World Journal of Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Mild myocardial injury during percutaneous coronary intervention based on minor changes on electrocardiogram and heart rate variability.","authors":"Illya A Chaikovsky, Dmytro O Dziuba, Olga A Kryvova, Kyrylo S Malakhov, Oleksandr P Romanchuk, Borys M Todurov, Оleg A Loskutov","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.112141","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.112141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As cardiovascular mortality continues to increase globally, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement stands out as a cutting-edge and highly effective treatment for severe cardiovascular diseases. However, the inherent invasiveness of any endovascular procedure introduces the risk of coronary vessel and myocardial damage.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the utility of a novel electrocardiographic metric in detecting subtle myocardial injuries after coronary stenting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This investigation was conducted in 2021 at the Kyiv Heart Institute of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine. The study involved 23 patients who underwent PCI, each subjected to a meticulous preoperative examination. A paired measurement approach was employed, encompassing 3-minutes electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings both before and several hours following the operation, using a compact ECG device. Each pair of ECG underwent a thorough analysis, scrutinizing 240 primary and computed ECG parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis delineated a distinct subgroup exhibiting significant myocardial damage post-stenting. This subgroup was characterized by an older average age and more stents than their counterparts. Notably, a concurrent reduction in the psychoemotional state index was observed alongside the ECG alterations in these patients, suggesting a correlation between myocardial damage and psychoemotional distress. Introducing a new electrocardiographic index has illuminated the often-subtle myocardial damage incurred during PCI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The newly devised electrocardiographic metric is a significant advancement in the early detection of myocardial damage following PCI, able to capture not only physiological but also psychoemotional changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 12","pages":"112141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the impact of blood flow restriction on cardiac rehabilitation outcomes.","authors":"Pedro Gargallo-Bayo, Darío Rodrigo-Mallorca, Joaquin Calatayud, Luis Suso-Martí, Jordi Vicent-Micó, Iván Chulvi-Medrano","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.111591","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.111591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical exercise is a cornerstone of cardiac rehabilitation, with resistance training increasingly recognized as essential due to the \"muscular hypothesis\" in cardiac-related frailty. However, many patients are unable to achieve the required training intensities to gain the associated benefits, highlighting the need for alternative approaches. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has recently emerged as a promising strategy for this population. This qualitative mini-review explores the acute effects and long-term adaptations of BFR training in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation, aiming to provide insights into its potential as a viable and effective intervention in health-related outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 12","pages":"111591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: The forgotten link between liver and cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Paolo Fornengo, Arianna Ferro, Sharmila Fagoonee, Elisa Rinaudo, Cristina Amione, Marilena Durazzo","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.111292","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.111292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lysosomal acid lipase-deficiency (LAL-D) is a rare and systemic condition, secondary to lipase A gene mutations, responsible for lysosomal accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in many tissues. It is a very heterogeneous disease in terms of the age of onset, severity, and the type of clinical and radiological manifestations. Dyslipidemia, hepatomegaly, and hepatosteatosis with increased levels of transaminases are the most common features. In association with liver dysfunction and evolution to cirrhosis, there is an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders, secondary to a generalized alteration of lipid profile and lipoprotein dysfunction associated with LAL-D. Therefore, we provide an update on the frequently under-recognized LAL-D, focusing on the late-onset form: Cholesteryl ester storage disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"111292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay of menopause, coronary artery calcium score and cardiovascular disease risk.","authors":"Tanisha Mishra, Diksha Sanjana Pasnoor, Murtaza Gandhi, Nida Mohamed, Shaylika Chauhan, Kokou Adompreh-Fia, Kesha Mayank Doshi, Prerana Sevella, Rupak Desai","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.109627","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.109627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postmenopausal women face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to estrogen withdrawal, which exacerbates traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CACS), a well-established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, has emerged as a key predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. Despite the recognized association between menopause and heightened CVD risk, there remains a paucity of literature exploring the specific role of menopause in influencing CACS and its implications for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine the interplay between menopause, CACS, and cardiovascular health by synthesizing existing literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies that analyzed CACS in postmenopausal women, including the influence of factors such as hormone therapy, Triglyceride-Glucose index, bone mineral density, lipid metabolism, and type-1 diabetes. Data extraction and synthesis emphasized key patterns, metabolic influences, and potential mechanisms driving coronary calcification in menopause.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings suggest that menopause contributes to increased CACS through multiple pathways, including altered lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and arterial stiffness. Additionally, premature menopause is associated with higher CACS and elevated CVD risk. While hormone replacement therapy (HRT) appears to have a protective effect against coronary calcification, further research is needed to clarify its long-term benefits and risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We introduce a novel framework combining CACS with metabolic and hormonal markers, and discuss estrogen-driven mechanisms and HRT considerations in postmenopausal cardiovascular risk. This review underscores the need for targeted cardiovascular risk assessment in postmenopausal women, integrating CACS with other metabolic markers to improve early detection and prevention of CVD in this high-risk population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"109627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurocardiology - from basics to clinic.","authors":"Ze-Xin Fan, Na Liang, Jian-Feng Lu, Guang-Zhi Liu","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.109941","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.109941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurocardiology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interactions between the nervous and cardiovascular systems, encompassing research across the entire spectrum, from molecular mechanisms to clinical diagnosis and treatment. The disease types in neurocardiology include several major categories: Involvement of the nervous and cardiovascular systems caused by common factors, involvement of the cardiovascular system caused by neuropsychiatric abnormalities, and involvement of the nervous system caused by cardiovascular abnormalities. Routine and special examinations are needed during the diagnostic process. The simultaneous management of brain and heart conditions is the core strategy, which advocates multidisciplinary collaboration, communication, and interaction. Herein, we review studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and new advances in diagnosis and treatment in the field of neurocardiology, particularly the latest research progress of traditional Chinese medicine, and further propose the construction of an integrated healthcare service system for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"109941"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis: The role of steroid therapy in managing myocardial inflammation and arrhythmic risks.","authors":"Simran Bhimani, Chaitanya Rojulpote, Yash Deshpande, Anand Reddy Maligireddy","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.107637","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.107637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a rare but serious manifestation of sarcoidosis that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to arrhythmias and heart failure. The inflammatory process in CS is characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in the myocardium, which can disrupt normal cardiac function and conduction. Corticosteroids are the primary therapeutic agents used to manage CS, particularly during the acute inflammatory phase, as they help reduce inflammation and improve cardiac function. However, the long-term use of steroids poses risks, including opportunistic infections and metabolic complications. Advanced imaging techniques, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, play a crucial role in diagnosing CS and assessing myocardial involvement. These imaging modalities also aid in risk stratification for arrhythmic events, guiding therapeutic decisions such as the initiation of steroid therapy and the potential placement of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the role of steroid therapy in managing CS and its implications for cardiac arrhythmias, emphasizing the need for individualized treatment strategies to optimize patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"107637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of mobile phone applications on medication adherence among patients with coronary artery diseases: A scoping review.","authors":"Mohamed K Seyam, Riyaz Ahamed Shaik, Mohammad Miraj, Naif S Alzahrani, Abdul Rahim Shaik, Puneeta Ajmera, Sheetal Kalra, Shaima Ali Miraj, Ghada M Shawky, Khulud Mahmood Nurani, Prashanth A","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.114140","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.114140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with cardiovascular disease rely on medication to achieve favorable long-term clinical results. Poor adherence has been linked to a relative increase in mortality of 50%-80% as well as higher health care costs. This scoping review thus aimed to explore the evidence of the effects of mobile health care apps on medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive data search and extraction was done in line with the updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. A total of 10 studies were included for the review. The mean pooled improvement in adherence was found to be 18% and the most effective tool was the digital therapeutics app discussed in Li <i>et al</i>'s study. Smartphones and apps enhance coronary artery disease management by promoting medication compliance. Challenges include data security and smartphone usage among the elderly. Tailored apps or voice assistants offer potential solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"114140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic impact of prediabetic glycated hemoglobin levels in nondiabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Sufyan Shahid, Furqan Ahmad Sethi, Shahzaib Ahmed, Akash Kumar, Muhammad Hamza Shahid, Hafsa Arshad Azam Raja, Muhammad Usama, Hafiz Muhammad Faizan Mughal","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.110537","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.110537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a well-established biomarker for diagnosing and managing diabetes. However, its prognostic significance in patients without diagnosed diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the association between elevated HbA1c levels in the prediabetic range (≥ 5.7%) and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in this population.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the association between elevated HbA1c levels in the prediabetic range and adverse outcomes in patients without diagnosed diabetes undergoing PCI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central through April 2025 for studies comparing clinical outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients without a prior diabetes diagnosis, stratified by HbA1c levels (≥ 5.7% <i>vs</i> < 5.7%). Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model. Statistical analysis was performed using R software (version 4.3.2). Primary outcomes were long-term all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE); secondary outcomes included short-term mortality and cardiac death.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten studies involving 32403 patients (mean age: 60 years; 29% female) were included. Elevated HbA1c levels in patients without diagnosed diabetes were significantly associated with increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality (RR: 1.30; 95%CI: 1.10-1.54; <i>P</i> < 0.01; <i>I</i> ² = 41%) and MACEs (RR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.01-1.69; <i>P</i> = 0.04; <i>I</i> ² = 61%). Although the risks of short-term all-cause mortality (RR: 1.16; 95%CI: 0.88-1.53; <i>P</i> = 0.29; <i>I</i> ² = 1%) and cardiac mortality (RR: 1.76; 95%CI: 0.85-3.67; <i>P</i> = 0.13; <i>I</i> ² = 94%) were elevated, they did not reach statistical significance. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings despite moderate to high heterogeneity in some outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among CAD patients without diagnosed diabetes, elevated HbA1c levels in the prediabetic range (≥ 5.7%) are independently associated with worse long-term outcomes following PCI. HbA1c may serve as a valuable biomarker for post-PCI risk stratification in this metabolically at-risk group.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"110537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing paclitaxel-coated <i>vs</i> sirolimus-coated balloon angioplasty for coronary artery diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Shree Rath, Allahdad Khan, Hamza Khan, Asad Ali Ahmed Cheema, Zahir Ud Din, Waseef Ullah, Raheel Ahmed","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.112018","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.112018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given the clinical challenges posed by drug-eluting stents, drug-coated balloons offer a promising alternative by delivering antiproliferative medications directly to the vessel wall.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the efficacy of paclitaxel-coated balloon (PCB) angioplasty <i>vs</i> sirolimus-coated balloon (SCB) angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), focusing on both in-stent restenosis (ISR) and <i>de-novo</i> lesions (DNL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central from inception to 5^th February 2025. Only randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing outcomes of PCB <i>vs</i> SCB angioplasty in patients with ISR or DNL were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of nine studies with 1981 patients (949 in PCB arm and 1032 in SCB arm) were included for further quantitative analysis. The results indicated that both PCB and SCB angioplasty are effective in treating CAD, with PCB showing a greater minimal lumen diameter for DNL [mean difference: -0.11 (95% confidence interval: -0.22 to -0.01, <i>P</i> = 0.03)]. However, the risk of target lesion revascularization and diameter stenosis was identical for both PCB and SCB during the 9-12-month follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-analysis highlights that PCB angioplasty may offer superior angiographic outcomes compared to SCB angioplasty, specifically in achieving greater minimal lumen diameter in patients with DNL. These findings suggest that while PCB has certain advantages in terms of tissue retention and immediate efficacy, both PCB and SCB are viable options for treating ISR or DNL in CAD patients. Further large-scale studies are required to conclusively determine the long-term benefits and potential risks associated with each type of drug-coated balloons angioplasty.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"112018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial disparities in electrical and structural cardiac adaptation among adolescent athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Rasha Kaddoura, Hassan Al-Tamimi, Guido E Pieles","doi":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.107835","DOIUrl":"10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.107835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In pediatric and adolescent athletes, there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport. We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20, 2024. Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search, seven studies (<i>n</i> = 5036) were included. The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance. Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval [mean difference (MD) = 17.49 millisecond, 95%CI: 11.70-23.29] and shorter QRS complex duration (MD = -7.35 millisecond, 95%CI: -9.17 to -5.53) and corrected QT interval (MD = -4.95 millisecond, 95%CI: -7.69 to -2.22) than the White athletes. Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, inverted T wave, ST-segment elevation, and left atrium (LA) enlargement than their White counterparts. In terms of ECHO parameters, Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness (MD = 0.85 mm, 95%CI: 0.62-1.07), posterior wall thickness (MD = 1.07 mm, 95%CI: 0.36-1.78), relative wall thickness (MD = 0.03, 95%CI: 0.001-0.06), maximal wall thickness (MD = 1.05 mm, 95%CI: 0.28-1.83), and LA diameter (MD = 1.64 mm, 95%CI: 0.16-3.12).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes. Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts. Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls, the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.</p>","PeriodicalId":23800,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Cardiology","volume":"17 11","pages":"107835"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}