Viral immunology最新文献

{"title":"Rosalind Franklin Society Proudly Announces the 2023 Award Recipient for <i>Viral Immunology</i>.","authors":"Evelyn Rivera Toledo","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.74213.rfs2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2024.74213.rfs2023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":"37 7","pages":"323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Formulation: Induction of the Th1 Pattern in Aged Mice.","authors":"Nika Asefi, Parviz Pakzad, Akbar Khorasani, Morteza Taghizadeh, Zahra Amirkhani, Mohammad Hossein Yazdi, Ahmad Reza Shahverdi, Mehdi Mahdavi","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0023","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aging is physiologically associated with a decline in the function of the immune system and subsequent susceptibility to infections. Interferon-gamma (IFN-<i>γ</i>), a key element in the activation of cellular immunity, plays an important role in defense against virus infections. Decreased levels of IFN-<i>γ</i> in the elderly may explain their increased risk for viral infectious diseases such as COVID-19. There is accumulating evidence that ascorbic acid (vitamin C [VitC]) and <i>α</i>-tocopherol together help improve the function of the immune system in the elderly, control infections, and decrease the treatment duration. A SARS-CoV-2 strain was isolated from a patient and then cultured in the Vero cell line. The isolated and propagated virus was then inactivated using formalin and purified by the column chromatography. The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 was formulated in the Alum adjuvant combined with VitC or <i>α</i>-tocopherol and/or both of them. The vaccines were injected twice to young and aged C57BL/6 mice. Two weeks later, IFN-<i>γ</i>, IL-4, and IL-2 cytokines were assessed using ELISA Kits. Specific IgG and IgG1/IgG2a were assessed by an in-house ELISA. In addition, the expression of PD1 and <i>TERT</i> genes in the spleen tissue of the mice was measured using real-time PCR. IL-4 and IFN-<i>γ</i> cytokines showed a significant increase in both aged and young mice compared with the Alum-based vaccine. In addition, our results exhibited a significant decrease and increase in specific total IgG and the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, respectively. Furthermore, the vaccine formulated in <i>α</i>-tocopherol + VitC led to decreased PD1 and increased <i>TERT</i> gene expression levels. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that <i>α</i>-tocopherol + VitC formulated in the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine led to a shift toward Th1, which may be due to their effect on the physiology of cells, especially aged ones and changing their phenotype toward young cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"355-370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of the Types of Adjuvants Used in the Vaccination Industry And Their Mechanisms of Action.","authors":"Nemat Shams, Amin Jaydari, Hamideh Najafi, Maryam Hataminejad, Sayyad Khanizadeh, Iman Pouladi","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0032","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of efficient vaccines against infectious diseases is regarded as one of the most significant advancements in public health and techniques for preventing and protecting against infectious diseases and cancer. Because the purpose of vaccination is to elicit an appropriate, powerful, and long-lasting immune response against the pathogen, compounds such as adjuvants must be used to enhance these responses. Adjuvants have been widely used since their discovery to boost immune responses, prevent diseases, and activate protective immunity. Today, several types of adjuvants with varying properties are available for specific applications. Adjuvants are supramolecular substances or complexes that strengthen and prolong the immune response to antigens. These compounds have long-term immunological effects and are low in toxicity. They also lower the amount of antigen or the number of immunogenic reactions needed to improve vaccine efficacy and are used in specific populations. This article provides an overview of the adjuvants commonly used in the vaccination industry, their respective mechanisms of action, and discusses how they function to stimulate the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of adjuvants is crucial for the development of effective and safe vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"324-336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Adverse Events and Antibody Responses Among Different COVID-19 Vaccination Schedules.","authors":"Ana Carolina M Dinelly Pinto, Maria Francilene S Silva, Fátima de Cássia E de Oliveira, Max Moreira L Garcia, Vitória Braga Melo, Gabriela Alexandria Damasceno, Tamires Cardoso Matsui, Marcela H Gambim Fonseca","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0019","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global investment in developing COVID-19 vaccines has been substantial, but vaccine hesitancy has emerged due to misinformation. Concerns about adverse events, vaccine shortages, dosing confusion, mixing vaccines, and access issues contribute to hesitancy. Initially, the WHO recommended homologous vaccination (same vaccine for both doses), but evolving factors led to consideration of heterologous vaccination (different vaccines). The study compared reactogenicity and antibody response for both viral protein spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) in 205 participants who received three vaccination regimens: same vaccine for all doses (Pfizer), two initial doses of the same vaccine (CoronaVac or AstraZeneca), and a Pfizer booster. ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 vaccines were the most reactogenic vaccines, while CoronaVac vaccine was the least. ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 achieved 100% of S-IgG seropositivity with one dose, while CoronaVac required two doses, emphasizing the importance of the second dose in achieving complete immunization across the population with different vaccine regimes. Pfizer recipients showed the highest S-IgG antibody titers, followed by AstraZeneca recipients, both after the first and second doses. A third vaccine dose was essential to boost the S-IgG antibodies and equalize the antibody levels among the different vaccine schedules. CoronaVac induced N-IgG antibodies, while in the Pfizer and AstraZeneca groups, they were induced by a natural infection, reinforcing the role of N protein as a biomarker of infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"337-345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine Profile in Patients with Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19.","authors":"Nathalie Ghorra, Alexandros Popotas, Tatiana Besse-Hammer, Anne Rogiers, Francis Corazza, Carole Nagant","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0025","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The enduring impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease manifestation, COVID-19, on public health remains significant. Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) affect a considerable number of patients, impairing their quality of life. While the role of the cytokine storm in acute COVID-19 is well established, its contribution to the pathophysiology of PASC is not fully understood. This study aimed to analyze the cytokine profile of patients with PASC following <i>in vitro</i> stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, comparing them with a healthy control group. From October 2020 till March 2021, Brugmann University Hospital's clinical research unit included patients with PASC in the study. Whole blood samples were collected from 50 patients and 25 healthy volunteers. After <i>in vitro</i> stimulation under five different conditions, cytokine levels were measured using a multiplex method. Significantly decreased cytokine levels were observed in patients with PASC compared with healthy volunteers, particularly after TLR4 (interleukin [IL]-1<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-2, IL-10, interferon (IFN)<i>α</i>, IFN<i>γ</i>, IFN<i>ω</i>, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)<i>α</i>) and TLR7/8 (IL-1<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i>, IFN<i>α</i>, IFN<i>ω</i>, IFN<i>γ</i>, and TNF<i>α</i>) pathway stimulation. Principal component analysis identified two distinct clusters, suggesting a likely dysregulation of immunity involving TLR4 and TLR7/8 pathways in patients with PASC. Our study suggests that TLR4 and TLR7/8 pathways play a role in the pathophysiology of PASC. Continuous basal activation of immunity could explain the high basal concentrations of cytokines described in these patients and the decreased amplitude of response of these signaling pathways following specific stimulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"346-354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Vaccination on the Likelihood of COVID-19 Infection.","authors":"An Hoai Duong, Giang Thi Nguyen, Hien Thi Vu, Lam Xuan Duong, Hue Thi Pham, Ernoiz Antriyandarti","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2024.0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study investigates COVID-19 infection likelihood using data from 5,819 respondents in Vietnam and Indonesia (December 10, 2022, to March 27, 2023) through binary logistic regressions. Descriptive statistics highlight the significance of vaccination status, with almost half of unvaccinated respondents contracting the infection. The second vaccine dose showed the lowest infection percentages, suggesting a potential dose-dependent effect. Those receiving mRNA vaccines consistently had reduced infection likelihood across the first four doses, with an unexpected reversal for the fifth dose. Vaccinated individuals, especially with mRNA vaccines, had faster recovery times, and variability in recovery times and milder symptoms were observed in mRNA vaccine recipients. Regression results from Model 1 reveal a substantial impact of vaccination, with vaccinated respondents having ∼48.1% lower odds than the unvaccinated. Model 2 underscores a dose-dependent protective effect, with each additional dose associated with a notable 6.6% reduction in infection likelihood. Beyond vaccination, gender, family size, marital status, employment, urban residence, and nationality influenced infection likelihood. Males, larger families, single marital status, unemployment, rural residence, and Indonesian nationality increased the likelihood of infection. Surprisingly, respondents with infected family members exhibited a lower infection likelihood, suggesting potential protective measures within households. These findings highlight COVID-19 dynamics, and ongoing research refines comprehension.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":"37 7","pages":"371-381"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports.","authors":"Abraham M Enyeji, Amit Arora, Harpal S Mangat","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0034","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic response has been hindered by the absence of an efficient antiviral therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The reason why the previous preventative approach to COVID-19 solely through vaccines has failed could be a lack of understanding of how quickly the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves. Given the absence of specific treatments for the virus, efforts have been underway to explore treatment options. Drug repurposing involves identifying new therapeutic uses for approved drugs, proving to be a time-saving strategy with minimal risk of failure. In this study, we report the successful use of a multidrug approach in patients with COVID-19. Successful administration of multidrug therapy, such as combinations of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, doxycycline and ivermectin, or ivermectin, doxycycline, and azithromycin, has been reported. Multidrug therapy is effective because of the differing mechanisms of action of these drugs, and it may also mitigate the emergence of drug-resistant SARS-CoV-2 strains. The medicines were lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), bamlanivimab (monoclonal antibody), glycopyrrolate-formoterol (Bevespi), ciclesonide (Alvesco), famotidine (Pepcid), and diphenhydramine (Benadryl).</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"298-307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Panbio™ COVID-19/Flu A&B Rapid Panel: A Combination Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Omicron Variant and Influenza A Virus.","authors":"Hirokazu Yamagishi, Daisuke Tamura, Masahiko Yamazaki, Takashi Abe, Keiko Mitamura, Toshihiro Tajima, Hitoshi Osaka","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0039","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is difficult to differentiate between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza based on the symptoms. In the present study, a newly developed antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) called Panbio™ COVID-19/Flu A&B that can simultaneously detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A/B virus was evaluated. Its accuracy was evaluated using 235 pairs of nasopharyngeal samples collected from patients with respiratory symptoms and fever (>37.5°C). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used as a reference method to evaluate the accuracy of the SARS-CoV-2 detection. We confirmed the accuracy of the developed Ag-RDT against the Omicron variant where the sensitivity and specificity were 94.8% and 100%, respectively. In addition, to identify the influenza A virus, a noninferiority test was conducted using a commercial Ag-RDT, which has a sensitivity and specificity in comparison with viral culture of 94.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for influenza A virus were 98.5% and 98.1%, respectively, for the Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B test. The evaluation of this newly developed Ag-RDT using clinical samples suggests that it has a high efficacy in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"317-321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncoding RNAs in the COVID-19 Saga: An Untold Story.","authors":"Mudasir Maqbool, Md Sadique Hussain, Nusrat K Shaikh, Ayesha Sultana, Ajay Singh Bisht, Mohit Agrawal","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0026","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"269-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Recombinant Protein-Based Immunoassay for Detection of Antibodies Against Karolinska Institute and Washington University Polyomaviruses.","authors":"Bahman Abedi Kiasari, Mohammad Gholamnezhad, Amir Hossein Alipour, Fatemeh Hoda Fallah","doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0042","DOIUrl":"10.1089/vim.2024.0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To develop polyomavirus VP1 recombinant protein-based immunoassay, the expression of two polyomavirus (Karolinska Institute Polyomavirus; KIPyV, and Washington University Polyomavirus; WUPyV) VP1s in insect cells was investigated using an improved baculovirus system (BacMagic). The reliability of the purified VP1 to serve as antigens in serological tests was confirmed by the establishment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two panels of serum samples were used, with Panel I comprising 60 sera (20 KIPyV-positive, 20 WUPyV-positive, and 20 negative) and Panel II consisting of 134 sera with unknown status. The seroprevalence of KIPyV and WUPyV in the study population was determined to be 62% and 50%, respectively. Antibody-negative sera exhibited low reactivities in both ELISAs, whereas antibody-positive sera displayed high reactivity with median optical density values of 1.37 and 1.47 in the KIPyV and WUPyV ELISAs, respectively. The differences in seroreactivities between antibody positive and negative for each virus were statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.0001; with 95% confidence interval). The study suggests that seroconversion for KIPyV and WUPyV occurs in childhood, with KIPyV seropositivity reaching 70% and WUPyV seropositivity reaching 60% after the age of 5 years. Adult seroprevalence for polyomaviruses was high, with more than 64% and 51% of the adult population being seropositive for KIPyV and WUPyV, respectively. The constant prevalence of KIPyV and WUPyV antibody in the age groups suggested that this antibody persists for life. The fact that antibody titers were generally stable over time revealed a persistent infection of polyomaviruses in the human population. The insect cell-derived recombinant VP1-based ELISA has been demonstrated to be valuable as a serological assay, offering a valid, reliable, fast, nonlaborious, and economical procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23665,"journal":{"name":"Viral immunology","volume":" ","pages":"308-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}