Voprosy pitaniia最新文献

{"title":"[Texture perception and masticatory function in individuals with high and normal body mass index].","authors":"D S Khramova, F V Vityazev, N V Zueva, E A Chistiakova, S V Popov","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-16-25","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-16-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food choice is a critical factor contributing to the rise of obesity. Sensory perception, combined with environmental influences, plays a pivotal role in shaping dietary preferences, often favoring foods that provide pleasure rather than health benefits. Individuals with overweight or obesity experience alterations in sensory perception, including decreased sensitivity of taste receptors and delayed gustatory cortex activation, which affect food selection and predisposition to weight gain. Food texture, perceived via multiple sensory modalities, regulates chewing behavior, salivation, and masticatory muscle activity, thereby influencing bolus characteristics and sensory experience. Prior studies have identified correlations between masticatory function and body mass index (BMI), underscoring the necessity to investigate texture perception and chewing function in individuals with elevated BMI. The aim of this prospective study was to assess texture perception and masticatory function in healthy adults with normal and overweight BMI.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Thirty-five healthy participants (18-50 years old) were divided into two groups based on BMI ranges: 18.5-25 kg/m2, n=20 (normal weight) and 25-30 kg/m2, n=15 (overweight). A potato puree product modified with κ-carrageenan (0.6%) was used for sensory and masticatory assessments. During each experimental visit, participants underwent three test sessions (4 g of product per session), which were performed in a sensory room. These sessions included sensory evaluation of textural (hardness, homogeneity, moisture, stickiness, and cohesion) and hedonic propert ies (aroma, taste, texture, and overall liking), analysis of chewing parameters and salivation, and characterization of the bolus formed during chewing. Sensory analysis was conducted using a visual analog and 9-point hedonic scales. Surface electromyography of the masticatory muscles (musculus Masseter, musculus Temporalis, musculi Suprahyoid) was recorded to assess chewing duration, the number and duration of chewing cycles, and muscle activity. Salivation intensity was determined gravimetrically, and the degree of food bolus grinding was analyzed using the sieving method. Textural properties of the bolus were assessed using a TA-XT2 texture analyzer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with overweight rated the product as firmer (by 58%, p=0.010) and stickier (by 71%, p=0.021) compared to normal-weight counterparts; however hedonic ratings did not differ significantly between groups. Notably, overweight participants exhibited fewer chewing cycles (by 33%, p=0.02) and reduced activity in temporal and suprahyoid muscles. No significant differences were observed in chewing duration or salivation rates. Textural properties of the bolus prior to swallowing were comparable across groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Alterations in texture perception and chewing behavior among individuals with overweight do ","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 2","pages":"16-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The contribution of the intestinal microbiome to the formation of the general profile of bacterial DNA in the blood of obese children].","authors":"I V Kirilina, S A Roumiantsev, A M Gaponov, D V Savchyk, D R Khusnutdinova, T V Grigoryeva, E D Teplyakova, A V Shestopalov","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-107-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-107-116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is a multifactorial disease. The gut microbiome disturbances play a significant role in the development of obesity, but emerging data point to a blood microbiome and its association with obesity and other pathologies. Bacterial DNA in the blood represents a pathogen-associated molecular pattern capable of activating the immune system and thereby triggering a cascade of inflammatory responses. The question remains open as to where the bacterial DNA originates, which biotopes shape it, and what role the gut microbiome plays in forming the pool of bacterial DNA in blood. The aim of the study was to compare the bacterial DNA profiles of feces and blood in obese children, to establish relationships between bacterial DNA in blood and feces, and with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism parameters.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This single-center, cross-sectional study included children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years with varying degrees of alimentary-constitutional obesity (n=79) and without obesity (n=84). The taxonomic profile of bacterial DNA in blood and feces was analyzed using metagenomic sequencing. Bacterial DNA was isolated from blood and stool samples, and the v3-v4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. To identify the relationship between bacterial DNA in blood and feces and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism parameters [glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)], Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When comparing bacterial DNA from blood and feces, obese children more often isolated DNA from the families Lactobacillaceae (p=0.043), Porphyromonadaceae (p=0.022), Ruminococcaceae (p=0.065) and less often from Prevotellaceae (p=0.028) and Coriobacteriaceae (p=0.085) compared to children and adolescents without obesity. In obese children, the contribution of intestinal taxa (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae) to the formation of the bacterial DNA profile of the blood was significantly reduced, but the contribution of extraintestinal biotopes (skin, soil and water) was more diverse. Positive associations were found between bacterial DNA of fecal Ruminococcaceae taxa and the level of total cholesterol (ρ=0.347, p=0.002) and LDL (ρ=0.313, p=0.005) and of fecal Coriobacteriaceae and these lipid metabolism parameters (ρ=0.304, p=0.007 and ρ=0.317, p=0.005) in obese children. No positive associations were found between fecal and blood taxa and glucose level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In obese and non-obese children and adolescents, the general profile of bacterial blood DNA is formed by both intestinal and extra-intestinal biotopes. However, in obese children, taxa from extra-intestinal biotopes predominate in the formation of the blood microbiome, which is confirmed by analyzing the proximity of the taxonomic composition of bacterial DNA in blood and feces based on beta diversity indices. Th","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 3","pages":"107-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Lipid, protein oxidation and antioxidant status in menopausal women with different levels of vitamin D in blood].","authors":"N V Semеnova, A S Lesnaya, N E Garashenko, A I Kudinova, A Abara Kane, L I Kolesnikova","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-36-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-36-44","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relevance of this study is due to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in menopausal women, as vitamin D is a modulator of free-radical oxidation and antioxidant defense processes. However, the mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates free-radical homeostasis remain poorly understood and have not been definitively interpreted. The aim of the study was to evaluate the nature of changes in the parameters of free-radical oxidation of lipids, proteins, and the state of antioxidant protection in women of the menopausal period with different levels of 25-OH vitamin D in blood serum.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>98 menopausal women were divided into three groups depending on their 25-OH vitamin D serum levels: control (30-50 ng/mL, n=20), 25-OH vitamin D insufficiency (20-29.9 ng/ml, n=31), and 25-OH vitamin D deficiency (˂20 ng/ ml, n=47). The 25-OH vitamin D deficiency group was additionally stratified into moderate (15-19.9 ng/ml, n=20) and severe (<15 ng/ ml, n=27) deficit. Free radical oxidation parameters were determined in all women by spectophotometry, including level of lipid peroxidation substrates with isolated double bonds, conjugated dienes (CD), ketodienes and conjugated trienes (KD-CT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Schiff bases and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). The assessment of the components of the antioxidant defense system included the determination of the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of blood plasma using spectophotometry, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocyte lysate using photometry, the level of α-tocopherol and retinol in plasma using fluorometric methods, the level of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in erythrocyte lysate using fluorometric method with the calculation of their ratio (GSH/GSSG) and the content of glutathione-Stransferase π in serum (GSTP) using ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In menopausal women with insufficient 25-OH vitamin D levels, SOD activity (p=0.016) and α-tocopherol levels (p=0.018) increased, while GSTP concentration decreased (р=0.023) relative to the control group. In 25-OH vitamin D deficiency α-tocopherol level (p=0.042) increased while TBARS (p=0.013) and Schiff bases (p=0.002) levels decreased relative to the control group and group with micronutrient deficiency (р=0.049 and р=0.025 accordingly). Positive correlations were found between the level of 25-OH vitamin D and the TBARS (ρ=0.20, p=0.05) and Schiff bases (ρ=0.31, p=0.002). Under moderate 25(OH)D deficiency an increase in ТАА (p=0.049), α-tocopherol (p=0.003) and retinol (p=0.026) levels and a decrease in the levels of TBARS (p=0.021), Schiff bases (p=0.024), AOPP (p=0.043), GSH (p=0.043) and GSH/GSSG (p=0.030) were observed compared to the control. In severe 25(OH) D deficit a decrease in the levels of TBARS (p=0.041) and Schiff bases (p=0.002) relative to the control was revealed. Comparison of subgroups with different levels of 2","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 3","pages":"36-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Traditional dietary sources of caffeine in Russia: quantitative assessment and socio-demographic determinants].","authors":"E E Keshabyants, E A Smirnova, L M Khomich, K I Eller","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-38-48","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-38-48","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. Despite established international guidelines for safe intake, assessing dietary caffeine intake remains relevant due to the expanding range of caffeine-containing products on the market. The objective of the study was to assess the structure of consumption of caffeine-containing foods and beverages and the associated levels of potential caffe ine intake in the adult population of the Russian Federation, taking into account socio-demographic differences.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the 2023 round of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) dietary survey. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method. The sample included 72,710 respondents aged 18 years and older, stratified by sex, age, and type of settlement. Potential caffeine intake from the main sources (tea, coffee, non-alcoholic energy drinks, cola-type beverages, and dark chocolate) was estimated based on the literature data of average caffeine content [all types of tea combined - 25 mg/100 mL; all types of coffee combined - 40 mg/100 mL; energy drinks - 28 mg/100 mL; cola-type beverages - 12 mg/100 mL; dark chocolate - 80 mg/100 g], along with median consumption values calculated among individuals who reported consuming these products on the day preceding the survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant differences in the consumption of major caffeine sources were observed across sex, age, and settlement groups. Men demonstrated higher consumption of tea, coffee, and soft drinks (p<0.001). The highest per capita coffee consumption was observed among individuals aged 30-44 years (198 mL/day). Territorial differences were identified: rural residents consumed more tea (509 vs 452 mL/day in urban population, p<0.001) and less coffee (118 vs 154 mL/day, p<0.001). Total potential caffeine intake reached 372 mg/day in groups consuming multiple sources. The most common consumption pattern was the combination of \"tea + coffee,\" observed in 27,744 respondents, with a median total caffeine intake of 200 mg/day. Gender differences in consumption patterns and amounts were consistent with findings from international studies. A specific feature of the Russian population was identified: unlike European countries, where coffee is the dominant source of caffeine, a significant share of caffeine intake in Russia comes from tea, particularly in rural regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed substantial differences in the consumption of caffeine source products across socio-demographic groups within the Russian population. Tea and coffee remain the key sources of caffeine for Russians, while the proportion of the population consuming non-alcoholic energy drinks remains negligible.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 2","pages":"38-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Asynchronous age- and sex- associated changes in relationship between eating behavior and body mass index].","authors":"M F Borisenkov, S V Popov, V V Smirnov, T A Tserne, L A Bakutova, O I Dorogina, A A Pecherkina, E E Symanyuk","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-49-59","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-49-59","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eating behavior associated with overeating constitutes a key risk factor for obesity. Age- and sex-associated changes in the relationship between eating behavior and obesity are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the age and sex effect in the relationship between eating behavior and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Each participant of cross-sectional study (n=2315, age - 30.3±20.7, range - 15-95 years, females - 77.7%) provided personal data (sex, age, height, and weight) and completed two questionnaires: the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, which assessed restrained (RES), external (EXT), and emotional (EMO) eating behavior, and the Yale Food Addiction Scale, which assessed food addiction (FA). Analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis were used to assess the association between the indicators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As age increased from 15 to 95 years, the average BMI values (p<0.0001) and the frequency of detection of overweight and obesity increased (from 9.3 to 69.8%, р<0.0001), while the frequency of detection of FA (from 13.1 to 5.1%, р<0.0001), and average values of RES, EMO, and EXT (p<0.0001) decreased. Anthropometric signs of overweight and obesity were more pronounced in males (p<0.0001), while signs characterizing eating behavior, with the exception of EXT, were more pronounced in females (p<0.0001). In the age group 15-29 years the predictors of BMI were RES (β=0.35), EMO (β=0.16), and FA (β=0.21), in the 30-49-year-olds - EMO (β=0.35), and in the 50-69-year-olds - FA (β=0.15), RES (β=0.16) and EXT (β=0.17). There were no associations between eating behavior and BMI in people older than 70 years. In females, the predictors of BMI were RES (β=0.23), EMO (β=0.11), and FA (β=0.13), and in males, RES (β=0.33) and FA (β=0.14).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From adolescence to old age, there is a steady increase in the risk of overweight and obesity, more pronounced in men, and a decrease in the incidence of eating abnormalities, more pronounced in women. The age and sex of study participants have a significant impact on the relationship between eating behavior and body mass index.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 2","pages":"49-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A study of soy protein proteolysis by digestive enzymes and description of the peptide profile of the obtained hydrolysates].","authors":"V V Fomenko, I A Detinkin, I M Chernukha, N G Mashentseva, N A Bolshev","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-70-91","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-70-91","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study of proteolysis of plant proteins is attracting increasing attention. When proteolytic enzymes act on plant proteins, peptides with different biological activities can be released. Proteolytic hydrolysis, being a natural mechanism of protein digestion in the body, has been successfully adapted for use in food technology in order to modify the functional and biological properties of protein ingredients. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of digestive enzymes on soy protein in vitro and analyze the peptide profile of the obtained hydrolysates using in silico instruments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The proteolysis of soy protein isolate (with a protein content of 89%) was carried out using the enzymes trypsin (at pH 7.8±0.1), pepsin (at pH 2.0±0.1), as well as their sequential action - hydrolysis first with pepsin (for 2 hours), and then with trypsin (2 hours). The degree of hydrolysis was calculated as the ratio of the concentration of amine nitrogen released during proteolysis to the total nitrogen content in the suspension before hydrolysis. The dominant peptides were identified using the nano- LC-MS/MS method. The databases BIOPEP-UWM, AntiBP3, Antifp, AntiCP 2.0, and AntiTbPred were used to predict the biological activity of the dominant peptide sequences in hydrolysates. The toxicity of the peptides was assessed using ToxinPred3.0. AutoDock Vina 1.2.7 software was used for molecular docking.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;When treated with trypsin (200 U/g) at an enzyme dosage of 4% for 4 hours, the degree of hydrolysis was 5.38%, when treated with pepsin (420 U/g) at the same enzyme dosage for 4 hours, taking into account optimal pH values, the degree of hydrolysis was 7.06%. With sequential proteolysis by these enzymes, a hydrolysis rate of 7.71% was achieved. Based on mass spectrometric data, 37 of the most common peptide sequences present in hydrolysates were analyzed in silico. The dominant properties predicted for the discovered peptide sequences were the ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), as well as oncostatic properties. The binding energy of some peptides to DPP-IV and ACE enzymes was also estimated using molecular docking. A low binding energy to DPP-IV (-8.154 kcal/mol) was observed in the ATISDQPRGSY peptide, while the LAIPVNKPGRF, TTVPPHSVQVHTTTHRYEAGVPPARF and VSIIDTNSLENQLDQMPRRF peptides had a low binding index to ACE (&lt;-8.5 kcal/mol), indicating a potentially high inhibitory activity of these peptides against DPP-IV and ACE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The present study describes a number of new bioactive peptides from soy that can be formed during proteolysis by pepsin and trypsin. The data obtained form the basis for further investigation of the biological activity of the obtained hydrolysates and the identified peptides, which in the future may be useful for the development of technologies for functional products","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 2","pages":"70-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Immune status of rats fed standard diets differing in antigen profile].","authors":"M D Trebukh, N V Tyshko, E O Sadykova, S I Shestakova, N S Nikitin","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-86-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-86-95","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The enrichment of the food industry's resource base through novel food and raw materials necessitates the improvement of protocols for allergological safety assessment of such products. An important applied task in ensuring reliable results in allergy studies in vivo is the formation of basic diets. The nutrient composition of the diet and its antigen profile can directly or indirectly modulate the immune response of experimental animals, both through direct interaction with immune cells, including dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes, and through the secretion of chemokines and cytokines, thereby leading to distortion or misinterpretation of the data obtained. The widening of the list of sensitive indicators characterizing the protective potential of animals in the context of novel food allergenicity assessment has determined the need to standardize the antigenic profile of diets and minimize their modulating effect on the immune system. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of standard diets differing in ingredients and antigen profile on the immune status of rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A 30-day experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 179±2 g. The animals were 45 days old at the beginning of the study. The rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 received a natural grain diet (the «NGD group») throughout the study period, while Group 2 received a semi-synthetic casein diet (the «SSD group»). A comprehensive assessment of the diets with different composition and antigen profile was performed using an extended pool of indicators of the immune status of rats: serum cytokine profile (G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO/KC, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, M-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-3α, RANTES, TNF-α, VEGF), serum level of immunoglobulins (IgG1 and IgG4), pathomorphological and morphometric characteristics of immunocompetent organs (thymus, spleen, Peyer's patches of the small intestine).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A natural grain diet activates proinflammatory and Th2 pathways: significantly increased levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-7, and GM-CSF were detected in rats from the NGD group - by 43, 34, 42 and 16%, respectively (p&lt;0.05) compared to those in the SSD group. Elevated level of IL-1β and IL-4 (the key cytokines involved in the type 2 immune response) declare an allergic immune reaction. Morphometric studies of the thymus in animals of the NGD group demonstrated an increase in the trabeculae width by 53% (p&lt;0.05), compared with the SSD group, which indicates a response of the thymus to antigenic stimulation of a sensitized organism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The results of assessing the immune status of rats fed standard diets differing in compositions and antigen profiles revealed a number of biologically significant systematic changes in the studied parameters. A natural grain diet, in contrast to a semi-synthetic","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 3","pages":"86-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Vitamin D, iodine and iron status in children with obesity].","authors":"A B Kazanina, N V Shakhova, I I Mironenko, E A Taylakova, I S Potapova, O S Tarasenko, K S Nikolaeva, T S Kashinskaya","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-45-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-3-45-53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Active longevity and the prevention of alimentary diseases are priority areas of public policy. The prevalence of childhood obesity is steadily increasing, and this condition is associated with complex micronutrient imbalances. A comprehensive assessment of vitamin and trace element status in obese children living in the Siberian Federal District of the Russian Federation has not been conducted over the past 10 years, making this study particularly relevant. The objective of the study was to assess the vitamin D, iodine, and iron status of primary school-age children with exogenous-constitutional obesity.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A case-control study was conducted at medical institutions in Barnaul from June to December 2025. A total sample of 100 children aged 7-10 years were examined: the main group (n=60) included children with grades I-III obesity, and the control group (n=40) included healthy peers with normal body weight. The level of vitamin D (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and ferritin (chemiluminescent immunoassay) were measured in blood serum, and the iodine level was determined in a single morning urine sample (cerium-arsenite method).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The groups were comparable by gender (the proportion of boys was 53.3-55.0%) and age (p>0.05). Children with obesity showed a statistically significant decrease in the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (30.8 [27.1; 34.2] versus 44.2 [39.0; 53.7] ng/ml in the control group, p<0.05). The median values of ferritin level (50.9 [38.9; 64.1] versus 47.2 [41.6; 55.8] ng/ml) and ioduria (427.0 [383.9; 460.5] versus 344.2 [289.0; 406.1] μg/l) did not differ in the compared groups (p>0.05). The incidence of vitamin D deficiency (<30 ng/ml) in the main group was 43.3 versus 22.5% in the control group (p=0.03), and iron deficiency (<30 ng/ml) was determined in 6.7% versus 10.0% (p<0.05). No iodine deficiency (<100 μg/l) was detected in the studied groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the group of children with exogenous-constitutional obesity, almost every second child was diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency, which was the most common micronutrient deficiency. Ferritin level showed no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of iron deficiency. Urinary iodine levels reflected high iodine excretion in children in both groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 3","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Assessment of nutritional status and the incidence of excess body fat mass under normal body mass index in female rhythmic gymnasts].","authors":"K V Vybornaya, D B Nikityuk","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-5-15","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-2-5-15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the priority goals of sports medicine is maintaining athletes' health, both throughout their athletic careers and afterward. Identifying athletes with excess body fat under normal body mass index (BMI) is important for sports medicine, as excess body fat predicts the development of metabolic disorders, as well as the development of overweight and obesity after retirement. The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status using a method combining BMI and body fat percentage criteria, to identify the incidence and timing of the manifestation of excess body fat under normal BMI values in female rhythmic gymnasts.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 239 female rhythmic gymnasts aged 6-20 years were examined. Anthropometric measurements were performed using standard methods. Body composition was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis using an ABC-02 MEDASS analyzer. Nutritional status was assessed using the WHO AnthroPlus program and a method combining BMI and body fat percentage evaluation, which allows for the detection of hidden conditions such as excess body fat with a normal BMI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the combined method of assessing BMI and body fat percentage, 14 (5.9%) gymnasts had elevated body fat with a normal BMI. These athletes had lower lean body mass and skeletal muscle mass than gymnasts with normal body fat. Thirty athletes were identified as having a body type characterized by normal lean body mass and BMI values with insufficient fat mass. Eight athletes (3.3% of those examined) were underweight; one of them was diagnosed with insufficient body height.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Athletes involved in complex athletic disciplines, such as rhythmic gymnastics, are at risk of developing excess body fat despite normal BMI levels, true overweight, and true obesity, both after retirement and during puberty.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 2","pages":"5-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The pathogenetic rationale and effectiveness of including ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the complex therapy of atopic dermatitis in adults].","authors":"V A Revyakina, N A Tarmaeva","doi":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-1-74-81","DOIUrl":"10.33029/0042-8833-2026-95-1-74-81","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial disease, in its pathogenesis an imbalance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in favor of pro-inflammatory ω-6 over antiinflammatory ω-3 plays an important role. Although the role of ω-3 PUFAs in atopy prevention is established, data on their efficacy in the treatment of confirmed AD remain contradictory due to the differences in dosages and study design. The aim of the research was a comparative evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of two different doses of ω-3 PUFAs as part of complex therapy for AD in adult patients.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We examined 101 patients with moderate to severe AD aged 18 to 59 years (Me 31 [23; 41] years). Sixty-five subjects were administrated ω-3 PUFAs in addition to basic therapy and were randomized into subgroups receiving a high (3.6 g/ day, 200/240 mg EPA/DHA) or low (0.72 g/day, 40/48 mg EPA/DHA) dose of fish oil for 30 days. The control group consisted of 36 patients on standard therapy. Efficacy was assessed by the dynamics of the SCORAD index, the severity of subjective symptoms (itching, sleep disorders), and the proportion of patients with complete resolution of clinical manifestations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most significant reduction in disease severity was observed in patients receiving a high dose of ω-3 PUFAs: the SCORAD index decreased by 81.8% (from 55 [41; 70] to 10 [8; 13] points, p<0.001), itching intensity by 87.5%, and sleep disorders by 66.7%. In the low-dose group, the reduction in SCORAD was 63.6% (to 16 [12; 20], p<0.001), and in the control group - 50% (to 20 [17; 22], p<0.001). The inclusion of ω-3 PUFA in the complex therapy showed a statistically significant advantage in the degree of AD manifestation reduction over the control group (p<0.05). Analysis of the proportions of patients with complete symptom resolution confirmed the dose-dependent effect: for key symptoms (rash, itching, dry skin), the responder rate was significantly higher in the high-dose group compared to both the control and the low-dose group (p<0.05). No adverse events have been reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated the dose-dependent efficacy of ω-3 PUFAs in the complex therapy of AD in adults. The intake in a dose of 200/240 mg EPA/DHA provides a significantly greater reduction in disease severity according to SCORAD, a decrease in the severity of subjective symptoms, and an increase in the proportion of patients with complete regression of symptoms compared to both a low dose of ω-3 PUFAs and standard therapy. The obtained data confirm the pathogenetic rationale for including ω-3 PUFAs in the AD treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23652,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy pitaniia","volume":"95 1","pages":"74-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}