The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology最新文献

{"title":"A short history of the beam engine in America","authors":"R. Damian Nance","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2250836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2250836","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractBeam engines introduced America to the steam age and powered the nation’s progress for much of the 19th century, spearheading the navigation of its inland waterways, powering its mills and manufacturing industry, enabling the mining of its deep mineral resources, and supplying its growing cities with water. Development of the beam engine in America lagged that in Britain and Europe but followed a similar evolution until its displacement by other forms of steam engine and by electricity at the end of the 19th century. Development started with the introduction of America’s first beam engine, imported from Britain in 1755, progressed through the rapid growth of American-built engines, and culminated in the mid- to late-19th century in the metropolitan waterworks of the American Midwest and East, in the deep mines of the American West, and in the paddle steamers that first brought America together.Keywords: Steam enginesengineersminingpaddle steamerswaterworks19th century America AcknowledgmentsThis article has benefited from insightful reviews by Chris Allen and Paul Stephens, and the comments of journal editor Julia Elton, all of which were greatly appreciated.Notes1 J. H. Andrew and J. S. Allen, ‘A Confirmation of the Location of the 1712 ‘Dudley Castle’ Newcomen Engine at Coneygree, Tipton,’ The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology 79, no. 2 (July 2009), 174–182, DOI: 10.1179/175812109 × 449603; Mårten Triewald, ‘A Short Description of the Fire- and Air-Machine’ (Stockholm, 1734) translated from the Swedish with foreward, introduction and notes. The Newcomen Society, Extra Publication 1, 1928.2 L. T. C. Rolt, Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine (Dawlish, UK: David and Charles, 1963), ISBN-10: 0715340794; L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen (Ashbourne, UK: Landmark Publishing, 1997), ISBN-10: 190152244X; John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine: Historical, Practical, Descriptive (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1827), 309–405; J. T. Desaguliers, A Course in Experimental Philosophy (London: W. Innys, M. Senex and T. Longman, 1744), 126–211.3 Ben Marsden, Watt’s Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), ISBN-10: 0231131720; H. W. Dickinson and R. Jenkins, James Watt and the Steam Engine (London: Encore Editions, 1981), ISBN-10: 0903485923 (reprint of the 1919 memorial volume prepared for the Committee of the Watt Centenary Commemoration in Birmingham); Samuel Smiles Lives of Boulton and Watt. Principally from the Original Soho Mss: Comprising Also a History of the Invention and Introduction of the Steam Engine (London: John Murray, 1865), ISBN-10: 1533349878; Farey, 309–405 (see n. 2).4 G. J. Drew and J. E. Connell, Cornish Beam Engines in South Australian Mines (Adelaide: Department of Mines and Energy South Australia, Special Publication No. 9, 1993), ISBN-10: 0730823261; D. B. Barton, The Cornish ","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135393406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RAF planes that won the Battle of Britain were built on German machinery: How Jewish refugee engineer, Ludwig Loewy, was crucial to the war effort","authors":"Jonathan Aylen","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2251541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2251541","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractLudwig Loewy was a Jewish engineer who left Nazi Germany in 1936 to set up an engineering firm in London as a refugee. Britain was rearming, and a new generation of aircraft was being developed based on light alloy construction. The new Loewy Engineering Company had the expertise to supply presses and rolling mills required for alloy fabrication, which were otherwise supplied from Germany at a time of growing tension. The new firm also built a giant tube press for steel for the Admiralty. Loewy’s new company grew rapidly in London, helped by a workforce of refugee engineers and managers and ‘many thousands’ of machinery drawings from Germany. Loewy became a technical advisor to the British Government’s production programme for aircraft until his death in 1942. Back in Germany, Loewy’s former firm, Schloemann in Düsseldorf, was Aryanised after his departure. Schloemann continued to supply equipment into the UK until the outbreak of war and went on to help the German and Italian war effort. Ludwig was dispossessed of his major share in the Company, and the history of Schloemann was rewritten. Ludwig Loewy’s rapid assimilation owed much to earlier contacts with the UK engineering and metals establishment, his expertise in a sector that was growing rapidly and short of skills, customers who needed his technology, and his own personal energy and drive. The Government welcomed his contribution to aircraft and warship production at a time of break-neck rearmament. Ludwig Loewy’s experience supports the view that German-speaking refugee engineers were readily accepted in the UK from 1933 to 1945.Keywords: hydraulic pressextrusion pressrolling milldraw-benchaluminiumduraluminmagnesium alloysLoewy EngineeringSchloemannrearmamentRoyal Air ForceAdmiralty AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Deborah Jaffé and Anna Nyburg, who encouraged my interest in this topic. Brigitte Loewy Linz was an invaluable source of information and comment. Advice was given by Bob Bowden, Clive Ellam, Ian Hoose, Philip Lawlor, Ian Livingstone, Mick Steeper, Bill Summers, and Professor Wojciech Misiolek. I am grateful to Dr. Hilary Potter for expert translation work.Archivists provided welcome help including Dawn Laight and Holly Froggatt at Chesterfield Local Studies Library; Matthew Allen and Becky Sheldon at Derbyshire County Council; Anna Wreyford and Luke Dady at Dorset History Centre; Shotton Records Centre of Tata Steel, especially former manager Rolf Holthöfer; Anna Murphy, at Lincs Inspire in Grimsby; Ally McConnell at Gloucestershire Archives; Peter Elliott at the RAF Museum and Philip Jeffs at Warrington Archives. Particular thanks to Alex Japha at Lehigh University Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, who made everything possible during COVID.Earlier versions of this paper were improved by comments at the Newcomen Society Manchester, Bristol, and Newcastle and the Royal Aeronautical Society, Brough. Two expert referees corrected technical errors and gave wise advice. ","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135393409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood, sweat, and skins—and cement, and cinema, and searchlights: Carl Akeley’s adventures in inventing","authors":"M. Alvey","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2022.2060774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2022.2060774","url":null,"abstract":"Carl Akeley is a familiar figure in the world of museums, scientific exploration, conservation, and especially taxidermy—his innovations in that field in the early 20th century led peers to dub him ‘The Father of Modern Taxidermy’. But Akeley’s knack for innovation stretched far beyond mounting animal skins. As one colleague put it, ‘his practical mechanical resourcefulness was almost uncanny’. Akeley invented the ‘cement gun’ and sprayable concrete (aka ‘gunite’), a revolutionary movie camera embraced by Hollywood studios and documentarists, several ‘improved’ searchlight reflectors during World War I (when he was appointed a Consulting Engineer for the Army), and an assortment of other devices—more than 30 patents in all. One common thread tied all these efforts together: envisioning a problem, and devising a solution. This article presents an account of Carl Akeley’s inventive side, describing the wide array of inventions that grew from his natural mechanical aptitude, and his tireless passion to fabricate, and then improve.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122388419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial steam power in London, 1780–1805","authors":"John Kanefsky","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2022.2113353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2022.2113353","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the adoption of steam power to industry in London after 1780. It demonstrates that although steam power was less intensively applied in the Capital than some areas, steam engines were installed more widely there than hitherto documented, in a range of enterprises. The article also shows that the dominance of Boulton and Watt in London has been exaggerated and examines the early use of high pressure engines.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115092996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military engineers and the transmission of the technical knowledge: Spanish global fortification (16th-19th centuries)","authors":"I. Gil-Crespo","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2022.2163215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2022.2163215","url":null,"abstract":"The defense of the Spanish Empire had to be committed to the fortification of coasts and harbours along the World. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain and Portugal were linked. Between Madrid and Lisbon, the kings made decisions about the government and the fortification of half of Europe, the Atlantic archipelagos, America, the coast of Africa from Algeria to Somalia, India and part of Asia. The development of artillery and military technology obliged to improve fortification techniques and apply them globally. The bastioned fortification was, perhaps, the first human product to spread globally throughout the World. So, engineers had to design the defenses of, for example, Oran (in the North of Africa), Terceira (an island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean), Havana (in the Caribbean Sea), the Strait of Magellan (South of Chile) or Manila (Philippines). In several cases, the same engineer had to work in three or four continents. The paper will deal with several notable examples, between the 16th to 19th centuries, with the aim to show the transmission and application of the technical knowledge by the hand of engineers.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133763909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The attempted introduction of steam-pumping technology at the Buarcos coal mine, Portugal, in the early 19th century","authors":"José Manuel Brandão, R. Vernon, P. Callapez, José Manuel Soares Pinto","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2176801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2176801","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the early years of the Buarcos coal mine, when the Portuguese mineralogist, Bonifácio de Andrada a former Government’s fellow in Paris and also the Freiberg Academy, was appointed the Intendant of Mines (1801). Under the patronage of the influential Minister Sousa Coutinho, he was put in charge of the Buarcos mine. He was knowledgeable on advances made in European mining technology, so to increase coal production he ordered a Boulton and Watt steam engine for mines drainage. This appears to be the first steam engine imported to Portugal for industrial purposes. It was shipped in January 1804 but for the reasons discussed in this article, the engine was never installed. Despite this failed attempt, this less known episode in Portuguese industrial history marks, in a way, the start of the steam era in Portugal.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"5 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120875236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steam on the Sirhowy Tramroad and its Neighbours","authors":"S. K. Jones","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2176803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2176803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122240330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Trio of Fast Women","authors":"N. Baker","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2180472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2180472","url":null,"abstract":"is clear that there was a significant impact on company employees and the local population. For the workforce there was a steep learning curve regarding the new technology, learning by trial and error, running a steam-powered railway that still employed conventional horse traction with the steam traction based on an astonishing number of some eighty locomotives of individual designs and features. So, not only is a study of pioneering locomotives presented but also a human story through ordinary members of the public coming to accept a new element in their everyday lives, either as innocent bystanders or being exposed to dangers presented to life and limb. Locomotive drivers, in what appears as a common theme of the early steam railway, are seen as a law unto themselves and here are stories that flesh out and depict an almost lawless environment on the Sirhowy. To sum up, the book will appeal to a wide audience that is wider than those interested in the railways of South Wales in that it provides an insight into the operation of a technological ‘dead-end’ in terms of a steam tramroad system that worked until the 1860s.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133693373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"John Rennie: Engineer of Many Splendid and Useful Works","authors":"David Harrison","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2175762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2175762","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132312972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cotton mule spinning after Richard Roberts","authors":"R. Holden","doi":"10.1080/17581206.2023.2183167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2023.2183167","url":null,"abstract":"Patents and records of textile machine makers provide a greater understanding of the development of mule spinning in the cotton industry after the invention of the self-acting mule by Richard Roberts in 1830. Hand mules continued in use for the spinning of finer yarns, and developed into machines that were hand controlled rather than hand powered. They were built in considerable numbers until the 1860s and some machines continued in use after 1900. Other persons invented self-acting mules but the only one to achieve any success was that by James Smith of Deanston, examples of which were built in small numbers until at least the 1860s. Refinements enabled the self-actor to replace hand mules after the 1860s, but they continued to incorporate the inventions of Roberts. Winding was a crucial area and machine makers adopted different approaches that reflect the range of yarns their machines were to spin.","PeriodicalId":236677,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124311285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}