A short history of the beam engine in America

AbstractBeam engines introduced America to the steam age and powered the nation’s progress for much of the 19th century, spearheading the navigation of its inland waterways, powering its mills and manufacturing industry, enabling the mining of its deep mineral resources, and supplying its growing cities with water. Development of the beam engine in America lagged that in Britain and Europe but followed a similar evolution until its displacement by other forms of steam engine and by electricity at the end of the 19th century. Development started with the introduction of America’s first beam engine, imported from Britain in 1755, progressed through the rapid growth of American-built engines, and culminated in the mid- to late-19th century in the metropolitan waterworks of the American Midwest and East, in the deep mines of the American West, and in the paddle steamers that first brought America together.Keywords: Steam enginesengineersminingpaddle steamerswaterworks19th century America AcknowledgmentsThis article has benefited from insightful reviews by Chris Allen and Paul Stephens, and the comments of journal editor Julia Elton, all of which were greatly appreciated.Notes1 J. H. Andrew and J. S. 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Crowley: The Beam Engine – A Massive Chapter in the History of Steam (Oxford, UK: Senecio Publishing Company Ltd, 1982), 31–32.102 A 42-inch/84-inch (6-foot strokes) McNaught compound engine built by the Detroit Locomotive Works in 1876 was installed at the Detroit Waterworks (Elliot, 66, see n. 85; Engineering News [New York], 14 May 1881, p. 195).103 A V-configuration 18-inch/38-inch (8-foot strokes) double compound engine designed by E. D. Leavitt Jr., and built at the Port Richmond (Philadelphia) Iron Works of I. P. Morris and Co. was installed at the Lawrence (MA) waterworks in 1875 (Sawyer, 99, see n. 72; Hunter, Fig. 134, 564, see n. 13; Elliot, 249, see n. 85; Engineering News [New York], 5 September 1878, p. 284; W. E. Worthen, J. C. Hoadley and Jos. P. Davis, ‘Trial of the Pumping Engines for the Water Works at Lawrence, Mass.,’ Journal of the Franklin Institute 102 [November 1876]: 312–328). A similar Leavitt-designed single compound engine (17½-inch/36-inch cylinders, 7-foot strokes), also built by I. P. Morris, was installed at the Lynn Waterworks in 1873 (Elliot, 200, see n. 85; Salem Observer, 13 January 1873, p. 2.).104 A 36-inch (5-feet 1⅝-inch stroke)/57-inch (8-foot stroke) Woolf compound engine built by the Southwark Foundry of H. G. Morris was installed at the Lowell (MA) Waterworks the same year (1872) (Elliot, 115–116, see n. 85); Engineering News [New York], 11 June 1881, p. 234; J. P. Lewis and Robert Briggs, ‘The Engine for the Lowell Water Works, Constructed for the City of Lowell, Mass., 1871–1872,’ Journal of the Franklin Institute 101 [May 1876]: 329–335).105 R. Damian Nance, ‘Hamilton Waterworks Pumping Station 1859–1910.’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 21, no. 1 (1999), 9–17.106 Report of Special Committee on Water-Works (St. Louis: Democrat Book and Job Office, 1861), 11–13.107 Providence Evening Press, 1 October, 1875, p. 2; Ibid., 22 September 1875, p. 2; Ibid., 30 April 1875, p. 2; Ibid., 15 December 1873, p. 2.108 Howson, 41 (see n. 87); Engineering News (New York), 4 June 1881, p. 226.109 Hunter, Table 57, 526–527 (see n. 13); Graf, (see n. 52); Manual of American Water Works, 201–216 (see n. 84).110 Ibid., Tables 16A-S, xv–xxxvi.111 Damian Nance, ‘Michigan’s Chapin Mine and its Monumental Pumping Engine.’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 39, no. 4 (2020), 49–60. Chapin Mine Pumping Engine: National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark (Iron Mountain, MI: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, July 1987). https://www.asme.org/wwwasmeorg/media/resourcefiles/aboutasme/who%20we%20are/engineering%20history/landmarks/124-chapin-mine-pumping-engine.pdf.112 In their report on pumping and hoisting machinery for gold and silver mines published by the Risdon Iron Works in San Francisco in 1877, Joseph Moore and George W. Dickie, Pumping and Hoisting Works for Gold and Silver Mines (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company, 1877) state ‘there is not a single example of the [true] Cornish engine among all the pumping machinery at work on our mines.’113 Moore and Dickie, 12 (see n. 111); Daily News (Gold Hill, NV), 3 February 1877, p. 3.114 Carl George and P. de Laval, ‘Pumping on the Comstock’. 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Thompson and Fraser Buck, Treasure Mountain Home: Park City Revisited (Salt Lake City, UT: Dream Garden Press, 1993), 18–20 and 88; Behr, 87 and 92 (see n. 114).118 Daily News (Gold Hill, NV), 26 February 1864, p. 2.119 Robert E. Kendall, ‘Deep Enough: Pitfalls and Perils of Deep Mining on the Comstock,’ Nevada Historical Society Quarterly (Fall 1996), 216–218; Daily News (Gold Hill, NV), 7 July 1865, p. 3.120 Michael H. Piatt, ‘The Problem of Water Mine Drainage at Bodie’ (Bodie, California: History and Research website, August 2006), http://www.bodiehistory.com/drainage.htm.121 Wm. B. Shillingberg, Tombstone, A.T. A History of Early Mining, Milling and Mayhem (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), ISBN 10: 0806154098; Daily Alta 19 November 1885, p. 8; The Tombstone 20 July 1885, p. 3.122 Daily News (Gold Hill, NV), 13 January 1865, p. 3.123 Damian Nance, ‘Beam Engines of the Henry Ford Collection,’ Stationary Steam, The Journal of the International Stationary Steam Engine Society, 4, (1996), 3–17.124 Damian Nance, ‘Former and Stored Beam Engines of the Henry Ford Collection,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 41, no. 4 (2023), 33–44.125 Damian Nance, Randolf Grymes, Jr. and Terry Girouard, ‘Beam Engines in North America IX: The Vaucluse Engine, Colorado Springs,’ Trevithick Society Newsletter 127 (2005), 4–8; Plan and Description of the Vaucluse Mine, Orange, County, Virginia (Philadelphia: John H. Schwacke, 1847).126 R. Damian Nance, ‘Leighton Wilkie and the DoAll Company’s Watt Engine,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 25, no. 3 (2004), 32–44.127 Damian Nance, ‘Beam Engines in North America: the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Engines,’ Trevithick Society Newsletter 89 (1995), 13–15; https://www.explorelouisiana.com/articles/history-comes-alive-lsu-rural-life-museum.128 Damian Nance, ‘The Harlan and Hollingsworth and Other Engines of the National Museum of American History,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 41, no. 2 (2022), 17–23.129 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYc_MpwSVFI.130 https://museum.nps.gov/ParkObjdet.aspx?rID=SAFR%20%20%2015305&db=objects&dir=CR%20AAWEB&osearch=beam%20engine&page=1.131 Steve Muller, ‘Steam-Powered Sugar Cane Machinery Operating Again in Puerto Rico,’ Society for Industrial Archaeology Newsletter 45, no. 1, (2016), 10–11; https://jaimemontilla.com/la-igualdad.132 R. Damian Nance, ‘Stationary Steam Engines in the U S Virgin Islands: Part 1 – St Thomas and St John,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 42, no. 1 (2023), 22–31; R. Damian Nance, ‘Stationary Steam Engines in the U S Virgin Islands: Part 2 – St Croix,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 42, no. 2 (2023), 49–59.133 R. Damian Nance, ‘The Harvey Engines of the Mina Proaño, Fresnillo, Mexico,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 26, no. 4 (2005), 32–44.134 R. Damian Nance, ‘The Paddle Steamer Eureka and its Walking Beam Engine,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 38, no. 2 (2018), 49–60; Damian Nance, ‘The Steamboat Ticonderoga and her Walking Beam Engine,’ International Stationary Steam Engine Society Bulletin 38, no. 4 (2019), 25–39.135 Joshua Rose, Modern Steam Engines (Philadelphia, PA: Henry Carey Braid & Co., 1887), 290–292.136 Mining and Scientific Press (San Francisco, CA), 21 August 1880, p. 114.Additional informationNotes on contributorsR. Damian NanceR. Damian Nance is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geological Sciences at Ohio University and has written extensively on beam engines in America and the buildings that once housed them. He is senior author of A Complete Guide to the Engine Houses of West Cornwall (Lindley, UK: Lightmoor Press, 2014), A Complete Guide to the Engine Houses of Mid-Cornwall (Lindley, UK: Lightmoor Press, 2019), and A Complete Guide to the Engine Houses of East Cornwall and Devon (Lindley, UK: Lightmoor Press, 2023). He is currently a Visiting Fellow at Yale University and lives in Stratford, Connecticut.