Wiadomosci lekarskie最新文献

{"title":"Alterations of thyroid and adipose tissue hormones in acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Olesya M Horlenko, Khrystyna A Hechko, Mikhaylo M Hechko, Fedir V Horlenko, Yuliya V Haman, Mariya A Derbak, Kamila Yu Voronych","doi":"10.36740/WLek/220837","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/220837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aim: To study and analyze studies data of thyroid function and adipose tissue hormones changes in patients with coronavirus infection.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on the basis of the Clinical Hospital «CMCH», Uzhhorod, outpatient department. The clinical presentation of the patients with Covid-19 verified diagnosis of was represented by damage to the upper respiratory tract, in particular nasopharyngitis. The age of the studied patients was 18±2.15 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: All thyroid status parameters varied within the reference values, but it is noteworthy that after treatment, a significant increase in TSH levels was observed both after treatment and in comparison with the control group (p1#60;0.01; p3#60;0.01) and after 6 months шт 3.1 times (p2#60;0.01; p4#60;0.01). Representative dynamic values of ATPO were identified both after treatment and in comparison with the control group (p1#60;0.01; p3<0.01) and after 6 months. A significant decrease in ATPO was observed in 4.7 times (p2#60;0.01; p4#60;0.01). All levels of the studied adiponectin, leptin and C-peptide parameters varied within the reference range. Adiponectin values significantly decreased after treatment and after 6 months (p4<0.01) in 4 times; Leptin levels significantly decreased after treatment in 2.8 times and after 6 months - in 3 times (p4#60;0.01). C-peptide values (p4=0.12) reached the level of the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusions: Investigation of thyroid function and adipose tissue hormones changes in patients with Covad-19 was conducted. All thyroid status parameters and adipose tissue hormones varied within the reference values with different variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 5","pages":"962-968"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of metabolism and peculiarities of organs' structural reorganization by sodium nitrite with underlying tobacco intoxication.","authors":"Larysa Ya Fedoniuk, Petro H Lykhatskyi, Liudmyla S Fira","doi":"10.36740/WLek/217275","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/217275","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Aim: To determine the characteristics of metabolism in rats of different ages exposed by sodium nitrite with underlying tobacco intoxication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patients and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted on male white rats kept on a standard vivarium diet. The rats were divided into three age groups: sexually immature with a body weight of 60-80 g (3 months old), sexually mature with a body weight of 180-200 g (12 months old), and elderly with a body weight of 300-350 g (18 months old). The animals received a single intragastric dose of sodium nitrite via a probe in the form of an aqueous solution at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight, which is 1/4 of the LD50. The study was conducted 24 and 72 hours after exposure to this toxicant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Results: It has been established, that during the whole experiment, after the affection of the rats, the hyperproduction of active forms of oxygen is present. Simultaneous exposure of rats to sodium nitrite and tobacco intoxication leads to increased generation of active oxygen species by neutrophil granulocytes in the blood. By the end of the experiment, sexually immature rats showed a maximum increase in the content of TBK-active products in all organs (in the liver - 3.3 times, in the kidneys - 3.6 times, in the lungs - 4.3 times, myocardium - 6.0 times). At the end of the experiment, the content of methemoglobin in the blood of young animals after exposure increased significantly (2.6 times). The simultaneous effect of sodium nitrite and tobacco smoke causes disturbances in the antioxidant system. Suppression of superoxide dismutase activity in the blood serum and liver of rats of all age groups was detected. Suppression of superoxide dismutase activity was detected in the blood serum and liver of rats of all age groups. By the end of the experiment, ceruloplasmin content had increased in the group of sexually immature rats, exceeding the level in control animals by 2.4 times at the end of the experiment. Glutathione levels decreased in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and myocardium of rats of all age groups, most significantly in sexually immature rats. At the same time, nitrooxidative stress developed, as evidenced by an increase in nitrite ion levels in all organs during the experiment. After exposure to sodium nitrite, rats of different ages that had been poisoned with tobacco smoke for 45 days showed a significant increase in enzyme activity in their blood serum (alanine aminotransferase activity in blood serum increased 7.7 times, aspartate aminotransferase 5.0 times, lactate dehydrogenase by 1.8 times, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase by 4.1 times, and alkaline phosphatase by 3.6 times. Secondary endogenous toxins accumulated in the affected organism - medium-weight molecules, the content of which in blood serum was highest at the end of the experiment in sexually immature rats. The myocardium of elderly rats was most se","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 1","pages":"78-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of genetic diversity of PCSK9 polymorphisms on coronary artery disease in a sample of Iraqi individuals.","authors":"Ruaa Heyder Hadi, Majid Kadhum Hussain","doi":"10.36740/WLek/216770","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/216770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aim: To assess the association of PCSK9 SNPs (rs2483205, rs2479394) with CAD susceptibility in an Iraqi population.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: A case-control study recruited 110 CAD patients, angiographically confirmed, and 110 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Serum PCSK9 was quantified by ELISA, and lipid profiles were analyzed enzymatically. Genotyping for rs2483205 (C/T) and rs2479394 (G/A) was performed using ARMS-PCR. Associations were evaluated using logistic regression, haplotype analysis, and genotype-phenotype correlations, adjusting for age and sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: CAD patients exhibited significantly higher PCSK9 levels (54.12 ± 19.04 vs. 20.94 ± 17.72 ng/mL, p < 0.0001), LDL-C, TG, and lower HDL-C (p ≤ 0.005) versus controls. Genotype analysis revealed a significant protective effect of the rs2479394 G/A genotype against CAD (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.04-1.08, p = 0.024). The rs2483205 SNP showed no significant association. Haplotype analysis identified four major haplotypes; T-A demonstrated significant protection (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21-0.88, p = 0.020). No significant associations were found between rs2479394 genotypes and phenotypic parameters (blood pressure, lipids, PCSK9) in CAD patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusions: The rs2479394 G/A genotype and T-A haplotype are associated with reduced CAD risk in Iraqis, suggesting a protective role for specific PCSK9 variants. Elevated serum PCSK9 levels and dyslipidemia were confirmed in CAD patients; however, rs2479394 did not correlate with these phenotypic traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 1","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrelationship between lipid and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women.","authors":"Yurii Kazakov, Viktoriia Myhal, Svitlana Shut, Viktor Boriak, Viktoriia Sakevych, Nataliia Chekalina","doi":"10.36740/WLek/217690","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/217690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aim: To study the state and interrelationship of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, lipid profile, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 42 women aged 51.9±2.95 years, with a postmenopausal period of 1.69±1.47 years. All patients underwent laboratory and instrumental examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: The study found that most women were overweight or obese and had elevated levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and atherogenicity index. The average level of 25(OH)D was 26.95±10.58 ng/ml, with more than half of the subjects diagnosed with deficiency or insufficiency. According to ultrasound densitometry, a significant proportion of women had varying degrees of BMD reduction, ranging from osteopenia to osteoporosis. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant associations between lipid profile indicators, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and bone tissue condition, in particular inverse correlations between HDL-C levels and phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as between the atherogenicity coefficient and vitamin D levels (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusions: The data obtained confirm the feasibility of a comprehensive assessment of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, lipid profile, and ultrasound densitometry results. This approach allows for the timely identification of women at increased risk of developing osteodismetabolic disorders and monitoring of bone tissue condition in the postmenopausal period.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 1","pages":"202-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet therapy as a component of ancient medicine.","authors":"Marta J Petryshyn, Halina M Zahaiska, Oxana V Liubimova","doi":"10.36740/WLek/214415","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/214415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aim: To analyze of dietotherapy as employed by Roman physicians in the treatment of therapeutic diseases since one of the important methods of successful treatment and recovery is a properly formulated diet.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: The subject of this study is De Medicina, the work of Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the renowned Roman scholar and encyclopedist, the author of an eight-volume medical treatise, which summarizes the experience of ancient medicine in the fields of therapy, surgery, pathology, and dietetics. The application of analytical and synthetic methods, contextual and comparative analysis, and the descriptive method enabled the investigation of the specifics of diet therapy as a key treatment modality in ancient medical practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusions: Critically summarizing the achievements of medicine in therapy, surgery, and pathology, Celsus consistently emphasized the importance of diet therapy in the treatment and prevention of diseases. As a result of the research, it has been established that even in ancient times, the nutrition of a sick person was considered the fundamental basis upon which other therapeutic measures should be applied. Dietary nutrition was aimed at reducing the risk of complications, restoring the body, and preventing diseases. The main principles of ancient diet therapy were based on the following: aligning the diet with the physiological needs of the body during illness, adapting food processing methods for specific diseases, determining the duration of the diet depending on the characteristics of the disease's progression, maintaining water balance, and applying principles of adjustment, substitution, and physical or mechanical protection of the affected system or organ.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 2","pages":"377-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duodenal wall hematoma imitating a pancreatic tumor as a rare cause of obstructive jaundice - a case report.","authors":"Michał Jan Nawracaj, Maria Miłkowska, Aleksandra Denkiewicz, Martyna Małek, Julia Maja Bartczak, Łukasz Pieczykolan, Wiktoria Suszek, Piotr Sosiński, Łukasz Hołubiuk, Weronika Walęcik-Kot","doi":"10.36740/WLek/221516","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/221516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obstructive jaundice is mostly caused by malignant lesions such as pancreatic head cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Atypical benign conditions such as intramural duodenal hematoma (IDH), can imitate malignant processes in both clinical and radiological presentation. The diagnostic workup included computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy. A 65-year-old patient was referred for assessment of obstructive jaundice and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Initial presentation included hematemesis, anemia, cholestasis, and coagulopathy. Imaging (MRCP, CT) showed dilation of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and pancreatic duct, suggesting obstruction at the pancreatic head. CT also revealed a heterogeneous mass in the duodenum. ERCP demonstrated duodenal stenosis due to external compression and distal bile duct narrowing, and a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) was inserted. Endoscopic ultrasound with biopsy revealed an intramural duodenal hematoma without malignant features. The patient's medical history was significant for multiple comorbidities and previous anticoagulation therapy. Follow-up imaging demonstrated complete regression of the hematoma, confirming its benign nature. The observed clinical course was consistent with spontaneous resolution; consequently, there was no need for surgical intervention. Intramural duodenal hematoma is a rare but important condition that may mimic pancreatic head tumors causing obstructive jaundice. Early detection using imaging techniques is critical to accurately establish the diagnosis. Early recognition facilitates conservative treatment and helps avoid unnecessary highly invasive surgical procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 6","pages":"1430-1435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tibiofibular stabilization in patients with ankle and posterior malleolus fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ivan V Kucher, Taras Omelchenko, Olena Turchyn, Andrii Liabakh","doi":"10.36740/WLek/222249","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/222249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aim: To compare the functional outcomes and the frequency of use of distal tibiofibular stabilization (TFS) in patients with ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus (PM).</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases in accordance with the PICOS and PRISMA guidelines. Studies included in the meta-analysis were analyzed using the Cochrane RevMan software. 20 studies were selected for qualitative analysis and 18 for quantitative analysis, and included 2179 patients. Functional outcomes according to the AOFAS scale in patients with ankle fractures and PM fractures treated with TFS were not statistically different from the control group (MD = 1.00; 95% CI [-4.70, 6.70]; p = .073, I2=87%). A significant decrease in the use of TFS was found in patients after fixation of the PM (OR = 3.77; 95% CI [2.13, 6.69]; p < 0.00001, I2=78%) and in patients who had PM fixation with a buttress plate (OR = 0.44; 95% CI [0.25, 0.79]; p = 0.006, I2=0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusions: The use of additional TFS after fixation of the PM does not affect the functional outcomes of treatment of patients with ankle fractures. Fixation of the PM fragment significantly reduces the need for TFS. Open repositioning and osteosynthesis of the PM by a buttress plate reduces the need for TFS as compared to screws.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 7","pages":"1633-1645"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication nonadherence in osteoarthritis: Review of determinants, consequences and strategies.","authors":"Ariba Juayria Zubair, Abubakker Siddiq Mohamed Hameed, Sandhra Treesa Santhosh, Mamoun Abdulhamid Jarjouma, Parvathy Jyothish, Mateusz Kaczmarski, Silvija Ille","doi":"10.36740/WLek/218186","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/218186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA), particularly of the knee, represents a leading cause of chronic pain and functional limitation worldwide. Although pharmacologic therapy remains central to symptom control, real-world treatment effectiveness is frequently compromised by suboptimal medication adherence. To synthesize contemporary evidence on the determinants, clinical consequences, and targeted strategies related to medication nonadherence in osteoarthritis. A narrative review of literature published between January 2021 and February 2026 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and supplementary sources. Studies examining determinants of nonadherence, associated outcomes, and adherence-enhancing interventions in OA were thematically integrated. Thirty-nine studies were included. Medication nonadherence in OA is multifactorial, reflecting the interaction of patient-related, therapy-related, and healthcare system determinants. Aging, multimorbidity, cognitive vulnerability, and polypharmacy contribute to unintentional nonadherence, whereas risk perception, safety concerns, and financial barriers frequently drive intentional dose modification or discontinuation. Inconsistent medication use is associated with persistent pain, functional limitation, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare utilization. Emerging evidence supports patient-centered education, shared decision-making, regimen simplification, pharmacist-led interventions, and digital adherence tools as promising strategies. Medication nonadherence represents a clinically consequential yet underrecognized determinant of treatment effectiveness in osteoarthritis. Addressing adherence through integrated, patient-centered, and system-level strategies is essential to optimizing symptom control, functional outcomes, and healthcare resource utilization in OA populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 3","pages":"571-581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex diagnostic approach in early manifestation of Crohn's disease in children.","authors":"Olga M Gorbatyuk","doi":"10.36740/WLek/219918","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/219918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aim: To summarize current approaches to diagnosing and evaluating clinical features and disease course of Crohn's disease, and to provide competency-based practical recommendations for diagnostic assessment in children with early-onset disease.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: Literature analysis was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library) and the author's clinical cases of Crohn's disease in 7 children aged 1 year 10 months to 4.5 years. The diagnostic algorithm in young children included general clinical examination and laboratory and instrumental methods, including genetic testing and serological markers. Morphological verification of the diagnosis by histological examination of biopsy specimens is mandatory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis of Crohn's disease in young children results from nonspecific symptoms, variable early manifestations, and prominent extraintestinal features. Early-onset disease poses a major diagnostic challenge and requires increased awareness of extraintestinal manifestations, perianal lesions, and growth failure. Serological tests serve as supportive tools and do not exclude the diagnosis when negative, particularly in children under 6 years. Genetic screening to rule out primary immunodeficiencies is an essential part of the diagnostic workup in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 4","pages":"817-821"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147949825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise interventions for knee osteoarthritis: A narrative review of mechanisms, modalities, and clinical implementation.","authors":"Parvathy Jyothish, Abubakker Siddiq Mohamed Hameed, Fajrul Sabana Jahubar Ali, Lina Yaseen, Nataliia Fedorenko","doi":"10.36740/WLek/218218","DOIUrl":"10.36740/WLek/218218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, multifactorial joint disorder involving cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone changes, synovial inflammation, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Exercise is first-line therapy, yet heterogeneity in modalities, dosing, and delivery limits practical guidance. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Frontiers, and ScienceDirect (2021-2026), focusing on aerobic, resistance, aquatic, and mind-body exercise studies. Data were extracted on type, intensity, frequency, duration, delivery, and outcomes, and synthesized narratively to provide clinically relevant insights. Exercise improves pain, function, and quality of life through enhanced muscle strength, joint stability, optimized loading, anti-inflammatory effects, and central pain modulation. Aerobic and resistance training enhance cardiovascular fitness, quadriceps and hip strength, and functional performance. Aquatic therapy reduces joint stress and improves adherence, while mind-body interventions support flexibility, balance, and stress reduction. Long-term, thrice-weekly protocols offer maximal benefit, and hybrid models combining supervised and home-based exercise optimize adherence and outcomes. Exercise is a cornerstone of knee osteoarthritis management. Individualized programs considering patient characteristics, modality-specific benefits, and delivery method are essential. Future research should refine exercise dosage, intensity, progression, and hybrid delivery strategies to maximize long-term clinical effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23643,"journal":{"name":"Wiadomosci lekarskie","volume":"79 3","pages":"624-632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}