Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation for endotoxin in intraocular materials used during phacoemulsification surgery using a recombinant factor C assay.","authors":"Taylor A Opgenorth, Eryn L Opgenorth, J Seth Eaton, Ellison Bentley","doi":"10.1111/vop.13149","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cataract surgery remains the sole method to resolve blindness secondary to cataract formation. One complication includes fibrin web formation post-operatively. This study aimed to investigate the presence of endotoxin within materials used during cataract surgery as a possible cause of fibrin web phenomenon.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Preservative-free epinephrine, heparin, viscoelastic devices, and intraocular lenses were collected for evaluation. Various manufacturers and manufacturing lot numbers were used when available. Viscosity of viscoelastics was reduced by incubating samples with human recombinant hyaluronidase. Intraocular product (IOL) packaging fluid was collected and stored for testing. The IOLs were then washed with a sterile balanced salt solution, incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and then fluid was collected for testing to mimic intraocular placement. Samples were tested using a commercially available rFC kit. Fluorescence was measured at time zero and after 1 h using a fluorescence microplate reader. The change in fluorescence was corrected for blank fluorescence and plotted to a standard curve.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Endotoxin levels were below the limit of detection (0.05 EU/mL) in all samples. Incubation of IOLs at intraocular temperature did not increase extraction of endotoxin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Endotoxin was not identified in any tested sample, including those used in cases of fibrin web formation post-phacoemulsification. As fibrin webs are often observed episodically, it is possible that endotoxin levels may vary between batches, or that endotoxin is not related to fibrin formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"481-485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41177164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution of presumed calcareous corneal degeneration with 13.8% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution in 17 dogs.","authors":"Richard A Pytak, Neal T Wasserman","doi":"10.1111/vop.13207","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe a novel treatment for dissolving calcareous corneal degeneration (CCD)-associated mineral in 17 dogs with 13.8% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cases seen between 2021 and 2023 were reviewed. Seventeen dogs with CCD associated with corneal ulcerations were treated with a mineral dissolution procedure using 13.8% EDTA solution. A diamond burr keratotomy (DBK) was subsequently performed in some cases when residual mineralization remained present.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 19 eyes (17 dogs) included in the study, 10 eyes (8 dogs) required a DBK procedure. One eye (one dog) required a repeat procedure 26 weeks following the initial procedure and two eyes (one dog) required a repeat procedure 24 and 37 weeks following initial treatment in the left and right eye, respectively. Mean follow-up time to last recheck for eyes not requiring a second chelation procedure was 20.4 weeks (range, 10-47 weeks). At the last follow-up examination for all 17 dogs, the CCD resolved in 26.3%, improved in 57.9%, and recurred in 15.8% of eyes. Complications occurred in two eyes (two dogs) and included an infected stromal ulcer at 2-week recheck and the creation of a 40% depth stromal defect immediately following debridement. Both complications were successfully addressed with medical management.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The utilization of 13.8% EDTA solution appears to be an effective and safe means of treating lesions associated with CCD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"474-480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140102520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and outcome of lens capsule disruption in routine canine cataract surgery: A retrospective study of 520 eyes (2012-2019).","authors":"Amy L M M Andrews, Christiane Kafarnik, Maria-Christine Fischer","doi":"10.1111/vop.13090","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence and surgical outcome of lens capsule disruption (LCD) in dogs undergoing cataract removal.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Medical records of 924 eyes undergoing phacoemulsification were analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Routine cataract surgeries with or without LCD were included. Any LCD other than routine anterior capsulorhexis was defined as LCD and classified according to location and etiology. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for maintaining vision, implantation of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL), and enucleation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 520 eyes were included. A LCD occurred in 145 eyes (27.8%; 145/520) and affected the posterior (85.5%; 124/145), anterior (6.2%; 9/145), and equatorial lens capsule (4.8%; 7/145) and at multiple locations (3.4%; 5/145). The etiology of the LCD was spontaneous preoperative in 41 eyes (28.3%; 41/145), accidental intraoperative in 57 eyes (39.3%; 57/145), and planned in 47 eyes (32.4%; 47/145). Disruption did not increase the odds of enucleation (OR = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56-3.67; p = .36). The presence of LCD significantly increased the risk of losing vision 1 year post-operatively (OR = 8.17, 95% CI 1.41-84.93; p = .007) associated with retinal detachment. However, this was not present at 2 years follow-up or in PCCC cases at any time point. An IOL was implanted in 108 eyes (108/145; 75.2%) with LCD and in 45/47 (95.7%) eyes with a PCCC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increased surgeon awareness of possible intraoperative, accidental LCDs is important, as LCDs were relatively common and associated with increased odds for vision loss after 1 year in the present study. A prospective study investigating the causes of intraoperative, accidental LCD is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"141-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9293360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of deep and perforating corneal defects in dogs-A review (Part II/III): Biomaterials and keratoprosthesis.","authors":"Eric C Ledbetter, Rick F Sanchez, Marta Leiva Repiso","doi":"10.1111/vop.13287","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The surgical reconstruction of severe corneal ulcers is a common and crucial component of the clinical practice of veterinary ophthalmology. Numerous surgical techniques are used in dogs for corneal reconstruction, and these techniques may be categorized by the material used to repair the corneal lesion. The first part of the present review described procedures that utilize autogenous ocular tissues, homologous donor tissues, and heterologous donor tissues. In this second part of the review, the categories of biomaterials and keratoprosthetics will be summarized. Biomaterials that are reported for use in dogs include amniotic membrane, porcine urinary bladder acellular matrix, porcine small intestinal submucosa, acellular porcine corneal stroma, and other miscellaneous soft tissue and cartilage grafts (e.g., preserved equine renal capsule, autologous omentum, autologous buccal mucosa membrane, bovine pericardium, and homologous peritoneum). Descriptions of keratoprosthesis surgery in dogs are currently limited, but the use of artificial corneal transplants hold promise for dogs with severe, vision-compromising corneal disease that is not amenable to other reconstruction techniques. This review describes the results of experimental studies evaluating these graft materials in dogs, and it will summarize the findings and outcomes of the clinical articles published in each material category. Reporting inconsistencies and areas where additional research is required will be highlighted to help guide future studies in this area. A major aim of this review is to help identify potential subjects that could be evaluated in future investigations and that might lead to refinements in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"532-542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of conjunctival pedicle flap to corneal fixation strength achieved by Tisseel® fibrin glue, ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive, ReSure® hydrogel sealant, and conventional suturing with 8-0 VICRYL® ophthalmic suture.","authors":"Elodie M VerHulst, Roxanne M Rodriguez Galarza, Ian P Herring, Renata Velloso Ramos, Andrew R Kemper","doi":"10.1111/vop.13197","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine and compare the fixation strength of conjunctival pedicle flaps to cornea achieved via conventional ophthalmic suture and three different adhesive compounds.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Ex vivo porcine globes.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Following a 6 mm wide 500-micron-restricted depth lamellar keratectomy, conjunctival pedicle flaps were secured to the keratectomy site with either 8-0 VICRYL® suture or one of three adhesive products, including Tisseel® bioadhesive, ReSure® synthetic adhesive, or ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive (n = 10 per surgical group). Adhesive application protocol varied by product based upon adhesive biocompatibility. Corneoconjunctival tissues were then harvested, clamped in a tensile testing device, and loaded at a rate of 1 mm/s under video surveillance until the point of failure. Peak load was determined for each test and used to compare fixation strength between samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty conjunctival flaps were performed, with 6 omitted from evaluation due to dehiscence prior to tensile testing. Of the 34 flaps analyzed, 10 were secured with suture, 10 with cyanoacrylate, 8 with ReSure®, and 6 with Tisseel®. Flaps secured with suture withstood significantly higher applied tensile force compared with cyanoacrylate (p = .02474), ReSure® (p = .00000), and Tisseel® (p = .00002). Flaps secured with cyanoacrylate withstood significantly greater force than those secured with ReSure® and Tisseel® (p = .01194 and 0.01798, respectively). There was no significant difference in fixation strength between ReSure® and Tisseel® glue (p = .95675).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Conjunctival pedicle flap fixation using 8-0 VICRYL® suture fixation was able to withstand significantly greater maximum tensile force compared to ReSure®, Tisseel®, or cyanoacrylate adhesives. Fixation strength achieved with cyanoacrylate adhesive was significantly greater than that achieved with ReSure® or Tisseel®.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"253-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feline distichiasis treated with cryoepilation: A retrospective study of 15 cats (27 eyes).","authors":"B D Reynolds, M J Annear, K A Caruso, C J Whittaker, W M Irving, P M McCarthy, J S Smith","doi":"10.1111/vop.13202","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the clinical features of cats diagnosed with distichiasis and report on the outcomes following cryoepilation.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Fifteen cats (27 eyes).</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Medical records of domestic cats with distichiasis that underwent a double freeze-thaw cycle with a -80°C cryoprobe applied to the palpebral conjunctiva, with hair then epilated were retrospectively studied. The patient signalment, distichiae locations, concurrent ocular diseases, recurrences, complications, and outcomes were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean (std dev) age at the time of diagnosis and treatment was 2.2 years (2.8 years). All (15/15) cats were of the domestic shorthair (DSH) breed. Concurrent ocular findings at the initial examination were observed in 17/27 (63%) eyes, with upper lateral eyelid hypoplasia the most prevalent, present in 9/27 (33.3%) eyes. Recurrence of distichiae occurred in 8/27 (29.6%) eyes. The clinical presentation in the instances of recurrence was judged as asymptomatic and not of a clinical concern in 3/27 (11.1%) eyes, with a second procedure deemed necessary to alleviate symptoms in 5/27 (18.5%) eyes. All eyes treated with a second procedure had no recurrence of distichiae or symptoms. Complications following cryoepilation occurred in 4/27 (14.8%) eyes, with two cats developing bilateral entropion post-procedure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Treatment of distichiasis in cats utilizing cryoepilation was effective at alleviating symptoms, though some cats needed a second procedure. The development of post-procedural entropion was seen occasionally.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"492-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139997629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of deep and perforating corneal defects in dogs-A review (Part I/III): Autogenous ocular tissues, donor tissues, and corneal clarity scoring.","authors":"Rick F Sanchez, Eric C Ledbetter, Marta Leiva","doi":"10.1111/vop.13286","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corneal reconstruction is a key part of veterinary ophthalmic practice and numerous reconstructive techniques have been described for use in small animals in the peer-reviewed veterinary literature written in English. Despite the evidence accrued over the last six decades in over 40 clinical articles and numerous other publications on ocular surface health, several key areas require further study. The comparison between studies is difficult due to elements that go beyond common factors, such as the indication for surgery, the reconstructive technique preferred by the surgeon or the availability of reconstructive materials. However, the differences in reporting style adopted by different authors between similar studies and the lack of data found in retrospective studies add to this complexity. The present review is divided into three parts. One covers the use of autologous materials for reconstruction and corneal transplants, as well as corneal clarity. A second part focuses on biomaterials and keratoprosthetics, while the third part focuses on the use of corneal sutures and report of ocular discomfort/pain in the veterinary literature. The review focuses on the main findings of each reconstruction technique. It aims to identify areas where key information about common procedures is missing so that general guidelines may be provided for the planning of patient record keeping and future retrospective or prospective studies, while it also aims to highlight the presence of knowledge gaps that deserve further attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"519-531"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traction suture fixation technique using a capsular tension ring fragment for severe lens displacement during cataract surgery in dogs.","authors":"Shinya Fukumoto, Tomomi Minamoto","doi":"10.1111/vop.13167","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the traction suture fixation technique for severely displaced lenses (≥180°) using a capsular tension ring (CTR) fragment during cataract surgery in dogs, and to retrospectively investigate its clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Eight dogs (nine eyes).</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>The medical records of dogs with severe lens displacement (≥180°) due to cataracts that underwent traction suture fixation during cataract surgery using a CTR fragment at the Grand Animal Hospital (Hyogo, Japan) between November 2019 and September 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The retrieved data included the signalment, type of CTR, and postoperative outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A single CTR fragment was used to fix the capsular bag to the sclera in six eyes, and two CTR fragments were used at two sites in three eyes. The lengths of the CTR fragments used were 1 one-fifth fragment, 3 one-fourth fragments, and 8 one-third fragments. Postoperative complications included uveitis (nine eyes), glaucoma (one eye), posterior iris adhesion (one eye), corneal ulcer (one eye), and intracorneal stromal hemorrhage (one eye). Vision was maintained in all dogs during the follow-up period (2 months to 2 years and 8 months) without recurrent capsular bag displacement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This technique can correct and stabilize capsular bag displacement relatively easily through a small incision during cataract surgery in dogs with severe lens displacement. Intraocular lens implantation was also possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal cross-linking (PACK-CXL) in feline infectious keratitis-patient demographics, treatment protocols, risk factors, and treatment outcome: a retrospective study.","authors":"Angelie K Shukla, Malwina E Kowalska, Kevin Arteaga, Manuela Crasta, Christopher Dixon, Frank Famose, Sonja Hartnack, Simon Anton Pot","doi":"10.1111/vop.13228","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe patient demographics and treatment protocols in a population of feline patients undergoing photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal cross-linking (PACK-CXL) as an adjunctive treatment for infectious keratitis. Furthermore, to determine the proportion of PACK-CXL treatment success in the population studied, explore risk factors for treatment failure, and provide recommendations for future PACK-CXL clinical studies.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Records from four veterinary ophthalmology practices were reviewed to identify eligible patients and extract data. Recorded variables included patient-related factors, ocular examination findings, PACK-CXL protocol parameters, and treatment outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Records for 153 cats (154 eyes) were included. Median age in the treatment success group was 8 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4-12), with a median ulcer depth of 30% (IQR 30-40). Median age in the treatment failure group was 10.5 years (IQR 4.75-12) with a median ulcer depth of 45.9% (IQR 30-75). Persian cats were the most represented brachycephalic breed (52 out of 64 cats). Modified PACK-CXL protocols were used, including fast energy delivery (134 eyes), and increased fluence (52 eyes). The overall proportion of success was 88% (95% CI 84-93), which was variable between clinics. Eighty-two of 89 mesocephalic cat eyes (92%), and 54 of 65 brachycephalic cat eyes (83%) were classified as treatment successes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PACK-CXL appeared to be a useful, adjunctive therapeutic modality for the treatment of infectious keratitis in the feline patient population presented here. Brachycephalic cats, older cats, and those with deeper ulcers may be at increased risk for treatment failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"330-340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of deep and perforating corneal defects in dogs-A review (Part III/III): The use of corneal sutures and reporting of ocular discomfort.","authors":"R F Sanchez","doi":"10.1111/vop.13285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The surgical reconstruction of severe corneal disease is a common and crucial component of the clinical practice of veterinary ophthalmology. The first part of the present review described procedures that utilize autogenous ocular tissues, homologous donor tissues, and heterologous donor tissues in dogs, while the second part reviewed the use of biomaterials and keratoprosthetics in this species. This third part is dedicated to the review of the use of corneal sutures including suture type and suture pattern in corneal reconstruction of small animals including dogs and cats. The review also focused on the way studies report postoperative ocular discomfort/pain and how this is treated. Lastly, the author briefly presents the simple but effective techniques available to bury corneal knots for corneal reconstructive surgery in small animal patients, such as the \"tugging\" and \"deep-superficial-superficial-deep\" methods for simple interrupted sutures, and the adaptation of the latter for simple continuous sutures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"543-552"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}