Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"Getah virus nonstructural protein 2 suppresses interferon-beta production by interrupting interferon regulatory factor 3 activation.","authors":"Hua Liu, Zhao Qi, Lan Tian, Zhe Chen, Haonan Li, Le Liu, Sicong Liu, Shuai Li, Jiumeng Sun, Ying Shao, Xiangjun Song, Jian Tu, Liangqiang Zhu, Kezong Qi, Zhenyu Wang","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01547-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01547-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Getah virus (GETV), a neglected and re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus, has become more serious and poses a potential threat to animal safety and public health. The innate immune response is critical for host defence against viral infection, and the dysregulation of host innate immune responses likely aggravates GETV infection. In this study, we use unbiased screening to identify GETV proteins that antagonise type I interferon (IFN-I) response. We found that GETV Nsp2 could inhibit Sendai virus or poly(I:C)-induced IFN-β promoter activation, potently suppressing primary interferon production- a key component of the host's innate immunity antiviral response. Remarkably, Nsp2 showed efficient inhibition of the IRF3-responsive promoter, but not AP-1 or NF-κB. Further examination revealed that Nsp2 significantly suppressed luciferase activity when RIG-I-CARD, MDA5, MAVS, or IRF3 activated the IFN-β promoter. By contrast, IRF3/5D led to less suppression of luciferase expression, partially restoring luciferase activity, suggesting that Nsp2 interferes with the biological function of IRF3 as a crucial strategy in its antagonism of IFN-β production. Mechanistically, Nsp2 binds TBK1 to suppress IRF3 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, Nsp2 competitively inhibited the interaction of pIRF3 with KPNA3 and KPNA4, to inhibit IRF3 nuclear translocation. Overall, we demonstrated that GETV suppresses antiviral innate immunity by inhibiting the activation of IRF3, and Nsp2 plays a crucial role in this process. These findings reveal a novel strategy by which GETV evades the host innate immune response, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of GETV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-similar fragments in the African swine fever virus genome: distribution, functions, and evolution.","authors":"Zhaozhong Zhu, Na Li, Qin Sun, Xizi Long, Tao Wang, Hua-Ji Qiu","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01539-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01539-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) predominantly infects Argasidae and suids, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in pigs. Despite the crucial role that viral sequences resembling those of the host play in the virus's survival, there are limited comprehensive studies on the genomic similarities between ASFV and its hosts. Consequently, this study employs homology analysis to construct a similarity network between ASFV and its hosts (Argasidae and suids), investigating the distribution, function, evolution, and origins of these similar sequences in ASFV. Our findings indicate that the host-similar fragments are mainly distributed between positions 70000 and 180000 of the ASFV genome, primarily within non-coding regions. Notably, these non-coding fragments are often associated with promoter functions. Furthermore, the analysis of suid proteins that share similarities with ASFV proteins reveals that they predominantly exhibit RNA polymerase activity and are involved in metabolic processes. Evolutionary analysis indicates that pan-similar sequences of ASFV exist in an open state, highlighting the diversity of these analogous sequences. Additionally, a positive correlation was identified between the occurrence of recombination breakpoints and similar sequences, indicating that homologous recombination may serve as a crucial mechanism driving the formation of these analogous sequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"108"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-outbreak dynamics and persistence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 in finisher pigs in Iowa.","authors":"Marcelo Nunes de Almeida, Pablo P Pineyro, Derald Holtkamp, Isadora Machado, Ana P S Silva, Guilherme Cezar, Peter Thomas, Marcelo Gottschalk, Alyona A Michael","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01538-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01538-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2021, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 (App15) mediated a high mortality respiratory outbreak in finisher hogs, affecting multiple companies within a 30-km radius of Iowa, USA. The atypical regional spread raised concerns for the strain's unusual environmental persistence and survivability. This prospective longitudinal study aimed to determine the duration of App15 persistence in convalescent pigs at a naturally infected 1200 head site. Sixty-seven pigs were sampled individually for 6 weeks using nasal swabs (NS), tonsil scrapings (TS), and serum samples (SS); pen-based oral fluids (OF) were also collected. NS, TS, and OF were tested for App by rtPCR, while serum was screened with the Swinecheck mix-App ELISA. All 67 pigs tested App PCR positive in TS ≥ 1 during the sampling period, with progressive increases in detection from 53.3% to 95.8% between the first and last sampling week, respectively. Only 23 pigs (34.3%) were PCR positive by NS ≥ 1 during the sampling period, with decaying detection rates from a peak of 51.2% positivity in the first sampling week. Fifty-three of 73 pens (72.6%) tested App PCR positive in OF ≥ 1 during the sampling period. Seropositivity decreased from 93% on week 4- to 33% on week 8. TS had the highest PCR detection rate at all time points evaluated, representing the best antemortem sample type for App PCR detection in this study. The results reported here generated new important knowledge related to App15 ecology and epidemiology, prospectively informing disease diagnosis, surveillance, and biosecurity practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 4 strains impacts cell proliferation and immune response of primary chicken-embryo intestinal epithelial cells.","authors":"Katharina Kau-Strebinger, Ursula Reichart, Taniya Mitra, Beatrice Grafl, Michael Hess, Dieter Liebhart","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01541-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01541-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) causes hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in chickens, leading to substantial economic losses. Following oral uptake, the virus infects intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) to overcome the first entrance barrier. The initial cellular interactions and intestinal immune responses are not well understood. This study uses a primary IEC culture model to investigate infection dynamics of virulent (AG234) and non-pathogenic (KR5) FAdV-4 strains and cellular defence mechanisms. Cell growth and viral propagation were assessed at 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) using immunofluorescence and automated image analysis. The innate immune response was assessed by the mRNA expression of the Toll-like receptors (TLR1B, TLR2B, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR21) and the cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-γ). KR5 did not significantly reduce IEC growth; notable proliferation between 4 and 48 hpi was observed. Although IEC growth was initially similar, AG234 decreased cell numbers at 48 hpi. Compared to KR5, the abundance of AG234-infected cells was already higher at 4 hpi. Nevertheless, at 48 hpi, the number of IEC infected with the virulent strain was less than KR5, albeit without significance. The AG234 infection primarily activated the immune response at 48 hpi, characterised by a significant mRNA up-regulation of TLR3, TLR21, IL-1β and INF-γ compared to the negative control. KR5 induced a substantially higher expression of IL-13 mRNA compared to the control at 48 hpi. The results show that FAdV virulence significantly affects cell growth, viral augmentation, and the immune response. The chicken IEC culture system presented in this study effectively propagates FAdVs to examine the initial stage of intestinal infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomic analysis of Mycoplasma agalactiae strain GM139 highlights unique surface architecture and pathogenic determinants.","authors":"Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly, Katja Sommer, Maysa Santos Barbosa, Joachim Spergser","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01531-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01531-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycoplasma agalactiae causes one of the most serious forms of mycoplasmosis in small ruminants that is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Possessing a plastic genome, its Vpma and other surface antigenic variations play important roles in its pathogenesis and systemic spread within the goat or sheep host, as well as its ability to jump to wild animals. The Vpma phenotypic profile of strain GM139 was recently compared to that of the type strain PG2, whereby GM139 predominantly exhibited stable expression of a single VpmaV protein in comparison with the high-frequency variable expression of all six Vpma proteins in PG2. The complete genome sequence of GM139 was generated, annotated for detailed analysis of the vpma locus and compared with the finished genomes of three distinct M. agalactiae strains (PG2, 5632, and GrTh01). Interestingly, GM139 presented a longer distinct vpma locus with ten genes, one of which is a chimera between the vpmaV and vpmaZ genes of PG2, which correlates very well with previous immunoblotting results and was confirmed here by nanoLC-MS/MS analysis; five vpmas are completely unique, whereas the other four share similarities with the vpmas of 5632, one of which is also partially homologous to vpmaZ_PG2. Additionally, features such as a larger spma locus, an intact gsmA known to encode a phase-variable glucan affecting serum resistance, and the presence of integrative and conjugative element (ICE) and transposases might have also influenced the pathogenicity and host range of these strains, segregating them into two well-separated phylogenetic clusters on the basis of a newly developed cgMLST scheme. This study highlights the plasticity and dynamic evolution of the M. agalactiae genome, especially its surface antigenic architecture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12103780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chicken interferon-induced transmembrane proteins inhibit Newcastle disease virus infection by affecting viral entry and W protein expression.","authors":"Jing Chen, Peiheng Li, Wancheng Zou, Ju Li, Yuhang Jiang, Letian Li, Pengfei Hao, Zihan Gao, Jiayi Hao, Xiaoshuang Shi, Chang Li","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01530-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01530-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are essential components of the innate immune system, demonstrating potent resistance to various enveloped viruses (such as influenza, West Nile, and dengue viruses) both in laboratory settings and in living organisms. Newcastle disease (ND), resulting from Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a severe avian viral ailment with notable economic impact due to its significant mortality and morbidity rates. On the basis of the efficient antiviral effects of IFITMs, an in-depth study of the role and mechanism of NDV inhibition by chicken IFITMs (chIFITMs) is highly important for the prevention and control of this disease. In this study, we found that transient overexpression of chIFITMs effectively inhibited NDV (NDV Lasota, NDV Na) infection in DF-1 cells, with the highest inhibition rates of up to 89% and 99%, respectively, and that there was no significant difference in the antiviral effects of chIFITM1/2/3, which were not significantly different. Virus‒cell binding-entry assays revealed that chIFITMs restrict the entry process of NDV. Deleting endogenous chIFITMs enhances viral replication (more than 1.27-fold) and diminishes chIFNL3-mediated antiviral effects. Concurrently, overexpressing chIFITMs influences the expression level of the W protein; and co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed interaction between them. These findings suggest that the W protein could represent a novel target for the inhibition of NDV by chIFITMs. In summary, our results provide the initial comprehensive analysis of the antiviral effects of chIFITMs against NDV. This observation suggests that IFITMs are important barriers against zoonotic infections and important targets against viral invasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12093685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dimeric conformation of PRRSV nsp1α is important for its ability to regulate viral RNA synthesis.","authors":"Qingyu Li, Jingbo Hu, Xue Jiao, Jing Shi, Chenxi Li, Yanhua Li","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01537-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01537-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PRRSV nsp1α, the first viral protein translated in virus-infected cells, is released from viral polyprotein 1a through autocleavage. It plays important roles in viral replication, the suppression of the host innate immune response, and the modulation of cell-mediated immune responses. Nsp1α forms a homodimer in vitro. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the functional significance of nsp1α dimerization. Using the alanine scanning strategy, we identified valine132 and proline134 as critical residues for nsp1α dimerization. Using recombinant viruses expressing an additional FLAG-nsp1α mutant (V132A or P134A), we demonstrated that both the V132A and P134A mutations disrupted nsp1α dimerization in PRRSV-infected cells. When ectopically expressed, the V132A or P134A mutation did not affect the ability of nsp1α to antagonize host type I IFN production or degrade SLA-I molecules. Introducing V132A or P134A mutations into an HP‒PRRSV replicon system significantly interfered with the expression of a Gaussia luciferase reporter and viral proteins, suggesting that nsp1α dimerization is critical for viral replication. Using PRRSV reverse genetics, a recombinant virus carrying the V132A mutation (vV132A) was successfully rescued, while the P134A mutation was lethal. Compared with the wild-type virus, vV132A significantly attenuated growth and reduced the relative expression levels of subgenomic RNAs in MARC-145 cells. In BHK-21 cells transfected with full-length cDNA clones, the P134A mutation nearly completely blocked the synthesis of specific sgRNAs at both the minus- and positive-strand levels while maintaining sgRNA6 accumulation. Thus, nsp1α dimerization is essential for viral RNA synthesis and transcriptional regulation but appears to be dispensable for both the autoproteolytic activity and immune evasion functions of PCPα. This study not only enhances our fundamental knowledge of PRRSV biology but also establishes a foundation for developing targeted antiviral strategies against PRRSV and related arteriviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection, transmission and spread of airborne avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses: experimental and field investigations.","authors":"Pierre Hostyn, Mieke Steensels, Bénédicte Lambrecht","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01533-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01533-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in chicken. These viruses are transmitted through the oro-faecal route, with airborne transmission via virus-laden droplets or dust. In this study, the Coriolis^® µ air sampler was evaluated for its suitability to assess the air detection and dispersion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) or live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines between chickens in both experimental and field settings. Experimental assays demonstrated HPAIV and NDV detection in air samples, indicating aerial persistence beyond the end of viral shedding measured in tracheal and cloacal swabs. Viral particles were detected in field air samples taken inside and outside HPAIV H5N1 outbreak farms, with outside aerial dispersion reaching up to 40 m from the exhaust fans. In accordance with these findings, viral particles were detected in air samples both indoors and outdoors from three live NDV-vaccinated farms; however, their aerial dispersion extended only up to 5 m from the exhaust fans. As observed in the NDV controlled assays, high levels of viral concentrations persisted in the air samples, whereas the viral concentrations in the individual swabs collected from the chickens were lower in the live NDV-vaccinated farms. For both the HPAIV and NDV field data, chicken density seemed to impact the viral air concentrations within and outside the studied farms. Coriolis^® µ proved effective as a non-invasive method for diagnosing AIV and NDV in both experimental and field studies, highlighting the value of air samples for monitoring poultry disease outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12087104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Eimeria maxima surface antigen (EmSAG) as an IFN-γ inhibitory molecule on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cell subsets in chickens.","authors":"Xianglin Pu, Yiyuan Zhang, Xinmei Huang, Mingmin Lu, Lixin Xu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiangrui Li, Xiaokai Song","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01535-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01535-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) infection inhibits the expression of IFN-γ, a cytokine that is essential for the Th1 immune response and plays a key role in combating this parasite. In our preliminary investigations, we identified the E. maxima surface antigen (EmSAG) as an inhibitory molecule of IFN-γ. EmSAG was screened and characterised from an E. maxima sporozoite cDNA expression library. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of EmSAG on chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and various T cell subsets. We analysed cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) release, and cytokine transcription. The results revealed that EmSAG boosts PBMC proliferation and promotes differentiation of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells. Additionally, stimulation with EmSAG significantly inhibited NO release and IFN-γ transcription while enhancing the transcription of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in chicken PBMCs. The sorting purity of T cell subsets was as follows: CD8⁺ (96.90%), CD4⁺ (86.25%), CD4⁺CD25^- (89.14%), and CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs; 92.16%). These purified subsets were co-incubated with EmSAG to analyse the transcription of hallmark cytokines associated with Th1, Th2, and Treg responses. EmSAG significantly inhibited the transcription of IFN-γ and IL-2 in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, while promoting the expression of IL-10, TGF-β1, and CTLA-4 in Tregs. Moreover, depletion of CD25⁺ cells reversed the EmSAG-induced suppression of IL-2 transcription and reduced its stimulating effects on IL-4 and IL-10 transcription in CD4⁺CD25^- T cells. These findings highlight the role of EmSAG as an inhibitor of IFN-γ, facilitating immune evasion by attenuating the Th1 immune response and modulating Treg cell function. This study provides critical insights into the immune evasion mechanisms utilised by chicken coccidia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12090499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of respiratory syndromes in poultry: pathogens, prevention, and control measures.","authors":"Huixin Liu, Sijia Pan, Chenchen Wang, Wenwen Yang, Xiaofang Wei, Yang He, Ting Xu, Kaichuang Shi, Hongbin Si","doi":"10.1186/s13567-025-01506-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-025-01506-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syndromes (RS) include a variety of diseases that lead to respiratory dysfunction, resulting in significant economic losses for the poultry industry. Infectious agents and unfavourable environmental factors cause these respiratory diseases, and rapid transmission, high morbidity rates, and frequent mixed infections characterise them. The challenge in preventing and treating these diseases arises from the complexity of their triggers and the potential for secondary infections. Current vaccines often do not provide effective prevention, and the overuse of certain medications can lead to increased bacterial resistance, complicating prevention and control efforts. This review article examines the common sources of respiratory infections in poultry flocks, including infectious bronchitis virus, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian metapneumovirus, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Haemophilus paragallinarum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Chlamydia. It also considers non-infectious factors such as adverse environmental conditions and management errors. The article provides an updated, comprehensive overview of widespread and economically significant poultry respiratory pathogens. It briefly discusses detection technology and vaccine development based on the transmission characteristics of RS. Furthermore, it explores prevention and control measures such as combination drug strategies and antibiotic alternatives to enhance understanding and implementation of effective disease prevention and control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}