Voprosy pitaniia最新文献

{"title":"[Features of the eating behavior of patients who consider themselves healthy].","authors":"I A Krylova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-112-119","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-112-119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-communicable diseases have become one of the causes of premature mortality among the able-bodied population. The risk factors these diseases are individual characteristics of the diet and nutritional regimen. Their timely detection and correction are necessary for the early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. <b>The purpose</b> of the study was to determine the features of the structure of the actual consumption of the main food groups and the eating behavior of outpatients who are subject to periodic medical examinations and consider themselves healthy. <b>Material and methods</b>. The observational stratified study has been conducted. Сlinical data, data on physical activity (International Questionnaire on Physical Activity) were collected, an analysis of actual food consumption was carried out (using the Nutri-Prof software package) detailing individual nutrition in 228 outpatients (122 men and 106 women aged 18 to 72 years). <b>Results</b>. The eating behavior of patients who consider themselves healthy was often characterized by a lack of regularity of meals and an imbalance in the composition of the diet. The need for its correction was determined in 183 (80.3%) patients. The majority of patients revealed the following motives for an unhealthy eating style: \"there are no reasons preventing a healthy diet\" and \"I am quite healthy, I can afford not to follow the rules of a healthy diet\", every fifth patient has \"the lack of a supportive person in creating a proper diet\". Among men, higher consumption of meat products, eggs, bakery, potatoes, added sugar and added salt was significantly more common (p<0.05); in the diet of women there was a significantly higher level of dairy products, vegetable oil and vegetables was significantly (p<0.01). With high physical activity, a tendency was found to consume foods in accordance with modern criteria of a healthy diet, and with low physical activity, patients did not comply with the norms of a healthy diet. They consumed less fish products, vegetables, fruits, vegetable oils (p<0.01) and eggs (p<0.05), more bakery (p<0.05) with more pronounced excess intake of added sugar (p>0.05) and salt (p<0.05). <b>Conclusion</b>. Dietary pattern of patients who consider themselves healthy, developed during their lifetime, requires its correction by an outpatient physician within the framework of therapeutic and preventive consultations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"112-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Influence of chronic immobilization stress on vitamin status in rats fed different diets].","authors":"O A Vrzhesinskaya, N A Beketova, G V Kosheleva, Yu S Sidorova, N A Biryulina, N V Zhilinskaya","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-92-102","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-92-102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of a stress factor, widespread in modern conditions, on the vitamin status has not been studied enough. At the same time, the negative stress impact can be aggravated against the background of unhealthy nutrition, which in turn affects the vitamin status of the organism. In this regard, <b>the goal</b> of the research was to evaluate the effect of chronic restrict stress on the vitamin supply in rats fed a diet with adequate and increased content of fat, sugar and cholesterol. <b>Material and methods</b>. The experiment was carried out on 37 growing male Wistar rats (initial body weight of 45±5 g) divided into 4 groups. Animals of the 1st (control) and the 2nd groups received a complete semi-synthetic diet (CSSD) (20% protein, 10% fat, 58% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 384 kcal/100 g) for 92 days. The levels of all vitamins and mineral elements in the rats' diets were adequate for growing rats. Rats of the 3rd and the 4th groups were fed a high-calorie, high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD) (20% protein, 28% fat, 2% cholesterol, 18% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 20% sucrose, 511 kcal/100 g). Animals of groups 2 and 4 were subjected to daily 90-minute immobilization. The concentration of vitamins A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol) in the blood serum and liver were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver and urine, as well as riboflavin in the blood serum and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods. Biochemical parameters of blood serum were determined on a biochemical analyzer; the total content of fat, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CH) was determined in the liver. <b>Results</b>. Replacing CSSD with HFHCD, both under restraint stress and without, was accompanied by an increase in liver weight by 1.8-2.0 fold, in its fat content by 2.6-3.3 fold, cholesterol by 32.6-35.3 fold and TG - by 33.0-57.6 fold (p=<0.001). An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by 1.7-2.0 fold (p=<0.01), in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level by 5.4 fold (p=<0.05) and the atherogenic coefficient by 2.5 fold (p<0.01) as well as a decrease in creatinine and urea level (p=<0.05) in blood serum were revealed. Immobilization was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, liver and liver fat in rats fed both CSSD and HFHCD (p<0.05), but didn't affect the blood serum biochemical parameters, with the exception of an increase in ALT activity. If the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) did not change during immobilization of rats fed the CSSD, then in animals fed the high-calorie diet it decreased by 37.5% (p=<0.05 from the control) under its increase against the background of restrict stress by 78.7% (p=<0.01) compared to the indicator of rats of the 3rd group. Immobilization of rats treated with CSSD was accompanied by an increase in both absolute serum α-tocopherol level and concentration correlated with the leve","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"92-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in child development].","authors":"I V Ozerskaia, L G Khachatryan, N G Kolosova, A V Polyanskaya, E V Kasanave","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-2-6-18","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-2-6-18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated in cell membranes and play an important role in the development and functioning of organs. Consolidation of data on the role of ω-3 PUFAs in child development may increase the professional's awareness, help to plan clinical studies, and develop recommendations for supplementation. <b>The aim</b> of the research was to analyze literature data on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the central nervous system, immune system, and vision in children. <b>Material and methods</b>. 86 literature sources have been analyzed, a keyword search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, eLibrary and Google Scholar databases. <b>Results</b>. ω-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) are not synthesized in the human organism, and should be obtained from food. The need for ω-3 PUFAs is especially high during periods of rapid growth (the first years of life and adolescence). ω-3 PUFAs play an important role in the anatomical and functional development of the brain, affecting the maturation and functioning of neurons, participating in the processes of neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission. The results of clinical studies on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the cognitive functions of healthy children and patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are contradictory, which requ ires further research. PUFAs are substrates for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and take part in the control of acute and chronic inflammation, and also have a regulatory effect on immune cells. ω-3 PUFAs supplementation decreases the frequency and duration of acute respiratory viral infections in children. This indicates the potential effectiveness of ω-3 PUFAs in the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Сlinical studies demonstrated positive effects of ω-3 PUFAs on retinal development in premature infants. <b>Conclusion</b>. Adequate intake of ω-3 PUFAs is essential for the development and functioning of the central nervous system, immune system and vision in children. The body content of ω-3 PUFAs is closely related to the nutrition. In the Russian Federation, consumption of fish and other products containing ω-3 PUFAs is traditionally low. The majority of the Russian population has a deficiency in ω-3 PUFA consumption. With an unbalanced diet, supplementation of ω-3 PUFAs is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 2","pages":"6-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141175719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The influence of yeast β-glucans on the assimilation of vitamins and mineral elements in rats].","authors":"V M Kodentsova, N A Beketova, O A Vrzhesinskaya, O V Kosheleva, G V Guseva, V A Zotov, S N Leonenko, N V Zhilinskaya","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-6-117-131","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-6-117-131","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Despite the use of yeast β-glucans in food and dietary supplements, there is insufficient data on their effect on the metabolism of vitamins and mineral elements. &lt;b&gt;The aim&lt;/b&gt; of the study was to evaluate the effect of β-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the diet of growing rats on the absorption of micronutrients in animals deficient in vitamins D, group B and trace elements (iron, copper, zinc). &lt;b&gt;Material and methods&lt;/b&gt;. Micronutrient deficiency in male Wistar rats (initial body weight 61.6±0.8 g) was induced for 24 days by decreasing the content of vitamin D and all B vitamins in the vitamin mixture of the semi-synthetic diet by 5 times and the content of iron, copper and zinc in the mineral mixture by 2 times. After confirming the development of micronutrient deficiency in the animals, the missing vitamins and trace elements were added to the deficient diet for 5 days either along with β-glucan diet enrichment (1.5%) (+Vit+Met+βG) or without it addition (+Vit+Met). Vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver, riboflavin in the blood serum, thiamine, riboflavin and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in the urine collected for 18 hours were determined fluorimetrically; retinol, retinol palmitate, α-tocopherol in blood serum and liver - by high-performance liquid chromatography; minerals and trace elements in liver, serum and urine - by atomic absorption spectrometry or by standard methods on a biochemical analyzer. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. A deficient diet for 24 days resulted in a decrease of B-vitamin status markers: riboflavin decreased in urine by 17.8- fold, in serum by 27.3% and in liver by 7.8%, vitamin B1 in liver by 3-fold, 4-PA in urine reduced by 2.8-fold (p&lt;0.05). Urinary excretion of copper diminished by 25.7%, while the liver content of vitamin A increased by 44% and manganese by 19.2% (p&lt;0.05). Replenishment of missing micronutrients in the diet, regardless of β-glucans presence, completely eliminated the deficiency of vitamin B2, while in the presence of the polysaccharide, rats of the +Vit+Met+βG group showed a statistically significant increase in vitamin B2 liver content by 7.5% (p&lt;0.05) relative to the control, with an increased excretion of riboflavin by 19.1% (p&lt;0.10) compared to excretion in +Vit+Met rats. Vitamin B1 liver level in animals of +Vit+Met and +Vit+Met+βG groups didn't completely restore to the control level but it was higher by 14.5% (p&lt;0.05) in the presence of β-glucans. Urinary excretion of thiamine and 4-PA in rats fed β-glucan enriched diet reached the level of the control rats, while in rats from +Vit+Met group it amounted to 60.8-69.2% of the control. The diet with β-glucans caused a decrease in vitamin E liver content by 36.2% (p&lt;0.05) compared to the level in +Vit+Met animals. Urinary excretion of iron and copper in the absence of β-glucans did not fully recover (amounting to 60.9-74.0% of the control), while in their presence it no longer differed from the value in animals of the control group. Zinc excretion in a","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 6","pages":"117-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Microbiological and parasitological risk analysis of novel food sources obtained with the use of insects].","authors":"N V Tyshko, K A Timoshenko","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-3-41-49","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-3-41-49","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The problem of food safety being an important component of the country's food security, provides not only for continuous improvement of the methodology of hygienic standardization, but also for the formation of requirements for novel food, in particular, those obtained from non-traditional sources. The accumulated practical and theoretical competence in the food hygiene area, as well as knowledge of current trends of the food base broadening, allow us to analyze the risks associated with novel food obtained of insects. <b>The purpose</b> of the research was to analyze the microbiological and parasitological risk of novel food sources obtained with the use of insects, suggest the effective risk management measures. <b>Material and methods</b>. The analytical part of the work included literature search, collection of information and statistical materials published in domestic and foreign scientific editions. The search was carried out using the Google Academy retrieval system and electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY), mainly in the last 25 years, using the keywords: Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus, insects, parasite, nematode, pathogen, cysts. <b>Results</b>. Based on the published materials' analysis, a systematization of microbiological and parasitological factors potentially capable of colonizing edible insects has been carried out. There were identified representatives of 24 groups of pathogenic and 18 opportunistic microorganisms and helminths related to microbial and parasitic pathogens, the spread of which is significantly influenced by inappropriate conditions of feeding and keeping insects. As there are currently no veterinary requirements for insect breeding and farming conditions, contamination of end products with infectious and parasitic pathogens can vary over a very wide range. <b>Conclusion</b>. The use of native insect biomass carries certain risks associated with its microbial and parasitic contamination, and the development of measures to prevent them requires significant resources. The possibility of deep processing of such raw materials can be considered as one of the solutions to mitigate these risks. For use in the food industry, insects should be subjected to processing similar to that currently used for soybean seeds, which includes separation of protein (entomoprotein), fat and chitin fractions, each of which would have an independent use. Thus, at present, insects should be considered as a source of novel food ingredients, first of all, complete protein of animal origin.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 3","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Protective effect of soy proteins under excessive amount of fats in the diet of rats].","authors":"G T Ivanova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-5-25-34","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-5-25-34","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Excessive fat intake causes the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). Our studies have shown that soy proteins in the diet improve vascular reactivity in rats with a high-salt dietary load and renal dysfunction. We hypothesized that the introduction of soy proteins into a high-fat diet (HFD) can prevent or reduce vascular dysfunction. &lt;b&gt;The aim&lt;/b&gt; of the study was to test the hypothesis about the possible protective effect of soy protein isolate on endothelium-dependent dilation of the mesenteric arteries of male Wistar rats receiving an excess amount of fat in the diet. &lt;b&gt;Material and methods&lt;/b&gt;. The study used 3 groups of 20 rats, weighing 220-240 g. The HFD group received a diet containing 50% fat (by calorie value) and 20% casein, HFD + Soy group received a diet containing 50% fat and 20% soy isolate SUPRO-760, the control group - a standard casein diet. After 8 weeks, the responses of mesenteric arteries precontracted with phenylephrine to acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in the absence and with the use of NO synthase (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), BKCa and Kv channel (tetraethylammonium) blockers, using microphoto- and video recording of the vessel diameter in vivo. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. Compared with the standard diet, visceral fat mass increased by 54.6% in rats fed HFD and by 25.9% in rats fed HFD + Soy (p&lt;0.01). In the HFD + Soy group, the increase in blood pressure was less than in the HFD group (p&lt;0.01). Consumption of HFD + Soy prevented disorders typical of HFD, reducing glycemia and insulin resistance, normalizing lipid metabolism (p&lt;0.05). Evaluation of the functional state of the mesenteric arteries (in vivo) showed that in the HFD + Soy group the amplitude of dilation on ACh remained close to the control group, whereas in the HFD group the suppression of ACh-induced relaxation was observed (by 19.8% (p&lt;0.01). After blockade of NO synthase by incubation with L-NAME the magnitude of vasodilation on ACh decreased (p&lt;0.001) in the HFD group by 47.0±7.4%, in the HFD + Soy group - by 68.2±6.6% and in the control group - by 68.9±5.6%. After incubation with L-NAME, indomethacin and tetraethylammonium, the amplitude of dilation on ACh in rats of the HFD and HFD + Soy groups was 1.5 fold greater (p&lt;0.05) than in the control. The relaxation amplitude to sodium nitroprusside did not differ between the groups. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;. The introduction of soy proteins into a HFD prevents the development of impairs characteristic of MS: it reduces visceral obesity, improves the state of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and has a hypotensive effect. The protective effect of soy proteins on vascular reactivity in rats with excessive fat consumption was confirmed: the introduction of soy protein isolate into the diet leads to the prevention of endothelial dysfunction characteristic of HFD, preventing the disruption of NO-dependent vasodilation mechanisms. It is assumed that the positive effect of soy on vascular reactivity is mediated","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 5","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Analysis of the properties of Komagataella phaffii CF-st401, a genetically modified producer of the sweet protein brazzein by using in silico methods].","authors":"Z G Gureu, O V Bagryantseva, D S Novikova, S A Khotimchenko","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-4-65-73","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-4-65-73","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, in order to reduce the consumption of mono- and disaccharides in diets, sweeteners are widely used. At the same time, none of the sweeteners approved for food industry usage matches the organoleptic properties of natural sugars. This circumstance was the basis for the development of technology for producing a new type of food ingredient with a sweet taste - brazzein using the producer strain Komagataella phaffii CF-st401. <b>The purpose</b> of the study was the application of in silico methods to assess the safety of K. phaffii CF-st401 genetically modified (GM) microorganism, which is the producer of the \"Sweet protein Brazzein\". <b>Material and methods</b>. The research object was the map of K. phaffii CF-st401 plasmid obtained by Biryuch LLC as a result of sequencing the plasmid of GM strain K. phaffii CF-st401, including: a synthetic nucleotide sequence similar to the sequence encoding the brazzein protein in the plant (Pentadiplandra brazzeana) and optimized for expression in the DNA of the recipient strain; the nucleotide sequence of plasmid M4794 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a linear fragment of the flanking DNA regions from K. phaffii used for integration into the genome of the recipient strain K. phaffii YIB Δleu2 VKPM Y-476, as well as amino acid sequence data of recombinant brazzein. By using bioinformatics methods (in silico), we investigated the DNA structure of the vector sequence of K. phaffii CF-st401, including the presence of operons responsible for toxin production, antibiotic resistance, and allergenicity. <b>Results</b>. As a result of the studies of K. phaffii CF-st401 vector plasmid, introduced into K. phaffii YIB Δleu2 VKPM Y-4761, it was shown that its regions responsible for the structure of the \"Sweet protein Brazzein\" coincide by more than 70% with elements of the brazzein P56552 reference protein from the plant P. brazzeana. The absence of selective markers and allergenicity in the vector plasmid was confirmed. <b>Conclusion</b>. The analysis of the structure of the DNA vector sequence of the K. phaffii CF-st401 GM strain confirmed the feasibility of using bioinformatics methods to predict the properties of technological microorganisms when assessing their safety for consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 4","pages":"65-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Effect of low doses of active chlorine on commensal populations of intestinal bacteria in rats by oral ingestion].","authors":"Yu V Smotrina","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-4-49-57","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-4-49-57","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorine-containing substances are widely used as disinfectants for treating equipment surfaces and technological aids for antimicrobial treatment of a number of foodstuff in the food industry. The toxic and bactericidal effects of the active (free) chlorine they contain are well understood for the concentrations used in practice, whereas little is known about the effect of its residual (subinhibitory) amounts on the organism and on the microbiota, including the ability to induce antimicrobial resistance. <b>The aim</b> of the study was to investigate the effect of different doses of active chlorine at oral administration on the commensal bacteria of intestinal microbiota, body weight gain and micromorphological features of the liver in rats. <b>Material and methods</b>. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats, with an initial body weight of 90-100 g, which for 4 weeks received doses of active chlorine together with drinking water ad libitum, with the given concentration: subinhibitory (10 mg/L), threshold (50 mg/L) and aggravated (100 mg/L). Chloramine was used as a chlorinecontaining agent stable in aqueous solution. Body weight gain was monitored daily. After decapitation, the caecum was taken for microbiota examination as well as the liver. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci were studied by the disk diffusion method. Additionally, a micromorphologic study of liver slices was performed. <b>Results</b>. Insignificant negative deviations in the body weight gain of rats in the experimental groups receiving subinhibitory doses of active chlorine, combined with a reduced level of Enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae representatives, were revealed. No significant effect of chlorine on the levels of resistant Escherichia coli populations was found, but a tendency to exhibit antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci isolated from rats receiving low doses of active chlorine (10 and 50 mg/l) was detected. No signs of toxic effect on the liver tissue most sensitive to chlorine were detected, but some accumulations of inflammatory cells in the liver slice were revealed. <b>Conclusion</b>. Low doses of chlorine-containing substances at their oral consumption are not indifferent for rats' organism, causing negative phenomena in intestinal bacteria and in liver tissues at the level of tendency. It is expedient to continue studies in this direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 4","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the development of obesity. Modulation of enzyme activity by high fat diet and dietary fiber].","authors":"E A Efimtseva, T I Chelpanova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-44-60","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-44-60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interest to the tissue-specific intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has increased in recent years due to eating disorders that have led to widespread obesity and diet-related diseases. Obesity is considered as an inflammation of low intensity, which is accompanied by the manifestation of various metabolic complications and a disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. IAP is one of the participants in the mechanism of the macroorganism protection against inflammatory and infectious processes, carrying out enzymatic detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (the trigger of the inflammatory process). Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the risk of obesity, inflammatory diseases. <b>The objective</b> of the research was to summarize the current understanding of the role of IAP involved in the molecular mechanism of diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the impact of dietary components - fats and dietary fiber on IAP activity. <b>Material and methods</b>. A literature search on the role of IAP in the development of obesity was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI databases. <b>Results</b>. IAP prevents the development of the inflammatory process by participating in the detoxification of toxic bacterial products, limiting the translocation of pathogenic bacteria from the intestine to various tissues and organs of the macroorganism. The enzyme maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier, influencing the synthesis and proper localization of tight junction's proteins between intestinal epithelial cells, promotes changes in the composition of the microbiota, decreasing pathogenic bacteria and increasing the population of the community of beneficial microorganisms. IAP is involved in the regulation of fatty acid absorption and influences on the adipogenesis. Monitoring the activity of IAP present in human stool can predict the early development of such complications associated with obesity as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, Some nutrients modulate IAP activity. Depending on the amount, type, composition of fats and the duration of their consumption, either an increase or decrease in the IAP activity are observed, while dietary fibers stimulate the activity of the enzyme. <b>Conclusion</b>. IAP activity can be considered as an early predictor of the risk of obesity. Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the development of obesity caused by high-fat diet. The high activity of the enzyme contributes to the support of intestinal homeostasis and limits transepithelial movement of bacteria, weakening the inflammatory process induced by lipopolysaccharides, the excess concentration of which is detected in obesity. Stimulating enzyme activity through dietary intervention reduces the risk of obesity and metabolic complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"44-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The role of microbiota and flavonoids in maintaining the balance of helper and regulatory T-lymphocytes associated with the intestinal immune barrier].","authors":"S I Pavlova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-22-32","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-22-32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gastrointestinal tract is a barrier, represented by dynamic and mutually regulating components (microbial, chemical, physical and immune) for the selective penetration of luminal contents into the internal environment. From the point of view of immunologists, even in a physiological condition, the epithelium of the intestinal wall is in a state of mild inflammation, which is explained by the constant invasion of antigens (food, microbial) and, in turn, the constant readiness of the immune system to respond. <b>The purpose</b> of this review was to analyze information about the formation of microbial and immunological barriers, immunological tolerance to microbiota and the possible role of flavonoids in this. <b>Material and methods</b>. The literature search was carried out using PubMed, ResearchGate, Elibrary databases mainly for the last 10 years, using the following keywords: flavonoid, gut microbiome/microbiota, Th17, Treg, RORγt, immunity, segmented filamentous bacteria. <b>Results</b>. During the immune response, a significant role in maintaining the intestinal barrier function is assigned to helper T lymphocytes type 17 (Th17). The intestinal microbiome is a key element in the formation of the immune barrier. Th17 differentiation in the intestine is fully triggered by commensals (apparently, the main role belongs to segmented filamentous bacteria) after weaning and the start of complementary feeding. Pro-inflammatory Th17 effectors in the gut are controlled by anti-inflammatory regulatory T-cells (Treg). In recent years, it has been established that despite the opposing functions of regulatory cells and effector Th17 cells, their differentiation is similar and is characterized by the expression of the common transcription factor RORγt. The main part of the peripheral regulatory lymphocytes of the intestine is a population that stably expresses not only FOXP3, but also RORγt. Flavonoids, which are plant secondary metabolites of the polyphenolic structure, are able to inhibit intracellular kinases and, as a result, influence the activation and implementation of effector functions of immunocompetent cells. Some flavonoids promote RORγt expression and appear to be able to reprogram the effector phenotype of Th17 cells, reducing their pathogenicity. <b>Conclusion</b>. Understanding the interactions between the microbiota, immune cells, and factors involved in their regulation, which are critical for the maintenance of tolerance, may facilitate progress in the prevention and therapeutic approaches to treat immunoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"22-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}