Veterinary Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Correction to \"Natural progression of tarsal osteochondrosis in standardbred pacers and trotters\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149070084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of blind end closure techniques in equine ileum.","authors":"Rachel L Hilliard, Amanda Prisk, Sichao Wang, Stefanie Hansen, Amelia Munsterman","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the difference in bursting pressure (BP), bursting wall tension (BWT), and closure speed between commonly utilized methods of ileal stump closure.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Randomized experimental study.</p><p><strong>Sample population: </strong>A total of 71 ileal segments from 18 healthy horses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ileum was collected postmortem from 18 horses and divided into four segments. One end of each segment was closed using one of three techniques: Parker-Kerr (PK), gastrointestinal staples (ST), or gastrointestinal staples with a Lembert staple oversew (SO). Closure time was recorded. Control (C) segments were not altered. Segments were distended until failure. BP and infusion volume were documented, and BWT was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BP and BWT were higher for controls compared to all closure methods (p < .001). No differences in BP (p > .999) or BWT (p > .77) were found between closure methods. ST technique was 27.1 times faster than PK (p < .001) and 23.4 times faster than SO (p < .001). SO was 1.2 times faster than PK (p < .001). Mechanisms of failure were predictable within each technique.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No difference in BP or BWT was observed between closure techniques in healthy ileum. ST and SO were significantly faster than PK.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>The similarity in bursting strength across techniques suggests that closure method should be chosen based on other factors. The ST closure was faster compared to other techniques, and the addition of an oversewing pattern did not improve security of closure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staged caval occlusion enabling en bloc right divisional hepatectomy in two dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Kumiko Ishigaki, Kazushi Asano","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe staged pre-renal caudal vena cava (CVC) occlusion before en bloc right divisional hepatectomy with segmental caval resection in two dogs with right divisional hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involving the CVC.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Two client-owned, 11-year-old neutered male dogs (Siberian Husky and Shih Tzu).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Short case series.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dog 1 (Siberian Husky) had prior hemoperitoneum and biopsy-confirmed HCC; dog 2 (Shih Tzu) had persistent liver enzyme elevations and a suspected hepatic tumor. Computed tomography (CT) showed right divisional masses (91.8 × 122.3 × 101.4 mm; 77.0 × 94.8 × 70.2 mm) with CVC compression or involvement and no pre-existing collateral venous return. A percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder was placed around the pre-renal CVC. Gradual outpatient occlusion was performed over 79 and 44 days while monitoring saphenous venous pressure, renal values, and hindlimb edema. Complete CVC occlusion and collateralization were confirmed by CT before en bloc right divisional hepatectomy with segmental CVC resection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Macroscopically complete resection was achieved in both dogs. Complete HCC resection was confirmed histopathologically. Morbidity was limited to transient wound exudation in dog 1 and transient ascites in dog 2. No recurrence or metastasis was identified in dog 1 during follow-up. In dog 2, no clinical signs suggestive of recurrence or metastasis were reported. Survival after hepatectomy was 352 and 2467 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Staged pre-renal CVC occlusion may establish collateral venous return and permit planned en bloc right divisional hepatectomy with segmental CVC resection in carefully selected dogs with right divisional HCC involving the CVC.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of fenestration in acute canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion: Part 2-The biological and biomechanical effects of fenestration.","authors":"James D Crowley, Paul Freeman, William R Walsh","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prophylactic fenestration is widely performed to prevent recurrence of canine acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE); however, there is a paucity of specific data regarding the biological and biomechanical effect of this procedure on the intervertebral disc and vertebral column.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the biological and biomechanical effect of fenestration by synthesizing data from clinical canine literature and preclinical in vivo and ex vivo (rabbit) models, to provide relevant translational information for the canine scenario.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Biologically, experimental models and limited canine literature demonstrate that fenestration initiates a robust reparative response characterized by rapid annular fibrosis, endplate sclerosis, and eventual ankylosis rather than a return to normal disc architecture. Biomechanically, while ex vivo studies demonstrate that fenestration causes acute segmental destabilization and laxity, in vivo models reveal that the biological healing process overrides this, resulting in profound segmental stiffness and significantly reduced range of motion over time.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Although not yet directly demonstrated in clinical canine thoracolumbar IVDE populations, these translational findings from experimental models and limited canine data suggest that fenestration-induced ankylosis may alter spinal loading dynamics, potentially transferring mechanical stress to adjacent, non-fenestrated discs. This biomechanical shift highlights a clinical trade-off between the prophylactic benefit of the procedure and the long-term biological costs to the vertebral column. Consequently, more consideration is needed regarding the biological and biomechanical effects of fenestration in dogs, and more research is needed to determine the optimal extent of fenestration to minimize these deleterious sequelae.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trial of erythropoietin and platelet rich plasma as adjunctive treatment in dogs with paraplegia and absent pain perception after thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion and surgical decompression: A clinical pilot study.","authors":"Madison Janzen, Dominik Faissler, Elizabeth Rozanski, Michael P Kowaleski","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70158","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vsu.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effectiveness of adjunctive treatment with either systemic erythropoietin or local platelet rich plasma administered at the time of decompressive surgery in dogs with severe spinal cord injury (SCI).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective randomized study.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A total of 32 client owned dogs presented for acute onset of paraplegia and loss of pain perception after a thoracolumbar disc extrusion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All dogs underwent a standard laminectomy within 24 h after admission and were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) Subarachnoid saline (controls), (2) subarachnoid autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP), or (3) subarachnoid saline plus IV erythropoietin (EPO). Examinations were performed initially at the time of admission, and 1, 3, 7-, 14-, 42-, and 84-days post-surgery. Parameters of interest included return of pain perception, motor or ambulatory function, and fecal or urinary continence. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows 30 software with p < .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age of the 32 dogs enrolled was 5 years (3-12.5 years). Dachshunds were the most common breed. One dog (3.1%) developed myelomalacia 4 days post-surgery and was euthanized. Three months post-surgery, 24/32 (75%) dogs regained ambulatory function whereas 7/32 (21.8%) did not. There was no overall difference among groups. Dogs treated with EPO appeared to have a trend towards a reduction in incontinence (Fisher exact test, p = .089) but a larger study is needed to verify this apparent finding.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of EPO might be beneficial to reduce the likelihood of incontinence, but the low number of patients prohibits definitive conclusions.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>There was no statistically significant clinical benefit found associated with local application of PRP and systemic injection of EPO at the time of decompressive surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete surgical excision of a type V-variant dermoid sinus (V/VI overlap) associated with spina bifida in a Shiba Inu dog: A case report.","authors":"Ji-Eun Jeong, Sun-Young Kim, Jong-In Kim","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the clinical, imaging, surgical, and histopathologic features of a type V/VI overlap dermoid sinus (DS), and highlight diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Animal: </strong>A 16-month-old spayed female Shiba Inu dog.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Shiba Inu initially presented at 4 months of age with a dorsal thoracic hair tuft. Radiography and ultrasonography suggested a DS; contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were declined. The dog presented 12 months later for malodor, erythema, pruritus, focal pain on palpation, intermittent discomfort, and decreased appetite, although neurologic status remained normal. CT and MRI revealed spina bifida at T12 and a sinus tract extending from the skin to the dorsal dura mater, with mild dorsal displacement of the dura. Surgical excision via dorsal laminectomy and partial durectomy allowed en bloc removal of the tract and fibrous dural attachment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histopathology confirmed a keratin-filled dermoid cyst lined by adnexal epithelium with pyogranulomatous inflammation and a fibrous dural connection, consistent with a type V/VI overlap DS. Recovery was uneventful, with no recurrence or neurologic deficits at the 12-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dural attachment may lead to clinical discomfort, even if neurological deficits are not present. Intraoperative assessment, histopathology, and advanced diagnostic imaging modalities such as CT and MRI are essential for surgical planning and accurate classification.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance/impact: </strong>This is the first report of a Shiba Inu with a type V/VI overlap DS and thoracic spina bifida. Early surgical intervention based on an integrated approach can lead to a good long term patient outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: Combined approach for total mandibulectomy.","authors":"Mateo Castano Ospina, Jane Pegg, Sarah Boston","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe a novel combined approach for total mandibulectomy (CATM) by combining a lateral approach for condylectomy and a ventral approach for total mandibulectomy.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive technical note utilizing a cadaveric study and clinical case.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>One dog cadaver (27 kg, mixed breed) and one clinical case (2.5-year-old castrated male Australian Shepherd).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The CATM technique was evaluated in a dog cadaver prior to clinical application in a dog with a left mandibular soft tissue sarcoma. Condylectomy was performed by a lateral approach to the temporomandibular joint followed by a ventral paramedian approach for left total mandibulectomy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CATM was successfully performed in both the cadaveric model and clinical case without intraoperative complications. Extending the lateral condylectomy incision caudally allowed for regional lymphadenectomy in the clinical case. Medial drift of the right mandible resulted in palatal contact trauma that was successfully managed with crown height reduction and vital pulpotomy. At two months postoperatively, the dog maintained good clinical function without tumor recurrence or additional adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CATM was a feasible technique that provided increased TMJ exposure for joint disarticulation and condylectomy.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>The CATM provides a safe and effective technique for total mandibulectomy that optimizes TMJ access, facilitating joint disarticulation and condylectomy, while enhancing visualization of neurovascular structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148978181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective multicenter study of outcomes and complications in dogs undergoing total hip replacement with a BFX collared stem.","authors":"Viktoria Brandstetter, Ulrike Matis, Riccarda Schuenemann, Carmen Arndt, Antonio Pozzi, Pavlos Natsios, Georg Haimel","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate outcomes and complications of the cementless BFX collared (BFX-C) stem in canine total hip replacement (THR) and identify risk factors for complications and subsidence.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective multicenter study.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A total of 104 dogs undergoing 134 THR at four referral institutions (2019-2024).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records and radiographs of dogs receiving a BFX-C stem were reviewed. Radiographic measurements included canal fill, canal flare index, stem alignment and subsidence. Clinical outcomes were assessed by orthopedic examination and owner questionnaire. Associations between putative risk factors and stem-specific complications and subsidence were assessed using univariable and multivariable analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Major stem-specific complications occurred in 15 (11.2%) procedures: intraoperative femoral fissures (7; 5.2%), intraoperative greater trochanter fractures (4; 3.0%), postoperative femoral fractures (3; 2.2%), subsidence requiring revision surgery (1; 0.8%). Median subsidence was 1.0 mm (range: -1.8-10.8). Subsidence of >3 mm in five (3.7%) cases, with one associated major complication. Increasing age was associated with greater subsidence (p = .04), but not with the likelihood of subsidence >3 mm (p = .08). At clinical follow-up (>3 months), 88/100 (88.0%) cases showed no lameness. Owners reported full limb function in 122 (91.0%) and acceptable function in 12 (9.0%) cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of the BFX-C stem resulted in low rates of stem-specific complications and clinically relevant subsidence in this cohort. Subsidence ≤3 mm was common but not associated with stem-specific complications.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>The BFX-C stem is an acceptable option for cementless THR in dogs, providing high rates of full function and owner satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148978178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal modifications after transpelvic urethrostomy as treatment for urethral stricture in a three-month-old cat.","authors":"Daniel Hernández-León, Pablo Agüera-Espejo, Carlos Martin-Bernal, Francisco Aranda-Jiménez","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the occurrence, management, and long-term outcome of bilateral lateral displacement of the ischial tuberosities following transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU) performed to treat intrapelvic urethral rupture and obstruction in a skeletally immature cat.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>One 3-month-old male domestic short-haired cat.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A young cat with intrapelvic urethral rupture secondary to repeated unsuccessful urethral catheterizations was initially managed conservatively and subsequently underwent perineal urethrostomy, which failed due to recurrent intrapelvic urethral stenosis. Transpelvic urethrostomy was then performed as a salvage procedure. Clinical follow-up included serial physical examinations, radiography, computed tomography (CT), orthopedic assessment, and owner-completed functional questionnaires over a three-year period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cat regained voluntary urination within 12 h postoperatively and remained continent. Follow-up radiographs at 2 months revealed bilateral lateral displacement of the ischial tuberosities, with pelvic width measuring 46.2 mm at the iliac wings and 55.7 mm at the ischial tuberosities, compared with a pelvic length of 79.6 mm. At 3 years, CT measurements showed dorsal acetabular rim angles of 16.9°-18.1° and an acetabular angle of 45°. Functional assessment demonstrated minimal musculoskeletal pain (feline musculoskeletal pain index [FMPI] = 2/72) and negligible disability (average disability score [ADS] = 0.75/16), with preserved locomotor function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Transpelvic urethrostomy can be a feasible and effective surgical option for managing intrapelvic urethral rupture in skeletally immature cats. Although pelvic morphological alterations may occur following caudal pelvic symphyseal release, these changes were not associated with functional impairment in this case, highlighting the potential role of TPU as a salvage procedure in selected juvenile feline patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraoperative cholangiography during open cholecystectomy in 73 dogs with benign gallbladder disease.","authors":"Ryusei Konno, Yasuyuki Kaneko, Misaki Matsunaga, Tatsuyuki Osuga, Ryota Okadera, Shidow Torisu, Shushi Yamamoto, Kiyokazu Naganobu","doi":"10.1111/vsu.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during open cholecystectomy in dogs with benign gallbladder disease, including cases with preoperative common bile duct (CBD) obstruction, and to describe the short-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective case series.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A total of 73 client-owned dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records (2014-2022) were reviewed. All dogs underwent open cholecystectomy, bile duct flushing (BDF) with saline, and IOC under subtraction fluoroscopy. Cholangiograms were assessed for complete CBD obstruction (no duodenal passage), partial obstruction (CBD filling defects indicating retained debris), and filling defects in hepatic ducts. Perioperative mortality (≤14 days) and post-discharge findings during 3 months of follow-up were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IOC was evaluable in 72 of 73 dogs; assessment was precluded by catheter perforation in one dog. Complete CBD obstruction was identified in 12.5% (9/72). Partial obstruction with retained debris occurred in 20.8% (15/72); debris migrated to transiently obstruct the distal CBD during contrast injection in four of 15. Among the 66 dogs in which IOC opacified the right and left hepatic ducts, seven (10.6%) had filling defects in the hepatic ducts. One dog developed suspected contrast-associated shock that resolved with treatment. Perioperative mortality was 6.8% (5/73) in the total cohort; 0% (0/29) in dogs without jaundice, and 11.4% (5/44) in dogs with jaundice. Among 61 dogs with follow-up, no deaths occurred within 3 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>During open cholecystectomy, IOC frequently identified retained debris and other biliary abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>IOC may be a useful adjunct to BDF when CBD or hepatic duct obstruction or retained debris is suspected. Routine IOC may improve surgical outcomes, particularly in dogs with preoperative CBD obstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23667,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}