Voprosy virusologii最新文献

{"title":"Mutations in human cytymegalovirus (Orthoherpesviridae: Herpesvirales: Cytomegalovirus: Cytomegalovirus humanbeta 5) UL97 gene lead to increase in viremia duration and poor antiviral response in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells.","authors":"D S Tikhomirov, M V Demin, A A Serikova, B V Biderman, A B Sudarikov, F P Filatov, T A Tupoleva","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-251","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Human cytomegalovirus (Orthoherpesviridae: <i>Herpesvirales: Cytomegalovirus: Cytomegalovirus humanbeta 5</i>) (HCMV) is one of the most commonly detected viruses in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (allo-HSCT) transplants. However, the emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs such as ganciclovir (GCV) poses a challenge in managing these patients. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and impact of mutations in the HCMV UL97 gene associated with resistance to GCV on the course of infection among allo-HSCT patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study examined the association between UL97 mutations and the clinical course of HCMV infection in allo-HSCT patients. Genetic sequencing was performed to identify mutations, and their impact on viral replication and resistance to GCV was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Six mutations were identified (D490A, T502A, C592G, C592F, E596G, C603W). C592G, C592F, E596G, and C603W are associated with resistance to antiviral drugs, while D490A and T502A described for the first time. When comparing patients with wild-type and those carrying the mutant variant, several parameters of peripheral blood were significantly lower in the former group. The median time to peak viral load following allo-HSCT, duration of viremia, and rate of virological response to high-dose therapy also differed significantly between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was shown that approximately one third (4 out of 14) of allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients had mutations associated with resistance to GCV. Patients carrying the mutant variant of HCMV had longer viremia and took longer to achieve a negative virological test result after starting high-dose therapy. Performing genotyping may help make more evidence-based therapeutic decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 5","pages":"449-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Evaluation of the effectiveness of chemical inactivation and immunogenicity of the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus].","authors":"G A Zhapparova, B S Myrzakhmetova, T M Tlenchiyeva, A A Tussipova, K B Bissenbayeva, A S Toytanova, L B Kutumbetov","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-253","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The rapid spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 among the population of many countries around the world has contributed to the emergence of many genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2. Compared to previous coronavirus variants, the new Omicron variants have shown a noticeable degree of mutation. Virus inactivation is one of the most important steps in the development of inactivated vaccines. The chemical inactivation agents currently used are β-propiolactone and formaldehyde, but there is no uniform standard for designing and specifying the inactivation process.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of chemical inactivation of two agents, formaldehyde and β-propiolactone against immunogenicity of the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Nasopharyngeal swabs were used to obtain the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant virus. Vero cell culture was used to isolate, reproduce, titrate the virus, and perform a neutralization reaction. The kinetics of studying the inactivation of the virus by chemical agents such as formaldehyde and β-propiolactone was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Studies have been conducted to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of chemical agents used to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus of the Omicron variant, planned for use in the production of an inactivated whole-virion vaccine. Formaldehyde and β-propiolactone were used as inactivation agents in concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5% of the total volume of the virus suspension. It has been established that complete inactivation of the virus by formaldehyde in the concentrations used at a temperature of 37 °C occurs within up to 2 hours, and when using beta-propiolactone, within up to 12 hours.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Inactivated virus samples have different antigenic activity depending on the concentration of the inactivation agents used. The most pronounced antigenic activity is manifested in samples of the pathogen that were treated with an inactivation agent at a mild concentration of 0.05%. Increasing the concentration of inactivation agent by 5 or more times leads to a significant decrease in the antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. With the inactivation modes used, the loss of biological activity of the virus occurs faster and antigenicity is retained largely when treated with formaldehyde.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 5","pages":"459-469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of whole-genome sequences of African swine fever virus (Asfarviridae: Asfivirus) isolates сollected on the territory of the left bank of the Dnieper River in 2023.","authors":"R S Chernyshev, A S Igolkin, N G Zinyakov, I A Chvala","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-263","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The lack of data on the whole-genome sequences of African swine fever virus (ASFV) variants circulating on the territory of the left bank of the Dnieper River complicates the understanding of the molecular evolution of the virus and the character of the epidemic process development in Russia and Ukraine. Understanding the genetic divergence and phylogenetic relatedness of isolates can largely adjust the strategy of general and specific prevention of the disease. The aim of the study - search and description of unique mutations (deletions/insertions/substitutions) in isolates collected from domestic pigs in Donetsk, Luhansk and Zaporozhye regions in 2023; determination of relatedness and level of homology with reference strains of ASFV genotype II; sub-genotyping and clustering of isolates based on whole-genome analysis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The samples used were a culture suspension of porcine bone marrow (PBM) cells containing ASFV isolates obtained from pathologic material from domestic pig carcasses. Genomic DNA was prepared by purification and concentration of virus followed by phenol-chloroform extraction of total nucleic acid. The high-throughput sequencing process was performed using MGI technology. Consensus sequences were assembled by mapping reads to the reference genome of strain Georgia 2007/1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All isolates are assigned to genotype II, have a monophyletic origin, are phylogenetically close to the clusters «Europe» (4/5) and «Bryansk 2021» (1/5), and are divergent from the original parental genetic variants that make up the enlarged clades. In addition, numerous substitutions in the loci of the multigene family <i>MGF 110</i>, <i>505</i>, and <i>360</i>, encoding virulence proteins, were detected in 4 isolates from Donetsk and Zaporozhye regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The phylogeny of the genotype II ASFV, which originated from the reference strain Georgia 2007/1, is shown to be sufficient for isolate differentiation. The presented data are of theoretical and practical importance for domestic and international ASFV surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 5","pages":"481-494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plain-nosed bats (family Vespertilionidae) as a possible reservoir of lyssaviruses and coronaviruses in Western Siberia and the south of European Russia.","authors":"O V Ohlopkova, Y V Kononova, M A Tyumentseva, A I Tyumentsev, A M Shestopalov, V G Akimkin","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-267","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The review presents current data on the chiropterofauna inhabiting Western Siberia and the south of the European part of Russia. A general description of the genus of lyssaviruses and the family of coronaviruses is given. The potential for virus carriage in relation to lyssaviruses and coronaviruses in bat populations of two geographically distant regions is considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 5","pages":"415-428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defective HIV proviruses: possible involvement in the HIV infection pathogenesis.","authors":"M R Bobkova","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-261","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review article analyzes information obtained from a literature search on defective HIV genomes (HIV-1, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Lentivirus, Orthoretrovirinae, Retroviridae). It discusses the origins of defective HIV genomes, their potential for transcription and translation, and the role of defective RNA and proteins in stimulating both innate and adaptive immunity. The article also explores their contribution to HIV pathogenesis, immune system hyperactivation despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the evolutionary processes in HIV proviral populations under ART. Additionally, it addresses challenges in reservoir elimination and HIV eradication that arise from the existence of defective HIV viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 5","pages":"399-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seropositivity of West Nile virus among acute febrile patients in Ilorin, Nigeria.","authors":"M B Odebisi-Omokanye, M M Suleiman, M K Sulaiman, S A Atolagbe","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-241","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of <i>Flaviviridae</i> family, is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world. In developing countries like Nigeria, fever resulting from the WNV infection is often presumptively ascribed to malaria or typhoid due to misdiagnosis and low-level awareness of the viral infection. This study determined the prevalence of WNV IgM and IgG antibodies among febrile patients in the Ilorin metropolis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of two hundred (200) blood samples were collected from consenting patients and each serum was screened for anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical correlation and logistic regression analysis were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 6% (12/200) anti-WNV IgM seropositivity rate was recorded amongst the acute febrile patients with higher prevalence (6.30%) in females than in males (5.45%). Anti-WNV IgG positivity rate of 52% (104/200) was recorded, with 50.67% positivity rate in males and 38.95% in female participants. The convalescence phase posited by the 5.4% (11/200) co-detection of anti-WNV IgG and IgM antibodies among the participants was recorded. A statistical correlation was noticed with the age and religion of respondents to WNV serological positivity while gender, occupation, use of mosquito nets and formal education had no positive correlation at <i>p</i> < 0.05. However, based on odd ratio at 95% CI and logistic regression coefficients, the evaluated risk factors such as blood transfusion, residency, malaria parasite, and proximity to stagnant water and bush were significant to anti-WNV IgG and IgM positivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study show the circulation of WNV in the study area. There is an urgent need for clinicians/physicians to include screening for the West Nile virus in cases of febrile patients before the commencement of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 4","pages":"320-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The Molecular and Biological Patterns Underlying Sustained SARS-CoV-2 Circulation in the Human Population].","authors":"D D Kustova, A A Pochtovyi, O G Shpakova, I A Shtinova, N A Kuznetsova, D A Kleimenov, A G Komarov, V A Gushchin","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-242","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>For four years, SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, has been circulating among humans. By the end of the second year, an absence of immunologically naive individuals was observed, attributable to extensive immunization efforts and natural viral exposure. This study focuses on delineating the molecular and biological patterns that facilitate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2, thereby informing predictions on the epidemiological trajectory of COVID-19 toward refining pandemic countermeasures. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular biological patterns identified that contribute to the persistence of the virus in the human population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>For over three years since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, molecular genetic monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 has been conducted, which included the collection of nasopharyngeal swabs from infected individuals, assessment of viral load, and subsequent whole-genome sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We discerned dominant genetic lineages correlated with rising disease incidence. We scrutinized amino acid substitutions across SARS-CoV-2 proteins and quantified viral loads in swab samples from patients with emerging COVID-19 variants. Our findings suggest a model of viral persistence characterized by 1) periodic serotype shifts causing substantial diminutions in serum virus-neutralizing activity (> 10-fold), 2) serotype-specific accrual of point mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) to modestly circumvent neutralizing antibodies and enhance receptor affinity, and 3) a gradually increasing amount of virus being shed in mucosal surfaces within a single serotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This model aptly accounts for the dynamics of COVID-19 incidence in Moscow. For a comprehensive understanding of these dynamics, acquiring population-level data on immune tension and antibody neutralization relative to genetic lineage compositions is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 4","pages":"329-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development, study, and comparison of models of cross-immunity to the influenza virus using statistical methods and machine learning.","authors":"M N Asatryan, I S Shmyr, B I Timofeev, D N Shcherbinin, V G Agasaryan, T A Timofeeva, I F Ershov, E R Gerasimuk, A V Nozdracheva, T A Semenenko, D Y Logunov, A L Gintsburg","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-250","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The World Health Organization considers the values of antibody titers in the hemagglutination inhibition assay as one of the most important criteria for assessing successful vaccination. Mathematical modeling of cross-immunity allows for identification on a real-time basis of new antigenic variants, which is of paramount importance for human health.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study uses statistical methods and machine learning techniques from simple to complex: logistic regression model, random forest method, and gradient boosting. The calculations used the AAindex matrices in parallel to the Hamming distance. The calculations were carried out with different types and values of antigenic escape thresholds, on four data sets. The results were compared using common binary classification metrics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differentiation is shown depending on the data sets used. The best results were demonstrated by all three models for the forecast autumn season of 2022, which were preliminary trained on the February season of the same year (Auroc 0.934; 0.958; 0.956, respectively). The lowest results were obtained for the entire forecast year 2023, they were set up on data from two seasons of 2022 (Aucroc 0.614; 0.658; 0.775). The dependence of the results on the types of thresholds used and their values turned out to be insignificant. The additional use of AAindex matrices did not significantly improve the results of the models without introducing significant deterioration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More complex models show better results. When developing cross-immunity models, testing on a variety of data sets is important to make strong claims about their prognostic robustness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 4","pages":"349-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Study of Varicella zoster virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Stroke Patients of Thi-Qar province.","authors":"Z F Salim, B J Hamad","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-245","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a type of alpha-herpesvirus that specifically targets the nervous system. The initial infection, typically occurring during childhood, results in varicella (commonly known as chickenpox), after which the virus enters a dormant state in cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia throughout the entire neuroaxis.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>Molecular and genetic studies of viruses are an important tool for virus development and identifying viral treatments to combat the diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the whole ORF4 sequence of the local VZV strains for phylogenetic analysis to determine the variability in the viral sequence.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Ten samples of VZV DNA were subjected to the sequencing of the whole ORF4 region following identification using the PCR method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sequences from five samples have been successfully analyzed. All clinical strains were discovered to possess a genome with a length of 124,884 base pairs. The sequences exhibited the occurrence of two distinct mutations, one being a transversion and the other a transition, with the latter resulting in an alteration of the amino acid. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method based on the sequences of five nucleotide sequences from clinical samples and nine reference VZV strains. The tree displayed the evolutionary distances between these sequences. The analysis of the phylogenetic tree revealed the presence of five primary clades, with four of them originating from India (isolates S1, S2, S4, S5), while S3 exhibited similarity to a strain from the United Kingdom.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 4","pages":"341-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual BA222-like strains of <i>Rotavirus A</i> (Sedoreoviridae: <i>Rotavirus: Rotavirus A</i>): molecular and genetic analysis based on all genome segments.","authors":"E I Velikzhanina, T A Sashina, O V Morozova, A Y Kashnikov, N V Epifanova, N A Novikova","doi":"10.36233/0507-4088-254","DOIUrl":"10.36233/0507-4088-254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rotavirus infection is the major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea requiring hospitalization in young children worldwide. Due to their segmented genome, rotaviruses are capable of gene reassortment, which makes the emergence and spread of genetically novel strains possible. The purpose of this study was to search for unusual rotaviruses circulating in Nizhny Novgorod in 2021‒2023 and their molecular genetic characterization based on all genome segments.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Rotavirus-positive stool samples of children were examined by PCR genotyping and electrophoresis in PAAG. cDNA fragments of each of the 11 genes (<i>VP1‒VP4</i>, <i>VP6</i>, <i>VP7</i>, <i>NSP1‒NSP5</i>), 570 to 850 nucleotide pairs in length were sequenced for the selected strains. The phylogenetic analysis was performed in the MEGA X program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the study period 2021‒2023, 11 G[P] combinations with a predominance of G3P[8] (59.5%) were identified. Six atypical <i>Rotavirus </i><i>А</i> (RVA) strains were identified: 2 strains of the G2P[4] genotype (G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T3-E2-H3, G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T3-E3-H2) and 4 G3P[9] strains (all strains had the genotype G3-P[9]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T3-E3-H3). Phylogenetic analysis based on all genes showed an evolutionary relationship between rotaviruses similar to rotaviruses of cats and dogs (BA222-like) and unusual strains of the G2P[4] genotype, for which a mixed combination of genotypes was identified and characterized for the first time.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results obtained expand the understanding of the diversity of reassortant RVAs, as well as complement the data on the genotypic structure of the rotavirus population in Nizhny Novgorod.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The wide genetic diversity of reassortant RVA can help rotaviruses overcome the immunological pressure provided by natural and vaccine-induced immunity. In this regard, to control the emergence of new variants and assess changes in the virulence of rotaviruses after reassortment processes, continuous molecular monitoring for circulating RVA is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":23669,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy virusologii","volume":"69 4","pages":"363-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}