Water最新文献

{"title":"The Efficiency of Chemical and Electrochemical Coagulation Methods for Pretreatment of Wastewater from Underground Coal Gasification","authors":"Mateusz Szul, Katarzyna Rychlewska, Tomasz Billig, Tomasz Iluk","doi":"10.3390/w16172540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172540","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares chemical coagulation with electrocoagulation, two popular methods for the primary treatment of wastewater generated in the process of underground coal gasification (UCG). The primary aim was to determine which method is more effective in the removal of cyanide and sulphide ions, metals and metalloids, as well as organic compounds. In both cases, experiments were conducted in batch 1 dm3 reactors and using iron ions. Four types of coagulants were tested during the chemical coagulation study: FeCl2, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, and FeCl3. In the electrocoagulation experiments, pure iron Armco steel was used to manufacture the sacrificial iron anode. Both processes were tested under a wide range of operating conditions (pH, time, Fe dose) to determine their maximum efficiency for treating UCG wastewater. It was found that, through electrocoagulation, a dose as low as 60 mg Fe/dm3 leads to >60% cyanide reduction and >98% sulphide removal efficiency, while for chemical coagulation, even a dose of 307 mg Fe/dm3 did not achieve more than 24% cyanide ion removal. Moreover, industrial chemical coagulants, especially when used in very high doses, can be a substantial source of cross-contamination with trace elements.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Analytical Method for Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs) in Water of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Coupled with Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectroscopy","authors":"Ahsan Habib, Elizabeth Noriega Landa, Kiana L. Holbrook, Angelica A. Chacon, Wen-Yee Lee","doi":"10.3390/w16172543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172543","url":null,"abstract":"Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a significant group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). They are persistent organic chemicals manufactured for their resistance to heat, water, and stains. PFCAs are ubiquitous in the environment, particularly in surface water and wastewater, because they are widely used in everyday consumer products. This contamination poses a risk to drinking water supplies and human health, necessitating sensitive and effective analytical methods. Traditional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is commonly used but involves complex sample handling and high costs. In this study, we developed an enhanced stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) method coupled with thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) for the analysis of PFCAs in water. This method demonstrates linearity, with R2 values from 0.9892 to 0.9988, and low limits of detection (LOD) between 21.17 ng/L and 73.96 ng/L. Recovery rates varied from 47 to 97%, suggesting efficient extraction. Compared to traditional methods, the developed SBSE technique requires only a 1 mL sample volume and minimal amounts of solvents, enhancing eco-friendliness and reducing potential contamination and handling errors. This method also demonstrated good precision and robustness across various water matrices. Overall, the developed method offers a precise, eco-friendly, and reliable approach for analyzing PFCAs in diverse water samples.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Stoichiometry Characteristic of Phytoplankton in Mountain Stream","authors":"Li Ji, Huayong Zhang, Zhongyu Wang, Wang Tian, Yonglan Tian, Zhao Liu","doi":"10.3390/w16172541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172541","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the phytoplankton ecological stoichiometry characteristics and the balance of the relationship between elements in a mountain river in a cold region. The samples of phytoplankton of four seasons were collected in May 2020, August 2020, November 2020, and February 2021 from the Taizicheng River in Chongli, Zhangjiakou City, China. We determined the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), hydrogen (H), and iron (Fe), and analyzed their ecological stoichiometric characteristics and correlation. Our results showed that the contents of C, N, P, S, H, and Fe in phytoplankton were 82.14 ± 32.12 g/kg, 9.22 ± 3.5 g/kg, 1.46 ± 0.55 g/kg, 1.96 ± 0.86 g/kg, 2.36 ± 1.36 g/kg, and 12.64 ± 10.57 g/kg, respectively. Generally, the contents of C, N, and P were relatively stable, while the contents of S, H, and Fe fluctuated greatly, and the coefficient of variation of Fe content was as high as 83.62%. The elemental molar composition of phytoplankton in the Taizicheng River is C156.00N15.41S1.54H51.17Fe5.10P, which showed a significant difference compared with the classical Redfield ratio C106N16P. The high proportion of element C indicated that phytoplankton in the Taizicheng River have a high demand for C and a strong ability to consolidate C. The ratio of N:P was consistent with previous research results. The N:P ratio of phytoplankton in the Taizicheng River was 15.41, suggesting that the growth of phytoplankton in the Taizicheng River was restricted by both N and P. The contents of C, N, and P were positively correlated, while there was no significant correlation among S, H, and Fe. C:P was significantly positively correlated with C:N and N:P, while there were no strong correlations between C:N and C:P, as well as H:S, Fe:S, and H:Fe, indicating that the coupling correlation between phytoplankton elements was different and C, N, and P were highly correlated as important phytoplankton nutrient elements. This study contributes to our understanding of the phytoplankton ecological stoichiometry characteristics and the limiting factors of nutrients in a mountain river and provides a scientific basis for further ecological conservation and management efforts.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"As and Pb Presence within the Meoqui-Delicias Aquifer, Chihuahua, Mexico","authors":"Marisol Bencomo-Calderón, Eduardo Florencio Herrera-Peraza, Alejandro Villalobos-Aragón","doi":"10.3390/w16172538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172538","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to determine the amount of As and Pb in the water in the Meoqui-Delicias’ aquifer and their spatiotemporal dynamics. Twenty-one water sampling points were selected. Seventeen samples were from wells and four were from surface water; two were used for human consumption and the rest for agricultural use. The samples were taken from May 2019 to January 2020 in four sampling events, one for each climatological season of the year. The studied geochemical anomalies seem to be linked to the nature and mechanism of volcanic emplacement. Several samples exhibited high concentrations of arsenic ranging from 1.20 to 156.54 ppb, unlike lead, with low values being the maximum value of 26.32 ppb. These elements (As and Pb) are in the water in Naica, part of the mining district where tons of Au, Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn were obtained. From a geographical standpoint, it is impossible to establish that these elements are related, even though these elements (As and Pb) are present in the water in Naica, a mining zone where tons of Au and Ag were historically mined.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring and Evaluation of Debris Flow Disaster in the Loess Plateau Area of China: A Case Study","authors":"Baofeng Wan, Ning An, Gexue Bai","doi":"10.3390/w16172539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172539","url":null,"abstract":"The Loess Plateau area, with complex geomorphological features and geological structure, is highly prone to geologic disasters such as landslides and debris flow, which cause great losses. To investigate the initiation mechanism of landslide and debris flow disasters and their spreading patterns, historical satellite images in the Laolang gully were collected and digitized to generate three-dimensional topographic and geomorphological maps. Typical landslides were selected for landslide thickness measurement using a standard penetrometer and high-density electrical method. Numerical models were established to simulate the occurrence and development of landslides under different working conditions and to evaluate the spreading range based on the propagation algorithm and friction law. The results show that the 10 m resolution DEM data are well matched with the potential hazard events observed in the field site. The smaller the critical slope threshold, the greater the extent and distance of landslide spreading. The larger the angle of arrival, the greater the energy loss, and therefore the smaller the landslide movement distance. The results can provide scientific theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of rainfall-induced landslide and debris flow disasters in the Loess Plateau area.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quasi-Steady Model for Estimating the Rate of Frost Heave When Subjected to Overburden Pressure","authors":"Lei Chen, Xiyan Zhang","doi":"10.3390/w16172542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172542","url":null,"abstract":"The soil beneath buildings constructed in cold regions is affected by frost heave, causing the walls to crack and even the buildings to incline and collapse. Therefore, predicting the frost heave when subjected to overburden pressure is crucial for engineering buildings in cold areas. Utilizing the conservation equation of mass, Darcy’s equation, and the assumption that the pore water pressure at the top of a frozen fringe, denoted as uw, during the quasi-steady state can be approximately estimated using the Clapeyron equation, a quasi-steady frost heave rate model considering the overburden pressure was proposed. This study considered the difference in pore water pressure within the frozen fringe, which causes water to move from the unfrozen zone to the ice lens, where it subsequently accumulates and freezes into ice. The pore water pressure at the bottom of the frozen fringe, denoted as uu, can be estimated using the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC). The thickness of the frozen fringe was determined using the freezing temperature, segregation temperature, and temperature gradient. The segregation temperature was determined using the two-point method. Additionally, the model suggested that, when uw = uu, the movement of water stopped, leading to the end of frost heave. To validate the proposed model, three existing frost-heaving experiments were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the estimated rates of frost heave of the samples closely matched the experimental data. Additionally, external pressure delayed water migration. This study can offer theoretical support for building engineering in cold regions.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Emission Accounting and Reduction Evaluation in Sponge City Residential Areas","authors":"Yingqiang Ma, Xuefeng Liu, Jianlin Liu, Chengyin Du, Mei Liang, Wei Li, Lianbao Cao, Deqi Wang, Hao Wang, Tingting Zhang, Bigui Wei","doi":"10.3390/w16172535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172535","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to establish a more standardized and regulated carbon emission accounting model for sponge cities by unifying the accounting content for carbon emissions and clarifying the relationships between carbon reduction benefits, carbon reduction effects, and carbon sequestration, in order to evaluate the carbon reduction outcomes and mechanisms of sponge city construction. Based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) carbon emission accounting model using the carbon emission factor method, a newly constructed residential area in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, was selected as a case study, and the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city construction was then investigated. Results indicated that the 30-year full life cycle carbon emissions for sponge city construction in the newly constructed residential area amounted to 828.98 tons, compared to 744.28 tons of CO2 reduction in traditional construction, representing a 47.31% reduction in carbon emissions. Over a 30-year life cycle, this equated to a total carbon emission reduction effect of 1460.31 tons. Additionally, under various rainfall scenarios in a typical year, the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city construction exceeded the carbon emissions, achieving carbon neutrality within 22 to 30 years of operation. This demonstrates that the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city communities is significant. The findings of this study provide data and a theoretical basis for the low-carbon construction of sponge cities in China.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naphthalene Enhances Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Soil and Water: Effect and Mechanism","authors":"Bo Li, Hulong Liu, Xiaona Liu, Li Han, Jing Yang, Lingke Kang, Liuyuan Tang, Tianwei Qian","doi":"10.3390/w16172537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172537","url":null,"abstract":"Bioremediation is a promising technique owing to its effectiveness, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Previous studies have focused on the degradation efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and water. However, the expression of PAH-catabolic genes in organisms involved in the degradation process has been rarely and unsystematically reported. In this study, a PAH-degrading strain—Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PQ249631)—was successfully isolated from coking-contaminated soil and used for PAH degradation in soil and water. Furthermore, the degradation of PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene) was investigated in single, binary, and mixture systems to explore the interaction of substrates. The results showed that when naphthalene was used as a cometabolite carbon source, the removal rates of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene increased from 14.33%, 17.25%, 6.61%, and 4.47% to 72.08%, 100.00%, 15.63%, and 6.63%, respectively. In a PAH mixture, the degradation rate of each PAH was higher when naphthalene, rather than glucose, was used as the cometabolite carbon source. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differential expression of PAH-catabolic genes and ATP-binding cassette transporter-related genes under naphthalene stress. The enhanced degradation of PAHs could be attributed to the augmentation of the PAH metabolic pathway and membrane transportation, facilitating the transfer of PAHs to bacteria. These findings underscore the effectiveness of P. aeruginosa as a PAH degrader and provide molecular insights into enhancing PAH degradation.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Immobilized Microorganism Gel Beads in Black-Odor Water with High Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Performance","authors":"Fengbin Zhao, Shumin Liu, Xin Fang, Ning Yang","doi":"10.3390/w16172534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172534","url":null,"abstract":"Black-odor water, which is caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in water, is a significant problem. Immobilized microorganisms are considered to be an effective technical solution, but there are still many key parameters to be determined, such as organic matter dissolution, insufficient stability, and insufficient phosphorus removal capacity, among other problems. In this study, the optimum raw material ratios of immobilized microorganism gel beads were determined by means of a response surface experiment. The optimal ratio of raw materials was 5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 1% sodium alginate (SA), and 6% bacterial powder. In addition, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of the materials was improved by loading inorganic compounds, such as 0.5 wt.% zeolite, 0.5 wt.% iron powder, and 0.2 wt.% activated carbon. Tolerance analysis determined that these gel beads could maintain a good performance in a series of harsh environments, such as during intense agitation, at high temperatures, and at low pH values, etc. The total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies were 88.9%, 90%, and 95%.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Water Sources and Small-Scale Non-Artisanal Andesite Mining: Scenario Analysis of Post-Mining Land Interventions Using System Dynamics","authors":"Mohamad Khusaini, Rita Parmawati, Corinthias P. M. Sianipar, Gatot Ciptadi, Satoshi Hoshino","doi":"10.3390/w16172536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172536","url":null,"abstract":"Small-scale open-pit, non-artisanal mining of low-value ores is an understudied practice despite its widespread occurrence and potential impact on freshwater resources due to mining-induced land-use/cover changes (LUCCs). This research investigates the long-term impacts of andesite mining in Pasuruan, Indonesia, on the Umbulan Spring’s water discharge within its watershed. System Dynamics (SD) modeling captures the systemic and systematic impact of mining-induced LUCCs on discharge volumes and groundwater recharge. Agricultural and reservoir-based land reclamation scenarios then reveal post-mining temporal dynamics. The no-mining scenario sees the spring’s discharge consistently decrease until an inflection point in 2032. With mining expansion, reductions accelerate by ~1.44 million tons over two decades, or 65.31 thousand tons annually. LUCCs also decrease groundwater recharge by ~2.48 million tons via increased surface runoff. Proposed post-mining land interventions over reclaimed mining areas influence water volumes differently. Reservoirs on reclaimed land lead to ~822.14 million extra tons of discharge, 2.75 times higher than the agricultural scenario. Moreover, reservoirs can restore original recharge levels by 2039, while agriculture only reduces the mining impact by 28.64% on average. These findings reveal that small-scale non-artisanal andesite mining can disrupt regional hydrology despite modest operating scales. Thus, evidence-based guidelines are needed for permitting such mines based on environmental risk and site water budgets. Policy options include discharge or aquifer recharge caps tailored to small-scale andesite mines. The varied outputs of rehabilitation scenarios also highlight evaluating combined land and water management interventions. With agriculture alone proving insufficient, optimized mixes of revegetation and water harvesting require further exploration.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}