Water最新文献

{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis and Parameterization of Gridded and Lumped Models Representation for Heterogeneous Land Use and Land Cover","authors":"Prakash Pudasaini, Thaine H. Assumpção, Andreja Jonoski, Ioana Popescu","doi":"10.3390/w16182608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182608","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrological processes can be highly influenced by changes in land use land cover (LULC), which can make hydrological modelling also very sensitive to land cover characterization. Therefore, obtaining up-to-date LULC data is a crucial process in hydrological modelling, and as such, different sources of LULC data raises questions on their quality and applicability. This is especially true with new data sources, such as citizen science-based land cover maps. Therefore, this research aims to explore the influence of LULC data sources on hydrological models via their parameterization and by performing sensitivity analyses. Kiffissos catchment, in Greece, a poorly gauged and highly urbanized basin including the city of Athens, is the case study area. In total, 12 continuous hydrological models were developed by mainly varying their structure and parametrization (lumped and gridded) and using three LULC datasets: coordination of information on the environment (CORINE), Urban Atlas and Scent (citizen-based). It was found that excess precipitation is negligibly contributed to by soil saturation and is dominated by the runoff over impervious areas. Therefore, imperviousness was the main parameter influencing both sensitivity to land cover and parameterization. Lastly, although the parametrization as lumped and gridded models affected the representation of hydrological processes in pervious areas, it was not relevant in terms of excess precipitation.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic and Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Carbonate Aquifers in Arid Regions: A Case from the Western Desert, Egypt","authors":"Mahmoud M. Khalil, Mostafa Mahmoud, Dimitrios E. Alexakis, Dimitra E. Gamvroula, Emad Youssef, Esam El-Sayed, Mohamed H. Farag, Mohamed Ahmed, Peiyue Li, Ahmed Ali, Esam Ismail","doi":"10.3390/w16182610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182610","url":null,"abstract":"Using geochemical and pumping test data from 80 groundwater wells, the chemical, hydrologic, and hydraulic properties of the fractured Eocene carbonate aquifer located west of the Al-Minya district, the Western Desert, Egypt, have been characterized and determined to guarantee sustainable management of groundwater resources under large-scale desert reclamation projects. The hydrochemical data show that groundwater from the fractured Eocene carbonate aquifer has a high concentration of Na+ and Cl− and varies in salinity from 2176 to 2912 mg/L (brackish water). Water–rock interaction and ion exchange processes are the most dominant processes controlling groundwater composition. The carbonate aquifer exists under confined to semi-confined conditions, and the depth to groundwater increases eastward. From the potentiometric head data, deep-seated faults are the suggested pathways for gas-rich water ascending from the deep Nubian aquifer system into the overlying shallow carbonate aquifer. This mechanism enhances the dissolution and karstification of carbonate rocks, especially in the vicinity of faulted sites, and is supported by the significant loss of mud circulation during well drilling operations. The average estimated hydraulic parameters, based on the analysis of step-drawdown, long-duration pumping and recovery tests, indicate that the Eocene carbonate aquifer has a wide range of transmissivity (T) that is between 336.39 and 389,309.28 m2/d (average: 18,405.21 m2/d), hydraulic conductivity (K) between 1.31 and 1420.84 m/d (average: 70.29 m/d), and specific capacity (Sc) between 44.4 and 17,376.24 m2/d (average: 45.24 m2/d). On the other hand, the performance characteristics of drilled wells show that well efficiency ranges between 0.47 and 97.08%, and well losses range between 2.92 and 99.53%. In addition to variations in carbonate aquifer thickness and clay/shale content, the existence of strong karstification features, i.e., fissures, fractures or caverns, and solution cavities, in the Eocene carbonate aquifer are responsible for variability in the K and T values. The observed high well losses might be related to turbulent flow within and adjacent to the wells drilled in conductive fracture zones. The current approach can be further used to enhance local aquifer models and improve strategies for identifying the most productive zones in similar aquifer systems.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Identification of Eccentricity of Axial-Flow Impeller by Variational Mode Decomposition","authors":"Houyu Zhang, Yingbo Guan, Zilong Hu, Weilong Guang, Di Zhu, Ran Tao, Ruofu Xiao","doi":"10.3390/w16182605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182605","url":null,"abstract":"The axial-flow impellers are widely applied to industry due to their excellent hydraulic performance and simple structure, but they may be affected by their eccentricity during operation. This study compared and studied the effects of the axial-flow eccentricity of an impeller on hydraulic performance, impeller radial force, and downstream pressure pulsation of the unit. The research results indicate that impeller eccentricity has a small effect on hydraulic performance. Compared with the design conditions, the efficiency, power, and head changes caused by impeller eccentricity are all less than 1%, but the impeller eccentricity leads to a sharp increase in the radial force of the impeller. Under the design conditions, the average value of the radial force of the impeller is 31.38 N; under eccentric conditions, the average value of the radial force of the impeller increased by nine times, reaching 316.30 N. By analyzing the pressure pulsation signals decomposed by the VMD method, it is shown that the influence of eccentricity on pressure pulsation is mainly reflected in the increase in impeller frequency on pressure pulsation. Under design conditions, the corresponding amplitude of the impeller frequency is 2.6; under eccentric conditions, the amplitude corresponding to the impeller frequency increased by 100 times, reaching 274.4. This study elucidates the specific effects of axial impeller eccentricity, providing theoretical guidance for the safe and stable operation of axial-flow units, and has important engineering significance.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming Hydrology Python Packages into Web Application Programming Interfaces: A Comprehensive Workflow Using Modern Web Technologies","authors":"Sarva T. Pulla, Hakan Yasarer, Lance D. Yarbrough","doi":"10.3390/w16182609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182609","url":null,"abstract":"The accessibility and deployment of complex hydrological models remain significant challenges in water resource management and research. This study presents a comprehensive workflow for converting Python-based hydrological models into web APIs, addressing the need for more accessible and interoperable modeling tools. The workflow leverages modern web technologies and containerization to streamline the deployment process. The workflow was applied to three distinct models: a GRACE downscaling model, a synthetic time series generator, and a MODFLOW groundwater model. The implementation process for each model was completed in approximately 15 min with a reliable internet connection, demonstrating the efficiency of the approach. The resulting APIs provide standardized interfaces for model execution, progress tracking, and result retrieval, facilitating integration with various applications. This workflow significantly reduces barriers to model deployment and usage, potentially broadening the user base for sophisticated hydrological tools. The approach aligns hydrological modeling with contemporary software development practices, opening new avenues for collaboration and innovation. While challenges such as performance scaling and security considerations remain, this work provides a blueprint for making complex hydrological models more accessible and operational, paving the way for enhanced research and practical applications in hydrology.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Resilience Assessment Framework for Water Distribution Networks","authors":"Joana Carneiro, Dália Loureiro, Marta Cabral, Dídia Covas","doi":"10.3390/w16182611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182611","url":null,"abstract":"A novel comprehensive resilience assessment framework for drinking water systems is proposed integrating different resilience perspectives (i.e., robustness, autonomy, flexibility, reliability, preparedness and recovery), oriented by objectives, criteria and metrics, applicable at the tactical level. The resilience assessment framework is applied to a Portuguese real water distribution network, enabling the evaluation of the system’s resilience. The infrastructure dimension is the main contributor to the low resilience results, particularly in terms of infrastructural robustness, as the infrastructure has exceeded the average service life and has low rehabilitation rates. In terms of autonomy, the system highly depends on external water and energy sources. Regarding the service dimension, most of the drinking water available is used for non-potable uses (e.g., irrigation), without alternative sources. The detailed diagnosis identified network area R6 as the priority area. Assets rehabilitation, increasing storage capacity, finding alternative water and energy sources, and minimizing non-potable uses are relevant improvement measures that promote the reinforcement of the system’s resilience. The resilience assessment framework is a very useful tool for the daily and tactical management of drinking water systems.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Advance Drainage Borehole Layout Based on Visual Modflow","authors":"Yue Li, Yunpeng Zhang, Yajie Ma, Fangang Meng","doi":"10.3390/w16182613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182613","url":null,"abstract":"It is an effective measure to prevent water damage in coal mines in order to construct drainage boreholes in water-filled aquifers of a working face roof. The hydrogeological parameters of the roof water-filled aquifer and the parameters of the drainage borehole are closely related to the underground drainage effect. Taking the 3085 working face of the Donghuantuo Mine in Kailuan as an example, the influence degree of hydrogeological parameters and hydrophobic borehole parameters on the amount of drainage water was analyzed using the generalized gray correlation degree. Based on Visual Modflow, the 3D groundwater visualization model was established and the dredging borehole was generalized into the pumping borehole. By changing the main influencing factors, the design optimization of the advanced hydrophobic borehole was discussed. The results showed that the aquifer thickness had a great influence on the amount of water discharged, and the influence degree of the sharp angle between the formation and the direction of drilling, the depth of the final hole, the azimuth angle of drilling, the dip angle of drilling, the elevation of the final hole and the elevation of the borehole on the amount of water discharged decreased successively. Based on the simulation calculation, it could be observed that the hydrophobic borehole should be placed in a position with a larger accumulated thickness of the aquifer to have a better effect of hydrophobic depressurization.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Temperature-Influenced Scaling Law of Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand under the Centrifugal Environment","authors":"Jianjian He, Xihao Jiang, Yubing Wang","doi":"10.3390/w16182596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182596","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate characterization of soil hydraulic conductivity influenced by temperature under a centrifugal environment is important for hydraulic and geotechnical engineering. Therefore, a temperature-influenced scaling law for hydraulic conductivity of soil in centrifuge modeling was deduced, and a temperature-controlled falling-head permeameter apparatus specifically designed for centrifuge modeling was also developed. Subsequently, a series of temperature-controlled falling-head tests were conducted under varying centrifugal accelerations to achieve the following objectives: (1) examine the performance of the apparatus, (2) investigate the influence of temperature and centrifugal acceleration on the hydraulic conductivity of sand and its scaling factor, and (3) validate the proposed scaling law for hydraulic conductivity. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. Firstly, the apparatus demonstrated good sealing and effectively controlled the temperature of both the soil specimen and the fluid. Secondly, the hydraulic conductivity of sand was not constant but varied over time, likely due to the presence of radial seepage in addition to vertical seepage as the test progressed. Thirdly, temperature significantly influenced the hydraulic conductivity of sand and its scaling factor under the same centrifugal acceleration. Therefore, it is essential to closely monitor the temperature of models during centrifugal tests. Finally, the measured and calculated values of the scaling factor index for the hydraulic conductivity of sand showed good agreement, verifying the proposed scaling law.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Trends of Standardized Drought Indices in Sicily Using ERA5-Land Reanalysis Data (1950–2023)","authors":"Tagele Mossie Aschale, Antonino Cancelliere, Nunziarita Palazzolo, Gaetano Buonacera, David J. Peres","doi":"10.3390/w16182593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182593","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a spatiotemporal analysis of drought occurrence and trends across Sicily using ERA50-Land continuous gridded data is carried out. We first use the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to evaluate drought conditions at various time scales from 1950 to 2023. Then, the Modified Mann–Kendall test was employed to detect trends and Sen’s slope estimator was used to quantify their magnitude. An analysis of the historical series confirms that 2002 was the most severe drought year, impacting all time scales from short-term to long-term. The spatial analysis revealed that the western regions of Sicily experienced the highest severity and frequency of drought events. In contrast, the northeastern regions were less severely affected compared with the other parts of the island. The analysis detects significant increasing trends in SPI values in the eastern coastal areas of the island, which are related to a possible historical increase in precipitation. On the other hand, the analysis of the SPEI indicates significant decreasing trends in the western part of the island, which are mainly related to increased evapotranspiration rates. These results are partially consistent with previous analyses of future climate change scenarios, where changes in the SPEI values in the island are projected to be way clearer than changes in SPI values.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Early Warning System for Urban Fluvial Floods Based on Rainfall Depth–Duration Thresholds and a Predefined Library of Flood Event Scenarios: A Case Study of Palermo (Italy)","authors":"Dario Pumo, Marco Avanti, Antonio Francipane, Leonardo V. Noto","doi":"10.3390/w16182599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182599","url":null,"abstract":"Several cities are facing an increasing flood risk due to the coupled effect of climate change and urbanization. Non-structural protection strategies, such as Early Warning Systems (EWSs), have demonstrated significant potential in mitigating hydraulic risk and often become the primary option when the implementation of structural measures is impeded by the complexities of urban environments. This study presents a new EWS designed specifically for fluvial floods in the city of Palermo (Italy), which is crossed by the Oreto River. The system is based on the preliminary definition of various Flood Event Scenarios (FESs) as a function of typical precursors, such as rainfall forecasts, and antecedent wetness and river flow conditions. Antecedent conditions are derived from real-time water stage observations at an upstream river section, while rainfall forecasts are provided by the Italian National Surveillance Meteorological Bulletins with a preannouncement time of up to 36 h. An innovative feature of the system is the use of rainfall Depth–Duration Thresholds to predict the expected hydrograph peak, significantly reducing warning issuing times. A specific FES, immediately accessible from a pre-built library, can be linked to any combination of precursors. Each FES predicts the timing and location of the first points of flooding; flood-prone areas and water depths; and specific hazard maps for elements typically exposed in cities, such as people, vehicles, and buildings. The EWS has been tested on a historical flood event, demonstrating satisfactory accuracy in reproducing the location, extent, and severity of the flood.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Analysis of Flow Characteristics and Energy Dissipation on Flat and Pooled Stepped Spillways","authors":"Umar Farooq, Shicheng Li, James Yang","doi":"10.3390/w16182600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182600","url":null,"abstract":"The hydraulic performance of pooled stepped spillways has received less recognition compared to the traditional stepped spillways. Regarding the effectiveness of pooled stepped spillways in managing flow dynamics, previous studies have focused on investigating how different step configurations and varying chute angles can enhance energy dissipation in gravity flow over the chute. However, the potential for optimal performance and the importance of proper design have not been thoroughly explored in the existing literature. This study aims to explore new configurations of pooled stepped spillways and compare them to traditional stepped spillway designs to enhance hydraulic efficiency and maximize energy dissipation. The study examines two types of configurations of stepped spillways—two flat and two pooled configurations, each with ten steps. Using the computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique, such as Volume of Fluid Method (VOF) and the realizable k-ε turbulence model for two-phase flow analysis with a 26.6° chute slope. Initially, the model was validated with experimental data by comparing various hydraulic parameters. These parameters include water depth, roller length, jump length, ratio of critical depth, and sequent depth. The hydraulic performance of both stepped geometric configurations was evaluated through numerical simulations to examine how the geometries of flat and pooled stepped spillways influence flow characteristics, energy dissipation, velocity, pressure distribution, and the Froude number at the downstream. The study analyzed downstream flow characteristics, maximum energy dissipation rates, depth-averaged velocity, static pressure, and pressure contours at the lateral direction under six different flow rates in flat and pooled stepped spillways. The findings indicate that flat-step configurations exhibit lower energy dissipation compared to pooled configurations. The relative energy loss of flow on pooled steps dissipates more energy than on flat steps. Furthermore, it is observed that the pooled configurations performed better for energy dissipation and flow stability compared to the flat configurations. The energy dissipation increased in pooled stepped spillways by 34.68% and 25.81%, respectively. Additionally, the depth-averaged flow velocity and pressure distribution decreased in case 2 and case 4 compared to the flat-step configurations.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"392 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}