中华流行病学杂志最新文献

{"title":"[Analysis on detection rate of thyroid nodule and influencing factors in children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province].","authors":"Y T Xia, Y J Ye, M Liu, Y Wang, L Shang, P H Wang","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241107-00703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241107-00703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To evalaute the prevalence and determinants of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province. <b>Methods:</b> This study included in-school students aged 8-17 years and selected through stratified cluster random sampling in Jiangsu. Thyroid nodule was diagnosed when its diameter was ≥3 mm. Random urine samples were collected for the detection of urinary iodine concentration with arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed by using <i>χ</i>² test and logistic regression model. <b>Results:</b> In the 8 201 children and adolescents selected, the thyroid nodule detection rate was 16.10%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared with those with urinary iodine levels of 100-299 μg/L, boys, those with normal body weight, those who were satisfied with their school performance, urinary iodine concentration ≥300 μg/L (<i>OR</i>=1.15, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.01-1.31), being girls (<i>OR</i>=1.42, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.26-1.60), being overweight (<i>OR</i>=1.27, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.07-1.50), being obese (<i>OR</i>=1.23, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.03-1.47), and dissatisfied with school performance (<i>OR</i>=1.22, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.04-1.43) were associated with higher likelihood of thyroid nodule detection. Children and adolescents who had solid snacks 2 times per week to 2 times per month (<i>OR</i>=0.86, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.74-0.99) or less than 2 times per month (<i>OR</i>=0.80, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.68-0.93) were more likely to have lower detection rate compared with those who had solid snacks more than 2 times per week. The detection rate of thyroid nodule increased with age (<i>OR</i>=1.09, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.06-1.11). <b>Conclusion:</b> The main factors influencing the detection rate of thyroid nodule in children and adolescents aged 8-17 years in Jiangsu included gender, age, urinary iodine concentration, BMI, self-assessed school performance and dietary habit.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1217-1223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Analysis on incidence trend of brucellosis based on age-period-cohort model in Shandong Province, 2004-2023].","authors":"X L Yu, M Fang, M W Lin, L X Cheng, Y Li, S J Ding","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250208-00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250208-00072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To understand the incidence trend of brucellosis over time in Shandong Province from 2004 to 2023, and provide evidence for the prevention and control of brucellosis. <b>Methods:</b> The incidence data of brucellosis in Shandong from 2004 to 2023 were collected from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The annual change percentage (APC) and annual average change percentage (AAPC) of the incidence rate were calculated by using Joinpoint regression model. A age-period-cohort model was used to analyze changes in brucellosis incidence with age, period, and birth cohort. <b>Results:</b> The average annual incidence of brucellosis was 1.76/100 000 in Shandong from 2004 to 2023. The Joinpoint regression analysis results showed that the reported incidence of brucellosis increased by an average of 92.0% and 18.9% each year from 2004 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2014, respectively, and decreased by an average of 0.2% each year from 2014 to 2023. The results of APC model showed that the incidence of brucellosis increased first and then decreased with age (<i>χ</i>²=176.92, <i>P</i><0.001), and incidence of brucellosis showed slow increase and rapid increase first, then decrease (<i>χ</i>²=2 921.03, <i>P</i><0.001) over time. The risk for brucellosis reached peak in 2016 (<i>RR</i>=5.29, 95%<i>CI</i>: 4.96-5.65) and became the lowest in 2006 (<i>RR</i>=0.24, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.21-0.28). The incidence increased in later birth cohort (<i>χ</i>²=348.88, <i>P</i><0.001), the AAPCs of all the age groups were between 15.0% and 40.0%, and the older the age, the greater the risk (<i>χ</i>²=348.77, <i>P</i><0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> From 2004 to 2023, the reported incidence of brucellosis in Shandong showed a significant age-period-cohort effect, which increased first and then decreased, first increased and then decreased with age, increased slowly and rapidly first, then decreased over time, and increased in later birth cohort. It is necessary to conduct targeted prevention and control, health education to reduce the risk for brucellosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1175-1179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Global progress and trend in research of target trial emulation: a bibliometric and visualization analysis].","authors":"Z L Long, H Y Zhao, Z X Liu, F Sun","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241105-00694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241105-00694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To explore the progress and trend in research of target trial emulation (TTE) and provide reference for research in this field. <b>Methods:</b> A literature retrival of research papers in this field published as of November 30, 2024 was conducted based on three databases (i.e. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). The papers which were highly cited were analyzed by Bibliometrix package in R 4.3.2. The co-occurrence network of keywords were analyzed by using software VOSviewer. The keyword burst test was carried out with software CiteSpace. <b>Results:</b> A total of 685 papers from 314 journals were included. The annual number of the papers published showed a significant growth in recent three years. <i>JAMA Network Open</i> had the highest publication mumber related to TTE (34 papers), <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i> had the highest <i>H</i>-index and <i>American Journal of Epidemiology</i> had the highest total citations. In the 2 997 authors, Hernán MA made a greatest contribution. In the 2 046 institutions, Harvard Medical School was at leading position. The analysis on highly cited papers and keyword co-occurrence showed that TTE was mainly used in the studies of COVID-19 vaccine, cancer and the treatment efficacy and safety of chronic diseases. The analysis on the co-occurence of keyword burst test showed that keywords frequently used until 2024 were COVID-19 vaccine, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. <b>Conclusions:</b> TTE is mainly used in the studies of public health emergency (such as COVID-19), patients with cancer and chronic diseases. TTE will play a crucial role when randomized controlled trial is difficult to conduct or current evidence requirement can not be met.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1262-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Current management status of real-world studies in medical institutions in China].","authors":"Z Z Pan, H Fang, J T Du, H Y Huang, Y Xie, Z Yin, N Li, S Y Zhan","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241120-00738","DOIUrl":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241120-00738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To analyze the current management status of real-world studies (RWS) in the medical institutions in China and suggest improvement focus for the management optimization. <b>Methods:</b> Surveys were conducted in 81 medical institutions nationwide. Convenience sampling was used to recruit survey subjects, and data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, followed by statistical analysis using descriptive methods. <b>Results:</b> The survey results indicated that 92.6% (75/81) of the medical institutions surveyed had undertaken RWS projects, with electronic medical records being the primary data source (89.3%, 67/75). Retrospective and prospective observational studies were the main types of study designs. Additionally, 96.3% (78/81) of the research subjects indicated that their medical institution expressed willingness to participate in or undertake RWS projects in the future. In terms of management, all types of RWS projects were managed by clinical trial center (24.0, 18/75), but differences existed in the management practices among medical institutions. Moreover, the challenges in data quality and standardization, study design and staff training, data and privacy protection and information technology support appeared in the management of RWS projects. <b>Conclusions:</b> It suggests to optimize the management processes of RWS projects in medical institutions and improve relevant laws and regulations to promote the development of RWS in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1255-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Prevalence of peer-recommended HIV self-testing in men who have sex with men].","authors":"M N Tan, Y C Qiu, C Jia, P Lyu, J Xu, C Zhou","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241218-00812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241218-00812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To understand the prevalence of peer-recommended self-HIV testing in men who have sex with men (MSM), and provide clue for identifying key individuals who can promote self-HIV testing. <b>Methods:</b> Data were derived from the self-HIV testing kits application system operated by Shijiazhuang Tongxing Non-Governmental Organization from July 1, 2022 to May 31, 2024. Statistical analysis was conducted by using software SPSS 29.0, and <i>χ</i>² test was used to analyze differences between groups. Visual analysis of recommendation networks was performed by using software yEd Graph Editor 3.24. <b>Results:</b> A total of 1 574 MSM applied for HIV self-testing kits. The majority of the MSM were unmarried (74.7%), with education level of college or abvoe (65.5%), and employed (53.2%). Among them, 54.8% (862/1 574) reported consistent condom use at each sex in the past three months, while 37.2% (585/1 574) uploaded their HIV test results. Additionally, 53 MSM (3.4%) recommended self-HIV testing to other MSM. Notably, MSM aged ≥30 years and MSM who had occasional condoms use at each sex in the past three months were more likely to recommend self-HIV testing to other MSM. The 53 MSM collectively recommended self-HIV testing to another 740 MSM, the average was 13.9 MSM recommended by 1 MSM. Among MSM who accepted recommendation, 3 HIV-positive cases were identified, indicating that 1 HIV infection was detected by 17.7 recommendations. In the four-round recommendation, 10 MSM participated in more than one round recommendation, all of them were HIV prevention volunteers. Others only participating in one round were common MSM. Eleven MSM recommended self-HIV testing to two or more MSM. <b>Conclusions:</b> Peer-recommendation has high efficiency in the promotion of self-HIV testing, with HIV prevention volunteers serving as the primary force and the common MSM acting as a supportive force. Future efforts should be made to fully use key individuals to promote self-HIV testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1243-1248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Study of school influenza epidemic prediction based on Bayesian Structural Time Series model and multi-source data integration].","authors":"H Y Sun, Q Y Lyu, F J Chen, H L Wang, Y P Cheng, Z G Chen, Z Zhang, L Yin, X Zou","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241120-00736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241120-00736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To analyze the spatiotemporal correlation between the surveillance data of influenza in students reported by medical institutions and school absenteeism due to illness, and evaluate the application of Bayesian Structural Time Series model (BSTS) in the prediction of school influenza epidemic. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 13 schools in Dapeng new district of Shenzhen were selected. The incidence data of influenza in schools in Shenzhen from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019 were collected from China Disease Control and Prevention Information System and the illness related school absentence data during this period were collected from Shenzhen Student Health Surveillance System, and the spatiotemporal correlation between the data from two systems was analyzed and compared. BSTS was used to make long-term predictions of the monthly incidence of influenza in students in 2019 and short-term predictions of the weekly incidence of influenza in week 1-8 and week 45-52 of 2019 by using the data from two systems. <b>Results:</b> There was a temporal correlation between the data from China Disease Control and Prevention Information System and the data from Shenzhen Student Health Surveillance System (<i>r</i>=0.93, <i>P</i><0.001), and the lag of the former one was 1 day (<i>r</i>=0.73, <i>P</i><0.001). Influenza outbreaks were randomly distributed in different schools in Shenzhen, and there was no spatial correlation. The root mean square error (<i>RMSE</i>) and mean absolute error (<i>MAE</i>) were 0.35 and 0.28, respectively, in the long-term prediction, and the <i>RMSE</i> was 0.33 and 0.34, and the <i>MAE</i> was 0.26 and 0.28, respectively, in the short-term predictions of week 1-8 and week 45-52 of 2019, respectively, showing good prediction accuracy and fitting effect. <b>Conclusion:</b> By analyzing the data from China Disease Control and Prevention Information System and Shenzhen Student Health Surveillance System with BSTS, the dynamics of the school influenza epidemic can be accurately predicted, and effective technical support can be provided for the early warning and prevention and control of influenza epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1188-1195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Utilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis service against HIV and related factors in young men who have sex with men in Hangzhou].","authors":"J Jin, K Xu, X H Pan, Q Q Ma, L Wang, J F Chen","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250113-00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250113-00031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To analyze the utilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) service against HIV and related factors in young men who have sex with men (MSM) in Hangzhou. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study design was used in this questionnaire survey in young MSM recurited through local MSM social organization in Hangzhou from September 2022 to March 2023. The estimated sample size was 242. The information about the social-demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, utilization of the post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) service, awareness and utilization of PrEP service of the young MSM were collected. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of the PrEP utilization. <b>Results:</b> A total of 273 young MSM aged 16- 24 years were surveyed in the study. A total for 20.1% (55/273) of them had used PrEP service. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the factors related to PrEP service utilization included age 16-20 years (a<i>OR</i>=3.03, 95%<i>CI</i>:1.12-8.20), education level of senior high school or below (a<i>OR</i>=2.83, 95%<i>CI</i>:1.09-7.35), full-time/part-time work (a<i>OR</i>=3.25, 95%<i>CI:</i> 1.26-8.38), homosexual activity in the past 6 months (a<i>OR</i>=6.71, 95%<i>CI</i>:1.84-24.55), inquiring medical staff about PrEP (a<i>OR</i>=4.71, 95%<i>CI</i>:1.99-11.13) and PEP service use (a<i>OR</i>=6.09, 95%<i>CI</i>:2.69-13.81). <b>Conclusions:</b> The utilization rate of PrEP service was low in young MSM in Hangzhou. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about PrEP and improve the undertanding of PrEP and service capability of medical staff to promote the utilization of PrEP service in young MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1249-1254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Epidemiological characteristics of injury deaths in local residents in Nanjing, 2009-2023].","authors":"T Zhang, Q Y Huang, S M Sun, W W Wang, X Hong, H F Yang","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241111-00713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20241111-00713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To understand the epidemiological characteristics of injury deaths in local residents in Nanjing from 2009 to 2023, and provide evidence for the development of injury prevention and control strategies. <b>Methods:</b> The injury mortality data in Nanjing from 2009 to 2023 were analyzed based on the death cause surveillance system. In the recorded 33 542 injury death cases, 19 906 (59.35%) were men, and 13 636 (40.65%) were women. The crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate, age-specific mortality rate, cause-eliminated life expectancy (CELE), potential gains in life expectancy (PGLEs) and life loss rate, were calculated. Joinpoint 5.0 software was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and its 95%<i>CI</i> to assess temporal trends of injury deaths. <b>Results:</b> In Nanjing, the crude injury mortality rate showed an upward trend (AAPC=2.11%), while the age-standardized mortality rate exhibited a downward trend (AAPC=-1.27%) from 2009 to 2023. The ranking of injury deaths in all causes of death declined from the 4^th in 2009 to the 6^th in 2023. The crude and age-standardized injury mortality rates in men were consistently higher than those in women. The primary cause of injury deaths was fall (31.42%). Drowning was the primary cause of injury deaths in age group 0-14 years (35.94%), while traffic accident was the primary cause in age group 15-64 years. For residents aged ≥65 years, fall was the primary cause of injury deaths. From 2009 to 2023, the CELE (AAPC=0.61%, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.34%-0.89%, <i>P</i><0.05) and the PGLEs (AAPC=1.73%, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.21%-3.29%, <i>P</i><0.05) showed increasing trends. The PGLEs and life loss rate due to injury were consistently higher in men than in women, but the AAPC of PGLEs and life loss rate was higher in women. <b>Conclusions:</b> From 2009 to 2023, the age-standardized injury mortality rate decreased, but the life loss due to injury deaths showed an upward trend in Nanjing, indicating that injury still has non-negligible negative impact on life expectancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 7","pages":"1196-1203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Analysis of developmental function in 32 511 children with global developmental delay].","authors":"N N Xiong, Z J Cui, M Zhao, J Du, S J Li, M H Li, Y Y Lu, A M Liang, Y Ma","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240914-00577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240914-00577","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The clinical symptoms of children with global developmental delay (GDD) were analyzed to provide the scientific basis for the intervention of children with GDD. &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The results of the neuro-psychobehavioral scale were collected from 32 511 children with GDD from June 2020 to November 2023. Inclusion criteria: Children diagnosed with GDD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V, ages 0.0 to 4.9 years. Exclusion criteria: children with common hearing impairment and visual impairment. The Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; There were more boys than girls with GDD in outpatient clinics (68.2% &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt;. 31.8%). Among the children, the proportion of developmental delay in 5, 4, 3, and 2 domains was 31.1%, 23.4%, 22.9% and 22.6% respectively. The rate of delay in 2-3 domains was lower in boys (41.9%) than in girls (53.1%). The rate of delay in 4-5 domains was higher in boys (58.1%) than in girls (46.9%) (&lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=352.11, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001). Overall, outpatient GDD decreased with age. From 1.0-1.9 to 4.0-4.9 years of age, the proportion of children with developmental delay in 5 domains increased with age (18.2%, 36.4%, 43.9%, 52.4%). Among children aged 0.0-0.9 years, the proportion of 2 domains of developmental delay was higher (33.4%).Among children aged 1.0-1.9 years, the proportion of 2-3 domains of developmental delay was higher (30.7%). Among children aged 2.0-, 3.0-, 4.0-4.9 years, the proportion of developmental delay in 5 domains was higher (36.4%, 43.9%, 52.4%). In children with GDD, the fine motor delay occurred most frequently (85.1%), followed by social self-care (83.9%), language (79.0%), adaptation (62.3%), and gross motor (52.8%). The frequency of developmental delays in fine motor, adaptability, language, and social self-care in boys was higher than that in girls (&lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=161.37, &lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=41.10, &lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=320.90, &lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=238.54, all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001). The age groups with the highest delay incidence of gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, language, and social self-care were: 4.0-4.9 years (70.6%), 3.0-3.9 years (97.4%), 4.0-4.9 years (81.2%), 2.0-2.9 years (90.9%),2.0-2.9 years (95.4%). The proportions of fine motor delay in GDD children aged 0.0-0.9, 3.0-3.9 and 4.0-4.9 years were (74.5%, 97.4%, 96.8%) and the proportions of social self-care delay in GDD children aged 1.0- and 2.0-2.9 years were (92.1%, 95.4%). Peripheral and mild developmental delays were predominant in children with GDD. The proportion of severe language delay (6.4%) was higher than that in other fields. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The proportion of GDD children with developmental delay in 4-5 domains was 54.5%. The most frequent domain of delay was fine motor. The frequencies of developmental delays in fine motor skills, adaptability, language, and social self-care in boys were higher than in girls. Most of the develo","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 6","pages":"1051-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Analysis of the trend in the burden of tuberculosis in China from 1990 to 2021].","authors":"J J Ma, T J Zhang, S H Yu, Q L Zhao","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240812-00497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20240812-00497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To assess the burden and development trends of tuberculosis (TB) in China from 1990 to 2021 to provide a reference for TB prevention strategies. <b>Methods:</b> Utilizing the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study data, the study evaluates the burden of TB and latent TB infection (LTBI) in China using age-standardized incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and infection rates. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze changing trends, and the autoregressive moving average model was integrated to forecast multidrug-resistant TB incidence and LTBI infection rates from 2022 to 2030. <b>Results:</b> In 2021, the age-standardized TB incidence in China was 36.28 per 100 000, the age-standardized prevalence was 30 557.45 per 100 000, the age-standardized DALY rate was 76.22 per 100 000, and the LTBI age-standardized infection rate was 30.48%. Compared to 1990, these figures dropped by 66.72%, 2.82%, 89.41%, and 2.47%, respectively. The age-standardized incidence, prevalence, DALY rate, and infection rate were elevated in individuals aged ≥70 years, and the TB burden was greater in males than in females. The age-standardized TB incidence declined between 1990 and 2021, while the proportion of multidrug-resistant TB patients among newly diagnosed cases, nationwide rose from 3.11% (36 367/1 167 807) in 1990 to 4.12% (25 431/617 725) in 2021. The LTBI age-standardized infection rate exhibited a fluctuating declining trend, averaging a decrease of 0.09%. Predictions for 2022-2030 indicate that China's multidrug-resistant TB incidence will decline slowly, and the LTBI infection rate will initially rise and then gradually fall, reaching 1.10/100 000 and 31.11%, respectively, by 2030. <b>Conclusions:</b> The TB burden in China declined from 1990 to 2021, but TB prevalence and LTBI infection rates remain high, especially among multidrug-resistant cases, males, and the elderly. Implementing systematic LTBI interventions, enhancing early detection/diagnosis in key populations such as the elderly, and promoting short-course treatments are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":23968,"journal":{"name":"中华流行病学杂志","volume":"46 6","pages":"951-959"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}