Waste management最新文献

{"title":"A comprehensive review on recycling end of life solar photovoltaic panels","authors":"Oktay Celep,&nbsp;Haci Deveci,&nbsp;Ersin Yener Yazici","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant advancements in solar cell technology, including thin-film, tandem, and traditional silicon-based cells, have driven the widespread adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. Global installed PV capacity is projected to grow from 400 GW in 2017 to 4500 GW by 2050, increasing demand for critical materials like In (38–286 times), Ag (4–27 times), and others (2–20 times). With solar panels having a 25-year lifespan, end-of-life (EoL) PV waste is expected to reach 78 million tons by 2050, posing a major environmental challenge without effective recycling.</div><div>Recycling methods for crystalline silicon panels are advanced, while thin-film technologies lag slightly. Key challenges include removing ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulation and extracting metals without releasing toxic gases or effluents. High-value recycling focuses on recovering critical (e.g., Si, Ga), strategic (e.g., Cu), and precious metals (e.g., Ag) through hydrometallurgical methods after delamination (physical, thermal, or chemical). Thermal methods like pyrolysis can emit harmful gases, whereas chemical treatments (e.g., HNO₃) offer cleaner, high-quality material recovery.</div><div>Innovative recycling technologies support the circular economy, reduce waste, lower CO₂ emissions, and provide economic benefits. This review outlines solar panel structures, evaluates current EoL recycling processes, and presents industrial-scale methodologies, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to manage growing PV waste to become a significant environmental challenge in the coming decades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115092"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stripping of cathode materials from aluminum foil using triethyl phosphate: Feasibility and mechanism analysis","authors":"Junyi Wang,&nbsp;Qi Zhao,&nbsp;Yixuan Wang,&nbsp;Zihan Feng,&nbsp;Kaimin Shih","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) industries has significantly increased global lithium-ion battery (LIB) production and consumption. Addressing resource scarcity and environmental concerns necessitates efficient battery recycling, where cathode material stripping from aluminum (Al) foil constitutes a critical preprocessing step. Although various techniques—including deep eutectic solvents, advanced oxidation processes, and molten salt systems—demonstrate stripping capability, their practical application is constrained by demanding operational conditions, excessive chemical costs, and procedural complexity. This study introduces an optimized organic solvent approach utilizing triethyl phosphate (TEP), which combines operational simplicity with cost-effectiveness. Experimental results demonstrate that thermal treatment at 80 °C with 100 rpm agitation for 20 min achieves consistent stripping efficiencies reaching 95.27 %. Remarkably, the process maintains &gt; 89 % efficiency upon 10-time solvent recycling, confirming TEP’s reusability. Mechanistic analysis reveals stripping is predominantly governed by thermal dissolution rather than chemical degradation. The developed protocol offers a practical solution for industrial-scale battery recycling, featuring mild processing conditions and reduced chemical consumption. This work not only establishes an efficient stripping methodology but also provides fundamental insights for sustainable pretreatment processes in LIB recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 115101"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximising naphtha-range hydrocarbons from thermal pyrolysis of polyolefin-rich mixed plastic waste by split-plot response surface methodology","authors":"Julian R.J. Strien,&nbsp;Hero J. Heeres,&nbsp;Peter J. Deuss","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pyrolysis of polyolefin (PO)-rich mixed plastic waste represents a promising pathway for recycling plastic waste into liquid hydrocarbons, particularly in the naphtha range, for use as a refinery input. However, assessments of naphtha production from complex plastic waste remain limited. This work systematically investigates the batch pyrolysis of a PO-rich mixed plastic waste derived from a sorted household waste stream (DKR-350) using Design of Experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM). Oil yield, naphtha-range hydrocarbon yield, and other responses were modelled as functions of relevant processing parameters, such as batch time, temperature, and plastic pre-treatment method. Experiments were conducted in a batch autoclave under various process conditions (380–450 °C, 0–4 h, with varying feedstock pre-treatments, gas types, and pressures). Time and temperature were the most critical factors for achieving the highest oil yield (73% at 420 °C and a batch time of 2.6 h). The highest naphtha yield in the experimental design range was 42% (448 °C, 3.1 h), achieved using a feedstock that had been pre-treated by dry-washing. Additionally, this work gives key insights into the pyrolysis mechanism of plastic waste. For instance, the formation of CO and CO₂ was linked to the presence of specific biogenic and non-polyolefinic impurities at various stages during pyrolysis. The composition of the naphtha fraction also becomes increasingly richer in C₅-C₉ as pyrolysis severity increases. This work explores the potential of pyrolysis as part of the solution to global plastic waste challenges within a more circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115094"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution kinetics of crushed concrete waste: Effect of pH on leaching behaviour","authors":"Danielle C. Tompkins ,&nbsp;Douglas I. Stewart ,&nbsp;James T. Graham ,&nbsp;Ian T. Burke","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large volumes of concrete wastes are produced during building demolition that potentially can be reused as a secondary material. Reuse of crushed cementitious construction wastes as a fill material can result in leaching of reactive cement phases. The short-term dissolution kinetics of crushed concrete waste (CCW) from a UK nuclear site were studied in leaching tests using deionised water, acidic and alkaline leachants. The pseudo-steady state leaching rates for major and trace element constituents were determined as a function of leachate pH. At alkaline pH (&gt;10), Ca and Si leaching rates were similar (2–6.5 x 10^-11 mol m⁻² s⁻¹) producing leachates with Ca/Si ratios (1.1 ± 0.4) suggesting congruent leaching of the calcium silicate hydrate phases in the CCW (pre-leached Ca/Si = 0.9 ± 0.3). Below pH 10, the Ca/Si ratio in the leachate increased with decreasing pH because Ca leaching rates increased without much variation in the Si leaching rate. In this pH range leaching processes were dominated by initial rapid calcium carbonate dissolution and incongruent dissolution of calcium silicate hydrate phases, which produced Ca-depleted solids with overall higher rates of mass loss than in alkali-leached solids. The leaching rates of Mg, Fe and Mn were pH-dependent (with higher leaching rates at low pH) and solubility-controlled whilst the leaching rates of Cr, V, Pb, As, K and Zn were mostly pH independent. Trace element leaching rates were generally low relative to Ca or below detection between pH 3–13. This information can be used to help predict CCW leaching behaviour when disposed in scenarios where meteoric or groundwater flow through the waste is expected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115096"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling up dissolution-based recycling to eliminate brominated flame retardants from WEEE plastics","authors":"S. Wagner ,&nbsp;L. Strobl ,&nbsp;T. Bielmeier ,&nbsp;M. Schlummer","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The significant challenges of recycling plastics from electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) comprise the mixture of different plastics and their content of brominated flame retardant (BFR). Current recycling techniques are insufficient in removing BFRs, leading to high rejects and incineration of valuable resources. In this study, it is shown that de-pollution by a dissolution-based recycling technique (DBR) is feasible with presorted flame-retarded (FR) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-FR) and polystyrene (PS-FR) fractions from WEEE. This was demonstrated at a technical scale of five kg/d with shredded samples, originating from different European sources, characterized by a PS share of &gt; 95 % and an ABS share of &gt; 70 %, as well as bromine concentrations of 12,000 ppm and 33,000 ppm, respectively. Besides novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) above legal thresholds have been detected. After successive extraction by dissolution-based recycling, restricted BFRs have been effectively eliminated to &lt; 500 ppm, ensuring their legal compliance. This achievement underscores the regulatory compliance of the DBR process. The DBR process can be part of a cascade for the treatment of WEEE plastics that includes both spectroscopic pre-sorting and chemical recycling of the side streams. With the interconnection of existing techniques, a far-reaching circulation of EEE plastics is possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115076"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic carbon–sulfur co-roasting driven sustainable and selective recovery of lithium from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Mingming Chen ,&nbsp;Jingwen Song ,&nbsp;Shaorong Hu ,&nbsp;Xihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Huihui Yuan ,&nbsp;En Ma ,&nbsp;Chenglong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) contain high-value strategic metals which are essential for the sustainable resource utilization and eco-environment conservation. Conventional recycling technologies usually involve complicated procedures, high energy consumption and hazardous gas emissions. Hence, a novel process based on “C/S synergistic roasting − water leaching” is put forward to selective and environment-friendly recovery of lithium from spent LIBs. The effects of the molar ratio of sodium sulfide hydrate (Na₂S) to LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ (NCM523), graphite content, roasting temperature and time on the selective leaching of lithium are firstly investigated, then these process parameters are optimized to further increase the selectivity and recycling efficiency of lithium from spent LIBs. It is found that the leaching efficiency of lithium can achieve 98.57 %, while those of nickel, cobalt and manganese are as low as 0.30 %, 0.25 % and 0.60 %, respectively under the following optimal conditions: the molar ratio of Na₂S to NCM523 of 1.5:1, 17.5 wt% graphite, 700 °C for 90 min. During the roasting process, lithium is released from the unstable layered crystal structure and then converted into water-soluble NaLiS at high temperature, while nickel, cobalt and manganese are converted into water-insoluble Ni₃S₂, Co₃S₄, and MnO, respectively. Furthermore, lithium is preferentially recovered by facile water leaching, and the sulfur in Na₂S is combined with metals without toxic SO<em>_x</em> generation, achieving selective and cleaner recovery of lithium from spent NCM523 batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115095"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermochemical conversion of mixed plastics from car dismantling by pyrolysis and distillation and potential applications of the products","authors":"Beata Jabłońska ,&nbsp;Gabriela Poznańska ,&nbsp;Paweł Jabłoński ,&nbsp;Mariusz Dziadas","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complete disposal of waste plastics (WPs) is a serious challenge in today’s world. One of their streams originates in growing number of end-of-life vehicles, where these materials are often mixed, and their mechanical recycling is practically impossible. However, their complete neutralization can be achieved by the process of thermochemical conversion. The obtained pyrolytic oil can enter into the supply chain after the cracking process in the petrochemical industry. The paper draws attention to the prospects of using various fractions obtained after distillation of oil from the pyrolysis process of mixed waste plastics from end-of-life cars, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), which are currently difficult to process in a traditional way. Four types of waste were tested: polyolefin waste (POW) in the form of a 1:1 PE:PP blend, ABS and POW-ABS blends in the ratios of 4:1 and 3:2. Their physicochemical properties were investigated and thermogravimetric analyses (TG/DTG/DSC) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were performed. As a result of pyrolysis, a broad hydrocarbon fraction (BHF) was isolated, which was subjected to atmospheric distillation leading to wax, naphtha and gasoline fractions. Their properties were determined and some applications indicated. Mixing polyolefin waste with ABS in a 4:1 ratio in the pyrolysis process increased the yield of liquid products (BHF) by approximately 18 % and reduced the amount of pyrolysis gas by approximately 64 % compared to the amount from POW pyrolysis; in the case of a 3:2 ratio, the effects were much smaller – 4 % and 25 %, respectively. Moreover, naphtha fractions were mixed in various proportions with diesel oil to determine the possibility of using it as an additive to diesel fuel. The mixture in the proportions of 20 % POW-ABS 4:1 naphtha fraction + 80 % diesel oil is characterized by properties most similar to standard diesel oil, and meets the PN-EN 590:2022–08 standard. The obtained results show the reasonability of thermochemical conversion of plastic waste containing ABS + PE/PP and indicate the applications of its products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115089"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle greenhouse gas emission assessment of pyrolysis-based chemical recycling of post-consumer waste: focus on feedstock composition, oil processing and balancing consistency","authors":"Katina Krell ,&nbsp;Florian Keller ,&nbsp;Martin Gräbner","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis-based chemical recycling (P-CR) of non-recyclable plastic containing waste to generate chemical feedstock is a developing alternative to conventional treatment options. Currently, polyolefin-rich waste fractions (MPO) are primarily targeted, which represent only a fraction of plastics in post-consumer waste and possibly compete with direct mechanical recycling. In this investigation, treatment options of residual fractions from mechanical sorting of lightweight packaging waste (LWP) in mixed polyolefins, mixed plastics and sorting residues are assessed in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The focus is placed on the varying composition depending on sorting plant configuration and the subsequent impact on the pyrolysis and oil processing steps, while maintaining consistency in mass, element and enthalpy balances. Applied methods include the component-specific material flow balancing of the mechanical recycling process using EASETECH and thermodynamic modelling of pyrolysis oil treatment using Aspen Plus. Results show that the application of P-CR instead of incineration with energy recovery of sorting residual fractions can potentially enable GHG reductions up to 435 kg CO₂eq ton^-1 LWP processed. The specific GHG reduction potential by CR application of different fractions varies between 0.74 and 1.33 kg CO₂eq kg⁻¹ fraction, while the respective sorting yield determines the total reduction potential. Mechanical recycling is shown to be superior to chemical recycling under all circumstances if applicable, including for recovered MPO fractions. Sensitivity analysis reveals critical process balancing parameters, including the electricity mix, substitution factors for mechanical recycling, energy efficiency of waste incineration and oil treatment hydrogen demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115090"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion and migration of iron and nitrogen under co-hydrothermal carbonization of pomelo peel and dyeing sludge","authors":"Chenhui Xie,&nbsp;Peng Gao,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Xinqi Han,&nbsp;Sandile Fakudze,&nbsp;Jianqiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dyeing sludge contained a high content of iron, which of conversion and migration during co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) with biomass inevitably influenced the behaviors of other components and vice versa. In this study, the migration and conversion mechanism of Fe and N in the co-HTC process of Pomelo peel (PP) and dyeing sludge (DS) under conditions of various PP/DS mass ratios at 240 °C was analyzed by a series of characterizations. The nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of hydrochar was higher than the calculated value, the N content decreased, and some N migrated from the solid phase to liquid phase, showing a positive synergistic effect. The amino-N in the solid was converted into stable N compounds, pyridine-N (N-6), pyrrole-N (N-5), graphitic-N (N-Q) respectively. Cellulose and hemicellulose in PP were completely hydrolyzed to generate hydroxyl (-OH) and aldehyde (-CHO) groups by co-HTC, which promoted the reduction of Fe³⁺ due to the synergistic effect with protein, with the most obvious effect in DP2-8. At the same time, whether the Fe³⁺ migrated to the liquid phase was re-enriched on the solid surface depended on the decomposition and migration rates of secondary hydrochar, the PP ratio in feedstock affected Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio and Fe³⁺ migration in liquid. The co-HTC treatment of feedstocks enhanced the aromatization degree of hydrochars, resulting in improved combustion characteristics suitable for fuel applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115091"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of stubble waste biochar in cementitious composites: the impact of pyrolysis temperature on its characteristics and cementitious performance","authors":"Sarmad Rashid,&nbsp;Arpit Goyal,&nbsp;A.B.Danie Roy,&nbsp;Manpreet Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of biochar production temperature on its physicochemical properties and performance as a partial replacement of<!--> <!-->cement<!--> <!-->in mortar mixes. Rice stubble biochar was produced at 450 °C (BC₄₅₀) and 550 °C (BC₅₅₀) with consistent pyrolysis conditions of 120-minute residence time and 10 °C/min heating rate. The produced biochar’s were characterized for various physiochemical characteristics using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), proximate analysis, pH, and water retention capacity assessments. Nine mortar mixes comprising a control and biochar-incorporated<!--> <!-->mixes at replacement levels of 2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, and 10 %, were evaluated for mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strengths), durability (water absorption and void volume), and microstructural characteristics after curing periods of 7, 28, and 56 days. The findings indicated that BC₅₅₀, exhibiting superior crystallinity and alkalinity, outperformed BC₄₅₀ in improving mortar performance, attaining a compressive strength increase of up to 24.6 %, a flexural strength enhancement of 10.7 %, a reduction in water absorption by 16.5 %, and a decrease in voids by 7.3 % at a 5 % replacement. Conversely, higher replacement levels (7.5 % and 10 %) reduced performance owing to increased porosity. The study highlights the necessity of optimizing biochar production temperature and dosage to maximize its benefits in improving the mechanical and durability characteristics of sustainable cementitious composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115088"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}