Voprosy pitaniia最新文献

{"title":"[Comprehensive study of mare's and cow's milk proteins and their hydrolysates in children with allergy to cow's milk proteins].","authors":"E S Simonenko, S V Simonenko, S N Zorin, T N Korotkova, I Yu Tarmaeva","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-6-97-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-6-97-105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of innovative protein ingredients produced by biotechnological methods requires a comprehensive assessment of their allergenic potential for the child's body. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical significance and safety profile of hydrolysates of cow's and mare's milk proteins and lactoferrin (LF) for children with cow's milk protein (CMP) allergy. This was based on the investigation of the ability of these products to bind specific IgE, allowing for an assessment of the risks associated with their use, including potential cross-reactivity with mare's milk proteins (MMP) and primary allergenicity.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>LF from bovine colostrum, as well as hydrolysates of CMP and MMP have been used in the study. Protein hydrolysates from a concentrate of whey proteins of cow's milk and skim mare's milk were obtained by enzymolysis using two enzymes: trypsin and protozyme. Unreacted protein and enzyme were removed from the hydrolysates by tangential ultrafiltration through a 10 kDa polyethersulfone membrane, collecting the low-molecular-weight fraction, and subsequent desalination by nanofiltration. The purified and concentrated product was lyophilized using a freeze dryer. Cross-reactivity between protein fractions from different milks was assessed using indirect ELISA. Specific IgE responses to the peptide components of the studied hydrolysates, as well as to LF and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To detect antibodies to native CMP, the commercial AllergoELISA-specific IgE test system was used. Blood serum of 52 children aged 1-6 years (25 boys and 27 girls) with moderate and severe forms of allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, food allergies) with established food allergy to BCM has been used in the research.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study results showed that cross-reactions between CMP and MMP, and their enzymatic hydrolysates, are expressed insignificantly. The antigenicity reduction coefficient of MMP hydrolysates relative to whey CMP varied from 26.700 to 39.200, and relative to casein fractions of CMP - from 11.000 to 13.800. An immunochemical analysis of blood serum from patients with confirmed sensitization to CMP revealed fundamental differences in IgE reactivity to the studied antigens. A key observation was the virtual absence of significant specific IgE titers to the hydrolyzed MMP. In contrast, sensitization to hydrolyzed CMP was detected in a small but statistically significant proportion of patients (≤10%), demonstrating significantly higher mean antibody levels (p<0.05). LF occupied an intermediate position: its ability to induce IgE synthesis was comparable to CMP hydrolysates but statistically significantly exceeded that of the low-allergenic marker protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). A critically important result is the confirmation that all four studied antigens (MMP hydrolysate, CMP hydrolysate","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 6","pages":"97-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Protein-energy deficiency in children of the first year of life as a risk factor for dislipoproteinemia].","authors":"O Yu Kuznetsova, I V Gorbacheva, F N Gilmiyarova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-6-37-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-6-37-46","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the overall mortality rate among populations in economically developed countries highlights the importance of atherosclerosis, with dyslipoproteinemia being a key risk factor. The purpose of the research was to identify the features of the blood serum lipid spectrum in infants with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In 107 children with acute PEM aged 1 to 12 months (60 boys and 47 girls), and 30 healthy children with normal physical development without acute diseases (18 boys and 12 girls), the blood serum parameters of lipid metabolism were studied: triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In 48 children, body weight deficit corresponded to degree I, in 42 - II, in 17 - III. Exclusion criteria for the survey: chromosomal and genetic diseases, congenital malformations, acute infectious diseases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In acute PEM in infants, the TC and HDL-C level does not differ from the indicators of children from the control group and is characterized by stability. The TAG level is significantly decreased at grade I PEM (-33%; p≤0.05), stabilizes at grade II. The significant TAG decrease at grade III (-36%; p≤0.05) reflects the depletion of the adaptation reserve during PEM. The decrease in VLDL-C and the increase in LDL-C are most pronounced at stage III PEM (-31%; p≤0.05; +85%; p≤0.05). In boys with PEM, an increase in both VLDL-C and LDL-C was found (+45%; p≤0.05; +85%; p≤0.05, respectively). In girls, an increase in LDL-C is combined with a decrease in VLDL-C (+40%; p≤0.05; -56%; p≤0.05, respectively). At the same time, dyslipidemia of the atherogenic type is formed only in children with PEM under 6 months of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The development of PEM in children of the first half year of life leads to a change in the metabolic status of the atherogenic type, which is most typical for boys, without affecting the category of girls, and with a severe degree of PEM. This metabolic restructuring indicates the risk of developing atherosclerosis in subsequent age periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 6","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Hyperammonemia and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a complex relationship].","authors":"T A Deeva, S V Okovityy, Yu O Shulpekova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-5-34-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-5-34-41","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non-alcoholic or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (NAFLD/MAFLD) is a non-infectious pandemic of the 21st century, affecting about a third of the adult population worldwide. According to epidemiological studies in the Russian Federation, the prevalence of NAFLD based on the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) is 39.2%. With MAFLD, the activity of ornithine (urea) cycle enzymes may decrease, potentially leading to hyperammonigistia (excessive accumulation of ammonia in tissues) and hyperammonemia. Both conditions have multiple negative effects on different cell and tissue types. The aim of the research was to evaluate the role of ammonia as a potential pathogenic factor in the progression of MAFLD and the development of comorbidity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The analysis was based on publications sourced from Russian and international databases (eLibrary, PubMed, Google Scholar), using the following keywords: «non-alcoholic fatty liver disease», «metabolically associated fatty liver disease», «ammonia», «hyperammonemia», «urea cycle», «ornithine cycle». All studies related to NAFLD/MAFLD and hyperammonemia, which may contribute to disease progression and multi-organ injury, were included in the review.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;There is still limited understanding of the exact mechanisms underlying comorbid pathology in MAFLD and its transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is the accumulation of fat in the liver that can lead to a decrease in the function of urea cycle enzymes and the development of hyperammonemia. When ammonia level increases, complex biochemical processes in the liver are initiated (apoptosis, inflammation, epigenetic modifications, increased expression of the p53 protein and accelerated cellular aging, etc.), which can induce the transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis and further fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia may be an unspecified pathogenic factor contributing to multi-organ disorder and disease progression in MAFLD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;In MAFLD, the activity of urea cycle enzymes may decrease due to epigenetic DNA alterations and accelerated hepatocyte aging (increased p53 expression as an indicator of cellular aging), resulting in hyperammonemia. Hyperammonigistia and hyperammonemia may have negative effects on multiple cell and tissue types (e.g., liver, brain, muscles, cardiovascular and immune systems), contributing to comorbid pathology and a wide range of adverse outcomes. Measuring ammonia levels in patients with MAFLD, especially at advanced stages, and applying measures to reduce them may represent a promising direction in disease management to prevent progression and the development of comorbidity. The mechanisms underlying multi-organ injury in MAFLD, its transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as the role of elevated ammonia, require f","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 5","pages":"34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Current approaches for vitamins and minerals tolerable intake levels substantiation].","authors":"E A Martinchik, O A Vrzhesinskaya, N V Zhilinskaya","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-6-106-117","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-6-106-117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The upper tolerable intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals and their content in the widely consumed foods and in a specialized nutrition (SN) become very relevant due to the growing interest in both segments fortification. The substantiation of these micronutrients' tolerance limits in fortified foods and dietary supplements (DS) is complicated by the fact that such products are dedicated to eliminate micronutrient deficiencies without excessive intake at the population and individual levels. ULs substantiation for vitamins and minerals is the key element in this issue resolving, while ULs of these micronutrients have not been updated for more than 17 years in the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to analyze and to summarize the current approach to the substantiation of micronutrient safe levels of intake based on health risk and safety assessment, in particular for vitamins and minerals, as well as for other bioactive compounds.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted in Russian and in English using the peer reviewed sources database PubMed, Russian on-line scientific platforms eLibrary and CyberLeninka, official European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on-line platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The paper describes current approaches to safe intake level determination for micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) based on the risk assessment. Both scientific and regulatory sources in the field of setting safe levels of intake for micronutrients and bioactive compounds were reviewed. The four steps risk assessment process for establishing ULs for vitamins and minerals is given. The process is based on the complex assessment of possible adverse health effects on humans. The need to update the ULs is identified for the following micronutrients: vitamin A (retinol) and carotenoids, vitamin B9 (folates), vitamins D and C; minerals - calcium, magnesium, potassium; trace elements - iodine and iron.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Actual data based on the latest scientific information for the purpose of consumption levels substantiation and, in turn, micronutrient content standardization in food - is a necessary element to ensure the disease prevention efficiency using fortified foods, SN and DS. For the vitamin A (retinol) and carotenoids; vitamins B9 (folates), D and C; minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium); trace elements (iodine and iron) - it is advisable to provide an action plan allowing to update the existing Russian ULs for DS and SN dedicated to the adult population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 6","pages":"106-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145990928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Somatotyping according to the Heath-Carter scheme - the relationship between body type and gender, age and level of physical activity].","authors":"K V Vybornaya, D B Nikityuk","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-2-18-37","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-2-18-37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to navigate the research results when determining the somatotype profile, it is necessary to know certain patterns that the somatotype undergoes during growth and development, as well as the features of body type formation depending on gender, age, race and the level of physical activity. <b>The purpose</b> of the research was to identify the main patterns of somatotype formation and dynamics during ontogenesis depending on gender, age, race, the level and nature of physical activity. <b>Material and methods</b>. 40 literature sources were analyzed, searches by keywords \"Heath-Carter scheme\", \"Sheldon scheme\", \"somatotype\", \"sports somatotyping\", \"children's somatotyping\" were performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Elsevier, eLibrary databases. <b>Results</b>. There are no differences in the distribution of somatotypes between boys and girls aged 1-4 years. After 5 years, the somatotype profile of boys shifts towards a higher mesomorph score, and the somatotype profile of girls - towards higher endomorph and ectomorph scores, which reflects a typical adolescent restructuring, expressed in masculinity of boys and endomorph changes of girls. This divergence of somatotypes continues until the age of 18. Further, in the subgroups of adult men and women, the somatotype undergoes the same changes regardless of gender, expressed by an increase in the score values of the endomorph and mesomorph components up to the age of 60. The differences in the somatotype profile depending on ethnicity and place of residence (rural or urban residents) are associated with different physical activity, eating habits, diet and genetic hereditary factors. The score values of the somatotype components in athletes differ from those in persons with sedentary lifestyle, and athletes of various sports specializations differ from each other in somatotype profile. <b>Conclusion</b>. Along with the assessment of morphological parameters and body composition, somatotyping is one of the methods for a comprehensive assessment of the level of physical development, expanding the understanding of the ratio of muscle and fat components of body mass. The existing data on the prevalence of various somatotypes in the a conditionally healthy population are indicative for a comparative assessment of newly examined individuals, since on the one hand the somatotyping results depend to a certain extent on the method of obtaining data; and on the other hand the somatotype profile changes during ontogenesis, and is influenced by gender, age, ethnicity, as well as the level of physical activity and even sports specialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 2","pages":"18-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Body composition and morphometric parameters of rats at the different provision levels with macroand micronutrients].","authors":"N V Tyshko, N S Nikitin, A A Stankevich, S I Shestakova, E O Sadykova, M D Trebukh","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-5-61-74","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-5-61-74","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The modern trend to the food industry's resource base expanding requires continuous improvement of safety assessment approaches of the novel food sources and the exploring of toxicological and allergological research updated algorithms, the development of in vivo, in vitro and in silico models, as well as the formation of specific biomarkers profiles and the establishment of physiological fluctuations ranges for the studied indicators. To increase the information content of toxicological studies and identify hidden negative effects associated with the novel food consumption, in vivo models of reducing the adaptive potential of laboratory animals were developed. The analysis of the data obtained in experiments using these alimentary models demonstrated the need to determine the norm boundaries of individual morphofunctional parameters. The purpose of the study was to investigate the body composition and some morphometric parameters in rats against the background of key macro- and micronutrients' deficiency in the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The experiment lasting 64 days was carried out on 80 male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 134.7±3.8 g. The animals were divided into 5 groups of 16 rats each: the control group received a standard semi-synthetic casein diet, the 1st-4th test groups were fed diets with a deficiency of protein, fat, carbohydrates and some micronutrients (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, iron and magnesium salts), respectively. Within the experiment gravimetric and morphological (histological and morphometric) studies of the liver, heart, kidneys, and testes were performed, so as the dynamics of the body's component composition (by quantitative magnetic resonance using the EchoMRI 500 tissue analyzer) were studied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Dietary fat deficiency had the least effect on the weight and body composition of growing animals (the differences between the studied indicators and the control values were no more than 1%), carbohydrate deficiency led to a decrease in body weight by 11.4%, fat mass by 39.7%, lean mass and total water by 9.4%; micronutrient deficiency led to a decrease in body weight by 53.3%, fat mass by 96.4%, lean mass and total water by 51.0%; protein deficiency led to a decrease in body weight by 74.8%, fat mass by 97.0%, lean mass and total water by 73.5%, respectively (p&lt;0.05). The sizes of the structural elements of the liver, heart, kidneys, and testes under diet deficiency of fat differed from the control by 1-9%; of carbohydrate - by 2-7%; micronutrients - by 8-56%, protein - by 14-65%, respectively. The most pronounced changes in body weight and composition, as well as the size of the structural elements of internal organs, were found in animals kept on diets deficient in protein and micronutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Based on the data analysis the influence degree of the nutrients on the studied parameters was established. The most pronounced c","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 5","pages":"61-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Nutritional support in the comprehensive management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in congenital epidermolysis bullosa].","authors":"M V Nikiforov, A S Pleshkov, V I Kornev, V M Machs, O V Shushakova, O S Orlova, G V Zinovev, D A Drozdovskaya, E M Anokhina","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-5-139-150","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-5-139-150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by blistering and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes. The dystrophic form of EB is particularly associated with severe complications including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and gastrointestinal tract involvement (esophageal strictures, malabsorption). These conditions frequently lead to protein-energy malnutrition, significantly worsening patient prognosis and quality of life. The purpose of the study was to present a clinical case of nutritional support implementation in a patient with dystrophic EB complicated by cSCC.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>From 2015 to 2025, 79 EB patients (age range 18-74 years, mean age 29.4±11.1 years) were monitored at the Burn Department of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia. This cohort represented 62.6% of all registered EB cases in the Russian Federation. cSCC was diagnosed in 14 (17.7%) patients. We present a clinical case demonstrating the impact of nutritional support in an adult patient with dystrophic EB and cSCC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Timely nutritional intervention was shown to enhance wound healing and overall clinical status, reduce catabolic stress, optimize preparation for antitumor therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings emphasize the critical importance of early nutritional support implementation within a multidisciplinary management approach for EB patients with oncological complications. The study demonstrates that appropriate nutritional intervention can significantly improve clinical outcomes in this challenging patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 5","pages":"139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Socio-economic factors and the dietary intake of the adult population of Russia].","authors":"N A Martinchik, E E Keshabyants, E A Martinchik, E A Smirnova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-3-29-40","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-3-29-40","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The dietary intake of the population depends on a number of external socio-economic and individual behavioral factors. External factors, including physical and economic availability of food, are indicators of food security of the population, the absence of which increases the risk of malnutrition. The importance of the cost of food in combination with the income of an individual or family is an significant factor in food choice, affecting the quality of the diet. &lt;b&gt;The aim&lt;/b&gt; of this study was to examine the most significant socio-economic and demographic factors that could affect the nature and quality of diets of the adult population of the Russian Federation. &lt;b&gt;Material and methods&lt;/b&gt;. The work processed and analyzed the primary data obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service during the implementation of the program «Sample monitoring of diets of the population» in 2023 based on a random representative sample of 45 thousand households in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The actual food consumption of adult household members was studied using the 24-hour recall method in 70,995 respondents aged 19 years and older (40.2% men, 59.2% women). The basic socioeconomic variable of the analysis was the quintile distribution of average monthly per capita monetary income in households, calculated by the State Statistics Service based on data for each subject of the Federation, and not for the country as a whole. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. The distribution of the adult population by the level of average monthly income is characterized by pronounced differentiation in the analyzed socio-demographic groups. The most of the adult population (78.4%) is concentrated in the first three income quintiles and only 21.6% are in the 4th and 5th quintiles. Differences in gender distribution are revealed only in the 5th quintile, which includes 7.5% of men and 5.6% of women. The minimum share in the 5th quintile is represented by the age group over 65 years. Significant differences in the distribution of adults by income depending on the level of education were revealed: the share of people with minimal income is the lowest with higher education. More than 50-60% of the population of the Federal Districts (FDs) are included in the 2nd and 3rd income quintiles, and the smallest share of the adult population in all FDs is concentrated in the 5th income quintile. The energy value of the diets of the population on average in Russia increases linearly with the growth of quintiles of average per capita household income. Data for five FDs indicate a linear direct dependence of the energy intake on the income level. However, data for the Far Eastern, Ural, and North Caucasian FDs show a more complex dependence of energy consumption on income level. In all FDs, with the exception of the North Caucasian FD, energy consumption in the 5th income quintile is higher than at lower incomes. Energy consumption in the 5th income quintile is lower than in the oth","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 3","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[IgG levels to food antigens depend on nutrition and levels of general inflammation in healthy persons and individuals with metabolic syndrome].","authors":"V A Shtaborov, V P Patrakeeva, A V Samodova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-4-86-96","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-4-86-96","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal mucosa selectively passes food antigens, which are foreign agents but do not provoke an immune response in the intestine. The increased permeability of the intestinal barrier is affected by chronic sluggish inflammation, deficiency of IgA, impaired paracellular transport and the frequency of food consumption. The aim of the study was to provide a comparative quantitative assessment of IgG class antibodies to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome and practically healthy people, depending on the type of diet and levels of general inflammation.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the prospective cohort study in 230 people, including 110 patients with metabolic syndrome (average age 33.9±1.1 years), clinical and biochemical parameters: total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose, cytokines: IL-1b, IFN-γ, IL-10, C-reactive protein, levels of apoptosis and necrosis of lymphocytes, catecholamines: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, as well as levels of specific IgG to food antigens in blood serim have been compared. The analysis of personal data on the nutrition (frequency of food consumption) and hereditary predisposition to metabolic syndrome was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that the parents of the examined individuals with metabolic syndrome are twice as likely to hav e obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (correspondingly in 73.3 and 36.4% vs 36.7 and 23.3% in healthy persons, p<0.05). The diet of people with metabolic syndrome is characterized by more frequent consumption of foods containing refined carbohydrates, salt, saturated and trans-isomers of fatty acids, with low levels of plant products, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids and complex carbohydrates. A 3-fold increase in IgG levels to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome was associated with a higher (p<0.05) blood serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β - 8.99±1.05 vs 1.99±0.30 pg/ml in healthy persons, IFN-γ - 22.21±6.50 vs 7.59±0.96 pg/ml), IL-10 (13.90±1.96 vs 5.03±0.81 pg/ml), C-reactive protein (1.96±0.31 vs 4.47±0.61 mg/ml), noradrenaline (168.4±6.8 vs 131.3±2.8 ng/ml), which was not compensated by adrenaline (52.3±9.3 vs 54.3±2.4 ng/ml).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Against the background of impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis in metabolic syndrome and higher levels of general inflammation, epithelial dysfunction is formed, resulting in increased permeability to antigens through the intestinal barrier. Changes in the level of antibodies to food antigens in metabolic syndrome are non-specific, which is reflected in an increase in IgG levels for all food groups independent from the frequency of their consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 4","pages":"86-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Energy and macronutrient requirements of female athletes engaged in synchronous skating].","authors":"K V Vybornaya, R M Radzhabkadiev, Z M Shurova, Yu A Seledkova, T A Mangushev, D B Nikityuk","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-4-97-108","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-4-97-108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The athletes' energy and nutrient requirements are calculated based on individual energy expenditure and body composition indicators. This takes into account the different ratios of proteins, fats and carbohydrates recommended for sports with different physical activity levels, as well as the changing ratio of macronutrients depending on the physical activity coefficient. The purpose of the research was to assess the energy and nutrient requirements of female athletes involved in synchronized skating based on the results of assessing morphological indicators and daily energy expenditure.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study involved female athletes (n=22, age 21.4±4.5 years) specializing in synchronized skating, who were divided into three groups according to their sports ranks (8 candidates for master of sports, 10 masters of sports of Russia and 4 masters of sports of Russia of international class). Overall dimensions were assessed using anthropometry, body composition and basal metabolic rate were assessed using bioimpedancemetry, resting metabolic rate was assessed using indirect calorimetry, a dosed load test was performed on a bicycle ergometer, daily heart rate monitoring was performed, and athletes' daily activity was recorded using self-registration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Changes in morphological indices were revealed that occur when female athletes move from one athletic skill group to another, higher one. With the growth of athletic skill, female athletes become taller and more massive, their indices of metabolically active tissues (lean and skeletal-muscular) increase while maintaining the level of fat mass. In general, the basal metabolic rate of female athletes in the group was 1426 [1382; 1486] kcal/day, daily energy expenditure was 3177 [2788; 3507] kcal/day. Daily energy expenditure varied significantly and depended on both the training and non-training activities of the athletes. The calculation of the need for nutrients and energy complies with the requirements of MR 2.3.1.0253-21, as well as recommendations for the ratio of macronutrient shares in the diet of female athletes in complex coordination anaerobic sports, and with a Physical Activity Coefficients (PA Values) of 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 was made based on the principle of not exceeding the need for macronutrients per 1 kg of body weight: in proteins - no more than 1.96 g/kg body weight; in fats - no more than 1.66 g/ kg body weight; in carbohydrates - on a residual basis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For athletes whose requirements exceed the regulated norms with PA Values of more than 2.2 (according to MR 2.3.1.0253-21), when calculating the need for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, and their share contribution to the calorie content of the diet, the percentage ratio of macronutrients should be changed depending on the need in grams per 1 kilogram of body weight.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"94 4","pages":"97-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}