Water最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Drivers of Coastal Wetlands in Tianjin–Hebei over the Past 80 Years","authors":"Feicui Wang, Fu Wang, Ke Zhu, Peng Yang, Tiejun Wang, Yunzhuang Hu, Lijuan Ye","doi":"10.3390/w16182612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182612","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal wetland ecosystems are critical due to their diverse ecological and economic benefits, yet they have been significantly affected by human activities over the past century. Understanding the spatiotemporal changes and underlying factors influencing these ecosystems is crucial for developing effective ecological protection and restoration strategies. This study examines the Tianjin–Hebei coastal wetlands using topographic maps from the 1940s and Landsat satellite imagery from 1975, 2000, and 2020, supplemented by historical literature and field surveys. The aim is to analyze the distribution and classification of coastal wetlands across various temporal intervals. The findings indicate an expansion of the Tianjin–Hebei coastal wetlands from 7301.34 km2 in the 1940s to 8041.73 km2 in 2020. However, natural wetlands have declined by approximately 44.36 km2/year, while constructed wetlands have increased by around 53.61 km2/year. The wetlands have also become increasingly fragmented, with higher numbers of patches and densities. The analysis of driving factors points to human activities—such as urban construction, cultivated land reclamation, sea aquaculture, and land reclamation—as the primary contributors to these changes. Furthermore, the study addresses the ecological and environmental issues stemming from wetland changes and proposes strategies for wetland conservation. This research aims to enhance the understanding among researchers and policymakers of the dynamics and drivers of coastal wetland changes, as well as the major challenges in their protection, and to serve as a foundation for developing evidence-based conservation and restoration strategies.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Water Vapor Transport during the “7·20” Extraordinary Heavy Rain Process in Zhengzhou City Simulated by the HYSPLIT Model","authors":"Xiuzhu Sha, Jianfang Ding, Ronghao Chu, Xinxin Ma, Xingyu Li, Yao Xiao, Bo Cheng, Fan Zhang, Can Song, Shanhai Wang","doi":"10.3390/w16182607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182607","url":null,"abstract":"Water vapor transport is an important foundation and prerequisite for the occurrence of rainstorms. Consequently, the understanding of water vapor transport as well as the sources of water vapor during rainstorm processes should be considered as essential to study the formation mechanism of rainstorms. In this study, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is adopted for backward tracking of water vapor transport trajectories and sources during the “7·20” extraordinary heavy rain process in Zhengzhou City of China that occurred on 20 July 2021. On this basis, the trajectory clustering method is applied to quantitatively analyze the contributions of water vapor sources, aiming to provide a basis for exploring the maintenance mechanism of this extreme rainstorm event. The spatio-temporal characteristics of this rainstorm event show that there are 4 consecutive days with the precipitation reaching or exceeding the rainstorm level across the whole Zhengzhou City, with the daily rainfall amounts at eight national meteorological stations all breaking their respective historical extreme values. The regional-averaged rainfall amount in Zhengzhou City is 527.4 mm, while the maximum accumulated rainfall amount reaches 985.2 mm at Xinmi station and the maximum hourly rainfall amount at Zhengzhou national meteorological station reaches 201.9 mm h−1. The water vapor sources for this rainfall process, ranked in descending order of contribution, are the Western Pacific, inland areas of Northwest China and South China, and South China Sea. The water vapor at lower levels is mainly transported from the Western Pacific and the South China Sea, while those from the inland areas of Northwest China and South China provide a supply of water vapor at upper levels to a certain extent. The water vapor at 950 hPa is mainly sourced from the Western Pacific and South China Sea, accounting for 56% and 44%, respectively. The water vapor at 850 hPa mainly derives from the Western Pacific and the inland areas of South China, contributing 58% and 34% of the total, respectively. The water vapor at 700 hPa mainly comes from the inland areas of Northwest China and South China Sea. Specifically, the water vapor from inland Northwest China contributes 44% of the total, acting as the primary source. The water vapor at 500 hPa is mainly transported from the inland areas of South China and Northwest China, with that from the inland South China (56%) being more prominent. The water vapor at all levels is mainly transported to the rainstorm region through the eastern and southern regions of China from the source areas. Additionally, there are some differences in the water vapor trajectories at a 6 h interval.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Evapotranspiration Estimations through Multi-Source Product Fusion in the Yellow River Basin, China","authors":"Runke Wang, Xiaoni You, Yaya Shi, Chengyong Wu","doi":"10.3390/w16182603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182603","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is critical to understanding the water cycle in watersheds and promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources. Although there are various ET products in the Yellow River Basin, various ET products have many uncertainties due to input data, parameterization schemes, and scale conversion, resulting in significant uncertainties in regional ET data products. To reduce the uncertainty of a single product and obtain more accurate ET data, more accurate ET data can be obtained by fusing different ET data. Addressing this challenge, by calculating the uncertainty of three ET data products, namely global land surface satellite (GLASS) ET, Penman–Monteith–Leuning (PML)-V2 ET, and reliability-affordable averaging (REA) ET, the weight of each product is obtained to drive the Bayesian three-cornered Hat (BTCH) algorithm to obtain higher quality fused ET data, which are then validated at the site and basin scales, and the accuracy has significantly improved compared to a single input product. On a daily scale, the fused data’s root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.78 mm/day and 1.14 mm/day. The mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.53 mm/day and 0.84 mm/day, respectively, which has a lower RMSE and MAE than the model input data; the correlation coefficients (R) are 0.9 and 0.83, respectively. At the basin scale, the RMSE and MAE of the annual average ET of the fused data are 11.77 mm/year and 14.95 mm/year, respectively, and the correlation coefficient is 0.84. The results show that the BTCH ET fusion data are better than single-input product data. An analysis of the fused ET data on a spatiotemporal scale shows that from 2001 to 2017, the ET increased in 85.64% of the area of the Yellow River Basin. Fluctuations in ET were greater in the middle reaches of the Yellow River than in the upstream and downstream regions. The BTCH algorithm has indispensable reference value for regional ET estimation research, and the ET data after BTCH algorithm fusion have higher data quality than the original input data. The fused ET data can inform the development of management strategies for water resources in the YRB and provide a deeper understanding of the regional water supply and demand balance mechanism.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Fractions and Magnetic Simulation Based on Machine Learning for Trace Metals in a Sedimentary Column of Lake Taihu","authors":"Hui Xiao, Tong Ke, Liming Chen, Dehu Li, Wanru Yang, Xin Qian, Long Chen, Ligang Deng, Huiming Li","doi":"10.3390/w16182604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182604","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the chemical fractions (CFs) of trace metal (TMs) and multiple magnetic parameters were analysed in the sedimentary column from the centre of Lake Taihu. The sedimentary column, measuring 53 cm in length, was dated using 210Pb and 137Cs to be 124 years old. Surface layers of the column were found to contain significantly higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Sb, Ti, and Zn than the middle and bottom layers. The sedimentary core contained a substantial amount of ferrimagnetic minerals. Most of the TMs were present in the residual state, except for Mn and Pb. The chemical fractions of Cd exhibited the most significant variation with depth. The pollution load index (PLI) indicated moderate TMs pollution levels in the region, whereas the risk assessment code (RAC) classified Mn as being heavily polluted. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and XGBoost (1.7.7.1) machine learning models were used to simulate the RAC and total concentration of TMs, using physical and chemical indicators and magnetic parameters of the sediments as input variables. The MLR model outperformed RF, SVM, and XGBoost in simulating the CFs and total concentrations of most TMs in the sedimentary column, with R2 up to 0.668 and 0.87. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method reveals that χarm/χ is the dominant factor influencing the RAC of As in the XGBoost models. For the RAC of Co and Cu in RF models, C% and N% exhibit greater contributions.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Convergence of Antibiotic Contamination, Resistance, and Climate Dynamics in Freshwater Ecosystems","authors":"Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes","doi":"10.3390/w16182606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182606","url":null,"abstract":"The convergence of antibiotic contamination, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate dynamics poses a critical environmental and public health challenge. Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the persistent presence of antibiotics, which, coupled with rising global temperatures, accelerate the development and spread of AMR. This review examines the sources, pathways, and mechanisms through which antibiotics enter freshwater systems and how climate change exacerbates these processes. This review discusses this convergence’s ecological and human health impacts, highlighting the implications for biodiversity and public health. It also explored the current monitoring and mitigation strategies, including advanced oxidation processes, natural-based solutions, and policy interventions. Finally, this review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions for managing the intertwined threats of antibiotic contamination, resistance, and climate change. It emphasizes the need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to protect freshwater resources in an increasingly volatile global environment.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis and Parameterization of Gridded and Lumped Models Representation for Heterogeneous Land Use and Land Cover","authors":"Prakash Pudasaini, Thaine H. Assumpção, Andreja Jonoski, Ioana Popescu","doi":"10.3390/w16182608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182608","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrological processes can be highly influenced by changes in land use land cover (LULC), which can make hydrological modelling also very sensitive to land cover characterization. Therefore, obtaining up-to-date LULC data is a crucial process in hydrological modelling, and as such, different sources of LULC data raises questions on their quality and applicability. This is especially true with new data sources, such as citizen science-based land cover maps. Therefore, this research aims to explore the influence of LULC data sources on hydrological models via their parameterization and by performing sensitivity analyses. Kiffissos catchment, in Greece, a poorly gauged and highly urbanized basin including the city of Athens, is the case study area. In total, 12 continuous hydrological models were developed by mainly varying their structure and parametrization (lumped and gridded) and using three LULC datasets: coordination of information on the environment (CORINE), Urban Atlas and Scent (citizen-based). It was found that excess precipitation is negligibly contributed to by soil saturation and is dominated by the runoff over impervious areas. Therefore, imperviousness was the main parameter influencing both sensitivity to land cover and parameterization. Lastly, although the parametrization as lumped and gridded models affected the representation of hydrological processes in pervious areas, it was not relevant in terms of excess precipitation.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic and Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Carbonate Aquifers in Arid Regions: A Case from the Western Desert, Egypt","authors":"Mahmoud M. Khalil, Mostafa Mahmoud, Dimitrios E. Alexakis, Dimitra E. Gamvroula, Emad Youssef, Esam El-Sayed, Mohamed H. Farag, Mohamed Ahmed, Peiyue Li, Ahmed Ali, Esam Ismail","doi":"10.3390/w16182610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182610","url":null,"abstract":"Using geochemical and pumping test data from 80 groundwater wells, the chemical, hydrologic, and hydraulic properties of the fractured Eocene carbonate aquifer located west of the Al-Minya district, the Western Desert, Egypt, have been characterized and determined to guarantee sustainable management of groundwater resources under large-scale desert reclamation projects. The hydrochemical data show that groundwater from the fractured Eocene carbonate aquifer has a high concentration of Na+ and Cl− and varies in salinity from 2176 to 2912 mg/L (brackish water). Water–rock interaction and ion exchange processes are the most dominant processes controlling groundwater composition. The carbonate aquifer exists under confined to semi-confined conditions, and the depth to groundwater increases eastward. From the potentiometric head data, deep-seated faults are the suggested pathways for gas-rich water ascending from the deep Nubian aquifer system into the overlying shallow carbonate aquifer. This mechanism enhances the dissolution and karstification of carbonate rocks, especially in the vicinity of faulted sites, and is supported by the significant loss of mud circulation during well drilling operations. The average estimated hydraulic parameters, based on the analysis of step-drawdown, long-duration pumping and recovery tests, indicate that the Eocene carbonate aquifer has a wide range of transmissivity (T) that is between 336.39 and 389,309.28 m2/d (average: 18,405.21 m2/d), hydraulic conductivity (K) between 1.31 and 1420.84 m/d (average: 70.29 m/d), and specific capacity (Sc) between 44.4 and 17,376.24 m2/d (average: 45.24 m2/d). On the other hand, the performance characteristics of drilled wells show that well efficiency ranges between 0.47 and 97.08%, and well losses range between 2.92 and 99.53%. In addition to variations in carbonate aquifer thickness and clay/shale content, the existence of strong karstification features, i.e., fissures, fractures or caverns, and solution cavities, in the Eocene carbonate aquifer are responsible for variability in the K and T values. The observed high well losses might be related to turbulent flow within and adjacent to the wells drilled in conductive fracture zones. The current approach can be further used to enhance local aquifer models and improve strategies for identifying the most productive zones in similar aquifer systems.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Identification of Eccentricity of Axial-Flow Impeller by Variational Mode Decomposition","authors":"Houyu Zhang, Yingbo Guan, Zilong Hu, Weilong Guang, Di Zhu, Ran Tao, Ruofu Xiao","doi":"10.3390/w16182605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182605","url":null,"abstract":"The axial-flow impellers are widely applied to industry due to their excellent hydraulic performance and simple structure, but they may be affected by their eccentricity during operation. This study compared and studied the effects of the axial-flow eccentricity of an impeller on hydraulic performance, impeller radial force, and downstream pressure pulsation of the unit. The research results indicate that impeller eccentricity has a small effect on hydraulic performance. Compared with the design conditions, the efficiency, power, and head changes caused by impeller eccentricity are all less than 1%, but the impeller eccentricity leads to a sharp increase in the radial force of the impeller. Under the design conditions, the average value of the radial force of the impeller is 31.38 N; under eccentric conditions, the average value of the radial force of the impeller increased by nine times, reaching 316.30 N. By analyzing the pressure pulsation signals decomposed by the VMD method, it is shown that the influence of eccentricity on pressure pulsation is mainly reflected in the increase in impeller frequency on pressure pulsation. Under design conditions, the corresponding amplitude of the impeller frequency is 2.6; under eccentric conditions, the amplitude corresponding to the impeller frequency increased by 100 times, reaching 274.4. This study elucidates the specific effects of axial impeller eccentricity, providing theoretical guidance for the safe and stable operation of axial-flow units, and has important engineering significance.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming Hydrology Python Packages into Web Application Programming Interfaces: A Comprehensive Workflow Using Modern Web Technologies","authors":"Sarva T. Pulla, Hakan Yasarer, Lance D. Yarbrough","doi":"10.3390/w16182609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182609","url":null,"abstract":"The accessibility and deployment of complex hydrological models remain significant challenges in water resource management and research. This study presents a comprehensive workflow for converting Python-based hydrological models into web APIs, addressing the need for more accessible and interoperable modeling tools. The workflow leverages modern web technologies and containerization to streamline the deployment process. The workflow was applied to three distinct models: a GRACE downscaling model, a synthetic time series generator, and a MODFLOW groundwater model. The implementation process for each model was completed in approximately 15 min with a reliable internet connection, demonstrating the efficiency of the approach. The resulting APIs provide standardized interfaces for model execution, progress tracking, and result retrieval, facilitating integration with various applications. This workflow significantly reduces barriers to model deployment and usage, potentially broadening the user base for sophisticated hydrological tools. The approach aligns hydrological modeling with contemporary software development practices, opening new avenues for collaboration and innovation. While challenges such as performance scaling and security considerations remain, this work provides a blueprint for making complex hydrological models more accessible and operational, paving the way for enhanced research and practical applications in hydrology.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Resilience Assessment Framework for Water Distribution Networks","authors":"Joana Carneiro, Dália Loureiro, Marta Cabral, Dídia Covas","doi":"10.3390/w16182611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182611","url":null,"abstract":"A novel comprehensive resilience assessment framework for drinking water systems is proposed integrating different resilience perspectives (i.e., robustness, autonomy, flexibility, reliability, preparedness and recovery), oriented by objectives, criteria and metrics, applicable at the tactical level. The resilience assessment framework is applied to a Portuguese real water distribution network, enabling the evaluation of the system’s resilience. The infrastructure dimension is the main contributor to the low resilience results, particularly in terms of infrastructural robustness, as the infrastructure has exceeded the average service life and has low rehabilitation rates. In terms of autonomy, the system highly depends on external water and energy sources. Regarding the service dimension, most of the drinking water available is used for non-potable uses (e.g., irrigation), without alternative sources. The detailed diagnosis identified network area R6 as the priority area. Assets rehabilitation, increasing storage capacity, finding alternative water and energy sources, and minimizing non-potable uses are relevant improvement measures that promote the reinforcement of the system’s resilience. The resilience assessment framework is a very useful tool for the daily and tactical management of drinking water systems.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}