political currents and independent candidates of different political persuasions with the common denominator of being considered populist by the establishment parties, which have been harmed by the Great Recession due to the application of austerity measures decreed by multilateral organizations.\u0000 El propósito de este artículo es identificar el contexto en el que se desenvuelven las democracias y las causas del desafecto ciudadano. Una desafección suscitada por el abandono del paradigma del Estado del bienestar y el del pleno empleo, por la aplicación de desacertadas políticas económicas y fiscales, por la incapacidad de ofrecer soluciones y respuestas a los problemas que afectan a los ciudadanos y a las sociedades democráticas en su conjunto, por no mejorar las estructuras y el funcionamiento de unas democracias sin los controles necesarios y necesitadas de reformas, por el incumplimiento de los programas electorales, por no afrontar con firmeza la erradicación de la desigualdad, la pobreza y la exclusión, por la inaceptable gestión de la inmigración y por la corrupción, que incluye a las denominadas “puertas giratorias”; en definitiva, porque son numerosos los ciudadanos convencidos de que sus representantes no se ocupan de mejorar lavidad de los ciudadanos. El desafecto es, a su vez, causa de la aparición de nuevos partidos, corrientes políticas y candidatos independientes de diferente signo político con el común denominador de ser considerados populistas por los partidos del establishment, perjudicados tras la Gran Recesión debido a la aplicación de las medidas de austeridad decretadas por los organismos multilaterales.","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114709618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Populismo en Europa: una respuesta democrática iliberal al liberalismo antidemocrático","authors":"Cas Mudde","doi":"10.6018/reg.576051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.576051","url":null,"abstract":"In this lecture, I lay out my approach to populism, which falls within the now dominant ‘ideational approach’ of populism, discuss the complex relationship between populism and politics, and identify some of the main causes of the ongoing ‘populist Zeitgeist’. My main arguments are, first, while populism is related to (real and perceived) ‘crises’, these so-called ‘crises’ are often catalysts rather than prime causes of the rise of populism; second, populism is essentially an illiberal democratic response to undemocratic liberalism; and third, populism can only be overcome by more rather than less liberal democracy. I illustrate my arguments on the basis of the recent rise of populism in Europe, but believe they also largely hold true beyond that specific regional and temporal context.\u0000 En esta conferencia, expongo mi enfoque sobre populismo, que se inscribe en el \"enfoque ideacional\" hoy dominante; discuto la compleja relación entre populismo y política, e identifico algunas de las principales causas del actual “populist Zeitgeist”. Mis principales argumentos son los siguientes: primero, aunque el populismo está relacionado con \"crisis\" (reales y percibidas), estas supuestas \"crisis\" son a menudo catalizadores más que causas principales del auge del populismo; segundo, el populismo es esencialmente una respuesta democrática no liberal al liberalismo no democrático; y tercero, el populismo sólo puede superarse con más democracia liberal y no con menos. Ilustro mis argumentos basándome en el reciente auge del populismo en Europa, pero creo que también son válidos en gran medida más allá de ese contexto regional y temporal específico.","PeriodicalId":239844,"journal":{"name":"Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114901643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}