Voprosy pitaniia最新文献

{"title":"[The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in child development].","authors":"I V Ozerskaia, L G Khachatryan, N G Kolosova, A V Polyanskaya, E V Kasanave","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-2-6-18","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-2-6-18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated in cell membranes and play an important role in the development and functioning of organs. Consolidation of data on the role of ω-3 PUFAs in child development may increase the professional's awareness, help to plan clinical studies, and develop recommendations for supplementation. <b>The aim</b> of the research was to analyze literature data on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the central nervous system, immune system, and vision in children. <b>Material and methods</b>. 86 literature sources have been analyzed, a keyword search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, eLibrary and Google Scholar databases. <b>Results</b>. ω-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) are not synthesized in the human organism, and should be obtained from food. The need for ω-3 PUFAs is especially high during periods of rapid growth (the first years of life and adolescence). ω-3 PUFAs play an important role in the anatomical and functional development of the brain, affecting the maturation and functioning of neurons, participating in the processes of neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission. The results of clinical studies on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the cognitive functions of healthy children and patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are contradictory, which requ ires further research. PUFAs are substrates for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and take part in the control of acute and chronic inflammation, and also have a regulatory effect on immune cells. ω-3 PUFAs supplementation decreases the frequency and duration of acute respiratory viral infections in children. This indicates the potential effectiveness of ω-3 PUFAs in the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Сlinical studies demonstrated positive effects of ω-3 PUFAs on retinal development in premature infants. <b>Conclusion</b>. Adequate intake of ω-3 PUFAs is essential for the development and functioning of the central nervous system, immune system and vision in children. The body content of ω-3 PUFAs is closely related to the nutrition. In the Russian Federation, consumption of fish and other products containing ω-3 PUFAs is traditionally low. The majority of the Russian population has a deficiency in ω-3 PUFA consumption. With an unbalanced diet, supplementation of ω-3 PUFAs is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 2","pages":"6-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141175719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Protective effect of soy proteins under excessive amount of fats in the diet of rats].","authors":"G T Ivanova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-5-25-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-5-25-34","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Excessive fat intake causes the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). Our studies have shown that soy proteins in the diet improve vascular reactivity in rats with a high-salt dietary load and renal dysfunction. We hypothesized that the introduction of soy proteins into a high-fat diet (HFD) can prevent or reduce vascular dysfunction. &lt;b&gt;The aim&lt;/b&gt; of the study was to test the hypothesis about the possible protective effect of soy protein isolate on endothelium-dependent dilation of the mesenteric arteries of male Wistar rats receiving an excess amount of fat in the diet. &lt;b&gt;Material and methods&lt;/b&gt;. The study used 3 groups of 20 rats, weighing 220-240 g. The HFD group received a diet containing 50% fat (by calorie value) and 20% casein, HFD + Soy group received a diet containing 50% fat and 20% soy isolate SUPRO-760, the control group - a standard casein diet. After 8 weeks, the responses of mesenteric arteries precontracted with phenylephrine to acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in the absence and with the use of NO synthase (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), BKCa and Kv channel (tetraethylammonium) blockers, using microphoto- and video recording of the vessel diameter in vivo. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. Compared with the standard diet, visceral fat mass increased by 54.6% in rats fed HFD and by 25.9% in rats fed HFD + Soy (p&lt;0.01). In the HFD + Soy group, the increase in blood pressure was less than in the HFD group (p&lt;0.01). Consumption of HFD + Soy prevented disorders typical of HFD, reducing glycemia and insulin resistance, normalizing lipid metabolism (p&lt;0.05). Evaluation of the functional state of the mesenteric arteries (in vivo) showed that in the HFD + Soy group the amplitude of dilation on ACh remained close to the control group, whereas in the HFD group the suppression of ACh-induced relaxation was observed (by 19.8% (p&lt;0.01). After blockade of NO synthase by incubation with L-NAME the magnitude of vasodilation on ACh decreased (p&lt;0.001) in the HFD group by 47.0±7.4%, in the HFD + Soy group - by 68.2±6.6% and in the control group - by 68.9±5.6%. After incubation with L-NAME, indomethacin and tetraethylammonium, the amplitude of dilation on ACh in rats of the HFD and HFD + Soy groups was 1.5 fold greater (p&lt;0.05) than in the control. The relaxation amplitude to sodium nitroprusside did not differ between the groups. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;. The introduction of soy proteins into a HFD prevents the development of impairs characteristic of MS: it reduces visceral obesity, improves the state of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and has a hypotensive effect. The protective effect of soy proteins on vascular reactivity in rats with excessive fat consumption was confirmed: the introduction of soy protein isolate into the diet leads to the prevention of endothelial dysfunction characteristic of HFD, preventing the disruption of NO-dependent vasodilation mechanisms. It is assumed that the positive effect of soy on vascular reactivity is mediated","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 5","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Alternaria toxins in tomato products marketed in the Russian Federation].","authors":"I B Sedova, Z A Chalyy, U V Ivanova, V A Tutelyan","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-103-111","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-103-111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tomatoes and tomato products are widely produced and consumed throughout the world. Alternaria spp. are the main cause of alternariosis (black mold disease) on fresh tomatoes, both in the field and after harvesting. Alternaria toxins are widespread contaminants of tomato products. <b>The aim</b> of the present study was to evaluate the contamination of tomato processing products from the domestic market with Alternaria toxins, as well as to assess their intake by humans through the consumption of tomato juices. <b>Material and methods</b>. The content of Alternaria toxins (alternatiol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid) was determined in 64 samples of tomato products (paste, ketchup, juice) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS). <b>Results</b>. The priority Alternaria toxins for tomato paste, ketchup and juice were tenuazonic acid (61% of 64 samples, in amounts from 20.0 to 1065.5 μg/kg), altenuene (52%, 8.9-200.1 μg/kg) and alternariol (27%, 12.2-561.6 μg/kg). Samples of tomato paste turned out to be the most contaminated with Alternaria toxins while tomato juice samples were the least contaminated. At the same time, several toxins were found in 91% of tomato paste samples, 35% of ketchups, and 23% of tomato juices. <b>Conclusion</b>. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first survey devoted to Alternaria toxins contamination of tomato paste, ketchup and tomato juice sold on the Russian market. The high frequency of their contamination with tenuazonic acid, altenuene and, to a lesser extent, alternariol has been established, which indicates a potential risk to human health when tomato processing products are consumed. This indicates the need for a hygienic assessment of contamination the above products with tenuazonic acid, altenuene and alternariol. When calculating the potential intake of Alternaria toxins for different age population groups, it was shown that high levels of alternariol (up to 56.77 ng/kg body weight per day) could be obtained under daily consumption of tomato juice by adults and children under three years of age, as well as tenuazonic acid when consuming tomato juice contaminated at the 95th percentile level as part of the diet in organized groups for orphans and children without parental care.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Key challenges in the dietary intake structure and cutting edge technologies for optimizing nutrition to protect the health of the Russian рopulation].","authors":"V A Tutelyan, D B Nikityuk","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-6-21","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-6-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents an analysis of some of the results of the work of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology (Center) in recent years, highlighting the most important, promising areas of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene that need further development. The priority area of Center functioning is scientific support for the implementation of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2020 No. 20), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 21, 2020 No. 474 «On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 «in terms of ensuring an increase in life expectancy and improving the life quality of the population, the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products in the Russian Federation until 2030 (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 29, 2016 No. 1364-r). The Center coordinates all research on medical nutrition problems in the Russian Federation within the framework of the work of the Problem Commission on Nutrition Hygiene of the Scientific Council of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Medical Nutrition Problems, the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Comprehensive Scientific Program «Priority Research in the Field of Nutrition of the Population», Profile Commission on Dietetics of the Expert Council in the Field of Health of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, ensuring the implementation of their results with the participation of members of the Consortium \"Healthcare, Nutrition, Demography\". The most important area of the Center's work is scientific and expert support in the field of international and national technical regulation of the production and turnover of foods and raw materials, in particular, the work of the Russian national contact point of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (established by FAO and WHO), as well as the work of the Russian side in the Eurasian Economic Commission regarding the preparation of proposals for technical regulations of the Customs Union in the field of food safety, evaluation of draft technical regulations and amendments and additions to them.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"6-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Physiological and biochemical <i>in vivo</i> study of polyphenols and 20-hydroxyecdisone from quinoa grains effect on resistance to physical exercise in Wistar rats].","authors":"V A Shipelin, N A Biryulina, Yu S Sidorova, N A Petrov, S N Zorin, V K Mazo, V V Bessonov","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-80-91","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-80-91","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing the ability of the human body to adapt to physical stress is relevant from the standpoint of using foods for special uses containing functional food ingredients (FFI) with effectiveness proven in vivo. <b>The purpose</b> of this study was to evaluate the effect of FFI from Chenopodium quinoa grains with a high content of polyphenols and phytoecdysteroids on the physical endurance of male Wistar rats. <b>Material and methods</b>. The experiment was carried out during 36 days using 50 weaned male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12): Control, Run and Run-FFI. Rats of the Control and Run groups received a standard semisynthetic diet during the experiment. Rats of the Run-FFI group received a semi-synthetic diet with the addition of FFI in an amount of 0.055±0.003%, containing phytoecdysteroids (50.4±0.6 mg/g) and polyphenols (212.0±2.0 mg/g). During the experiment, the rats were assessed for their neuromotor function (grip strength of front paws), memory, and behavioral reactions in the \"Elevated Plus Maze\" (EPM), \"Conditioned Passive Avoidance Reflex\" (CPAR) and \"Open Field\" (OF) tests. Once a week, animals from the Run and Run-FFI groups were subjected to moderate physical load on a \"Treadmill\". On the 36th day of the experiment, the animals of these groups were subjected to exhausting physical load. Immediately after running, the animals were placed in metabolic cages to collect daily urine. At the end of the experiment, the content of corticosterone, the activity of catalase, indicators of protein, lipid and mineral metabolism, indexes of the liver functional state and antioxidant defense system parameters were analyzed in the blood serum; the level of prostaglandin E2 and dopamine were determined in daily urine. <b>Results</b>. Physiological tests (CRAR, OF) showed that weekly exercise increased anxiety in laboratory animals. The FFI introduction into the diet led to normalization of the assessed parameters (EPM). As a result of 36-day consumption of FFI against the background of physical loads, a significant decrease by 22% in the main stress marker, corticosterone, was revealed in the blood of rats, as well as significant increase by 23% in the stress inhibitor - prostaglandin E2 urinary excretion, compared with animals of the Run group to the level not differed from the indicators of the control animals. There were no differences in endurance performance between the Run and Run-FFI groups on the results of the exhaustive exercise. Consumption of FFI prevented the formation of excess ammonia, significantly reducing the level of urea in the blood and normalizing its excretion to control levels in the urine, which was increased in the Run group by 19%. <b>Conclusion</b>. The results obtained demonstrated the adaptogenic properties of the developed FFI in response to stress caused by weekly moderate and acute exhaustive physical activity. The obtained data on the biological effect of the developed ","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"80-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the development of obesity. Modulation of enzyme activity by high fat diet and dietary fiber].","authors":"E A Efimtseva, T I Chelpanova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-44-60","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-44-60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interest to the tissue-specific intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has increased in recent years due to eating disorders that have led to widespread obesity and diet-related diseases. Obesity is considered as an inflammation of low intensity, which is accompanied by the manifestation of various metabolic complications and a disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. IAP is one of the participants in the mechanism of the macroorganism protection against inflammatory and infectious processes, carrying out enzymatic detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (the trigger of the inflammatory process). Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the risk of obesity, inflammatory diseases. <b>The objective</b> of the research was to summarize the current understanding of the role of IAP involved in the molecular mechanism of diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the impact of dietary components - fats and dietary fiber on IAP activity. <b>Material and methods</b>. A literature search on the role of IAP in the development of obesity was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI databases. <b>Results</b>. IAP prevents the development of the inflammatory process by participating in the detoxification of toxic bacterial products, limiting the translocation of pathogenic bacteria from the intestine to various tissues and organs of the macroorganism. The enzyme maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier, influencing the synthesis and proper localization of tight junction's proteins between intestinal epithelial cells, promotes changes in the composition of the microbiota, decreasing pathogenic bacteria and increasing the population of the community of beneficial microorganisms. IAP is involved in the regulation of fatty acid absorption and influences on the adipogenesis. Monitoring the activity of IAP present in human stool can predict the early development of such complications associated with obesity as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, Some nutrients modulate IAP activity. Depending on the amount, type, composition of fats and the duration of their consumption, either an increase or decrease in the IAP activity are observed, while dietary fibers stimulate the activity of the enzyme. <b>Conclusion</b>. IAP activity can be considered as an early predictor of the risk of obesity. Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the development of obesity caused by high-fat diet. The high activity of the enzyme contributes to the support of intestinal homeostasis and limits transepithelial movement of bacteria, weakening the inflammatory process induced by lipopolysaccharides, the excess concentration of which is detected in obesity. Stimulating enzyme activity through dietary intervention reduces the risk of obesity and metabolic complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"44-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The role of microbiota and flavonoids in maintaining the balance of helper and regulatory T-lymphocytes associated with the intestinal immune barrier].","authors":"S I Pavlova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-22-32","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-22-32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gastrointestinal tract is a barrier, represented by dynamic and mutually regulating components (microbial, chemical, physical and immune) for the selective penetration of luminal contents into the internal environment. From the point of view of immunologists, even in a physiological condition, the epithelium of the intestinal wall is in a state of mild inflammation, which is explained by the constant invasion of antigens (food, microbial) and, in turn, the constant readiness of the immune system to respond. <b>The purpose</b> of this review was to analyze information about the formation of microbial and immunological barriers, immunological tolerance to microbiota and the possible role of flavonoids in this. <b>Material and methods</b>. The literature search was carried out using PubMed, ResearchGate, Elibrary databases mainly for the last 10 years, using the following keywords: flavonoid, gut microbiome/microbiota, Th17, Treg, RORγt, immunity, segmented filamentous bacteria. <b>Results</b>. During the immune response, a significant role in maintaining the intestinal barrier function is assigned to helper T lymphocytes type 17 (Th17). The intestinal microbiome is a key element in the formation of the immune barrier. Th17 differentiation in the intestine is fully triggered by commensals (apparently, the main role belongs to segmented filamentous bacteria) after weaning and the start of complementary feeding. Pro-inflammatory Th17 effectors in the gut are controlled by anti-inflammatory regulatory T-cells (Treg). In recent years, it has been established that despite the opposing functions of regulatory cells and effector Th17 cells, their differentiation is similar and is characterized by the expression of the common transcription factor RORγt. The main part of the peripheral regulatory lymphocytes of the intestine is a population that stably expresses not only FOXP3, but also RORγt. Flavonoids, which are plant secondary metabolites of the polyphenolic structure, are able to inhibit intracellular kinases and, as a result, influence the activation and implementation of effector functions of immunocompetent cells. Some flavonoids promote RORγt expression and appear to be able to reprogram the effector phenotype of Th17 cells, reducing their pathogenicity. <b>Conclusion</b>. Understanding the interactions between the microbiota, immune cells, and factors involved in their regulation, which are critical for the maintenance of tolerance, may facilitate progress in the prevention and therapeutic approaches to treat immunoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 1","pages":"22-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Bioimpedance analysis of body composition and rest energy expenditure in highly trained cross-country skiers].","authors":"E A Bushmanova, A Yu Lyudinina","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-3-23-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-3-23-30","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The body composition monitoring using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is important in assessing the functional state of athletes in sports. Based on changes of body composition, it is possible to optimize the actual dietary intake, as well as successfully organize the training process. <b>The purpose</b> of this research was to conduct a comparative assessment of BIA parameters and rest energy expenditure (REE) in highly trained cross-country skiers and young non-athletes. <b>Material and methods</b>. The members of the national cross-country skiing team from the Komi Republic and Russian Federation (n=30; age - 22.3±2.7 years) were examined. Practically healthy medical students served as a control group for the present study (n=40; age - 20.2±2.4 years). The participants successively passed the following study steps: assessment of the body composition by BIA (ACCUNIQ BC380), REE determination by indirect non-fasting calorimetry and calculation technique. <b>Results</b>. The parameters of total body water, fat-free mass, lean tissue and body cell mass were higher in contrast to the fat mass percentage in the athletes (р<0.001). The calculated REE was lower than measured REE among all the participants. At the same time, the REE calculated by the Ketch-McArdle formula significantly differed between the groups, while no differences were found between the REE calculated by the Harris-Benedict prediction equation. The measured REE were significantly higher by 16% (p<0.001) i n athletes compared to those in the control group. <b>Conclusion</b>. The body composition of athletes was distinguished by a significantly higher amounts of total body water, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, active cell mass, and lower percentage of fat mass compared to healthy untrained individuals. The results obtained among athletes coincided with the idea that the magnitude of REE is determined by the mass of metabolically active tissues and to a lesser extent depends on the fat mass. BIA results can be used to monitor athletes' body composition during the training process.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 3","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Improving the technology for obtaining an ingredient with probiotic properties using a new complex proteolytic enzyme preparation].","authors":"E V Kuksova, E V Kostyleva, A S Sereda, A A Toloknova, E A Fursova, G S Volkova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-5-142-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-5-142-152","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The development of technologies for producing bacterial concentrates and enzyme preparations using domestic microbial strains is an urgent task. The use of whey protein hydrolysates as components of nutrient media for probiotic bacteria consortia for the cultivation of lactic acid and bifidobacteria makes it possible to improve and develop innovative processes for obtaining bacterial concentrates with the required functional properties for the production of dietary supplements. A consortium of probiotic microorganisms (lactic acid and bifidobacteria) was created in the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Food Biotechnology as a starter culture for specialized dairy products. Using strain Aspergillus oryzae 21-154 LAP a new complex enzyme preparation with a laboratory name Protoorizin LAP has been obtained providing the extensive hydrolysis of protein substrates. &lt;b&gt;The purpose&lt;/b&gt; of the research was to evaluate the possibility of using the new domestic proteolytic enzyme preparation Protoorizin LAP in preparing whey-based nutrient media for culturing a consortium of probiotic microorganisms to obtain bacterial concentrates. &lt;b&gt;Material and methods&lt;/b&gt;. The object of the research was a symbiotic consortium, including lactic acid bacteria strains (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Д-16, Lactobacillus plantarum 578/25, Lactobacillus helveticus 842(D)-2, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis М-12, Streptococcus thermophilus В-92) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum Б-2). Unclarified curd whey and whey protein concentrate were taken as the nutrient medium basis. The media were treated with β-galactosidase to reduce the lactose content. In order to hydrolyze proteins, the control culture medium was treated with commercial preparations: serine protease - Alcalase® 2.4 L and leucine aminopeptidase - Flavourzyme® 1000 L. In the experimental medium, two imported preparations were replaced with a laboratory sample of the enzyme preparation Protoorizin LAP. In the prepared nutrient media, the content of amine nitrogen, free amino acids and soluble protein was determined, and electrophoretic analysis of proteins and peptides was carried out. The consortium growth was monitored by the content of dry substances and reducing sugars, by active and titratable acidity, as well as by microscopy. The number of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria at the end of fermentation and in the resulting bacterial concentrates were determined by sieving on the appropriate selective agar media using an automatic colony counter. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. The effectiveness of Protoorizin LAP in the hydrolysis of whey proteins significantly exceeded the result of the combined action of Alcalase® 2.4 L and Flavourzyme® 1000 L both in terms of reducing the undigested protein content, including immunogenic fractions, and in terms of the yield of soluble protein, amine nitrogen and amino acids. The nutrient media obtained using proteases ensured good ","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 5","pages":"142-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Determination of carbohydrate content in soft drinks. Methodological aspects and results of research using various methods].","authors":"K V Kobelev, E M Sevostyanova, L N Kharlamova, I V Lazareva, L M Khomich","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-4-112-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-4-112-120","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;An important component of the programs to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other chronic noncommunicable diseases is limiting the intake of added sugars. Information about the composition of the product and its nutritional value contained in the labeling contributes to the informed choice of consumers when forming a diet. On July 1, 2023, new provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation came into force, providing for the imposition of an excise tax on \"sugar-containing drinks\" - soft drinks made with added sugar and containing carbohydrates in quantities of more than 5 g/100 ml. The stated goal of the new excise regulation is to reduce sugar consumption by the population. Currently, information on the carbohydrate content in soft drinks is provided by manufacturers based on calculated values according to the recipe, which makes it possible to take into account as much as possible all the carbohydrate components of the product. There is no standardized method for analytically assessing the carbohydrate content of soft drinks (including \"sugar-sweetened beverages\" for excise tax purposes). &lt;b&gt;The purpose&lt;/b&gt; of the work was the comparative analysis of existing analytical methods for determining the content of sugars and carbohydrates in general in foods, including beverages; and determination of the most correct analytical approach to assessing the content of carbohydrates in soft drinks. &lt;b&gt;Material and methods&lt;/b&gt;. The existing methods for determining sugars and carbohydrates in foods, including beverages, have been analyzed. The objects of research were samples of model aqueous solutions with different sugar concentrations (30 samples) and 17 samples of industrially produced soft drinks (including tonic and tonic energy drinks) made using sugar or sugars (glucose-fructose syrup), sweeteners, and a mixture of sugar and sweeteners. The total content of sugars/carbohydrates in beverages was determined: in accordance with MU 10-05031531-372-93 as the difference between the total dry matter content and the dry matter from acids; by the Bertrand method; by the Bertrand-Schorl method. The obtained values were compared with the calculated data specified in the labeling of consumer packaging of the products. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. The determination of sugars in model solutions showed sufficient accuracy of the Bertrand-Schorl method: deviations of the obtained values from the amount of sugars added to the model solution were observed only at their high concentration (over 10 g/100 ml) and amounted to ±0.1 g/100 ml. The carbohydrate content in industrial soft drinks estimated by various methods differed slightly from that indicated in the labeling (obtained by calculation). The differences were at the level from - 0.2 to +0.4 g/100 ml when using the method from MU 10-05031531-372-93, at the level from -2.6 to +0.8 g/100 ml when using the Bertrand method and at the level from -2.7 to +0.1 g/100 ml when using the Bertrand-Schorl method.","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"93 4","pages":"112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}