Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-06-16DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_62_22
Abdullah Alkhayal, Bader H Alsaikhan, Ghassan Alhajress, Abdullah Alsaghyir, Yasser A Noureldin, Khaled Aldraihem, Khalid Alrabeeah
{"title":"Perceptions of testicular cancer and self-examination in the general population of Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Abdullah Alkhayal, Bader H Alsaikhan, Ghassan Alhajress, Abdullah Alsaghyir, Yasser A Noureldin, Khaled Aldraihem, Khalid Alrabeeah","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_62_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_62_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although testicular cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy in males between the ages of 18 and 50 years, little effort has been made to increase public awareness about TC and testicular self-examinations (TSEs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness of TC and TSEs in the Saudi population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted using a structured questionnaire distributed online through social media platforms. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions related to TC and TSE. All relevant data were moved into an Excel sheet, and data analyses were carried out using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 849 responses were received. The proportion of respondents who knew any information about TC was 26.5%, with media or the Internet being the most common sources of information (16.3%). In addition, 5.5% of respondents knew how to perform a TSE, although only 4% actually performed TSEs. The patient age group was an independent significant predictor of this knowledge, with a <i>P</i> = 0.031.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that there is a low level of public awareness and knowledge of TC and TSE in Saudi Arabia, and further efforts should be focused on raising public awareness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"266-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/51/71/UA-15-266.PMC10471814.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of patient positioning on anesthesiologic risk in endourological procedures.","authors":"Theofanis Vrettos, Begona Ballesta Martinez, Arman Tsaturyan, Despoina Liourdi, Abdulrahman Al-Aown, Marco Lattarulo, Evangelos Liatsikos, Panagiotis Kallidonis","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_113_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_113_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective is to compare supine and prone positions in terms of arterial blood gas during lithotripsy endourology procedures in different stages.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Cases of during lithotripsy endourology procedures in our department from March to September 2020 were included prospectively. The variables registered were body mass index, age, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, diabetes mellitus, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), FiO<sub>2</sub>, stone size, stone location, procedural type, position, procedure duration, PaO<sub>2</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, PaCO<sub>2</sub>, pH, and dynamic compliance. PaO<sub>2</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, PaCO<sub>2,</sub> pH, and dynamic compliance were recorded at the beginning of the procedure, 5 min later, 15 min later, and at the end of the procedure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty patients in prone position and 30 in lithotomy position were included in this study. Patients in prone position underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and patients in supine/lithotomy underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery or ureteroscopy. Statistically significant differences were found in PEEP, duration, PaO<sub>2</sub> at the beginning, SaO<sub>2</sub> at the beginning and at the end of the procedure, PaCO<sub>2</sub> at the beginning and at minute 5 and pH at the beginning of the surgery. The saturation PaO2 increased significantly on prone position and was statistically significantly better at the end of the surgery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both prone and supine positions were safe regarding anesthesiologic risk and had no clinically relevant differences in terms of individual comparisons in arterial blood gas parameters in static moments of the procedure. Prone position was related to an increase in PaO<sub>2</sub> and a drop in PaCO<sub>2</sub> gradually from the beginning to the end of the surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"261-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6b/78/UA-15-261.PMC10471805.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-07-17DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_46_23
Ahmed Alasker, Mohammad Alghafees, Eman N Chaudhri, Abdullah A Al Qurashi, Saleha Abdul Rab, Belal N Sabbah, Ziyad Musalli, Ali Alyami
{"title":"An unusually high prevalence of isolated prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma among Saudi patients: A registry-based study.","authors":"Ahmed Alasker, Mohammad Alghafees, Eman N Chaudhri, Abdullah A Al Qurashi, Saleha Abdul Rab, Belal N Sabbah, Ziyad Musalli, Ali Alyami","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_46_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_46_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conduct a secondary analysis on the demographics, tumor characteristics, survival, and risk factors for mortality among patients with prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a registry-based retrospective study that included all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in the KSA. The data were collected from the Saudi Cancer Registry, which collects tumor data from all private, military, and health ministry hospitals in Saudi Arabia through five regional offices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 3607 prostate cancer patients detected during the specified period, 209 (5.8%) had ductal adenocarcinoma. The median interquartile range age of patients was 72.0 years (64.0-78.0). Adenocarcinoma lesions were malignant among all the patients. Grade III tumors were most frequently apparent lesions (61.2%), followed by Grade II tumors (26.3%), Grade I tumors (7.2%), and Grade VI tumors (5.3%). A total of 33 patients died, representing 15.8% of the whole sample. The 1-year survival rate was 78.1%. More than a third of patients who were residing in the Western region deceased (38.0%), whereas no deaths were reported in other regions with a statistically significant difference based on regions (<i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first registry-based study to investigate PDA in the KSA; these efforts were done to further understand this deadly condition and to further enhance patient care in the KSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"320-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bf/f5/UA-15-320.PMC10471815.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10155739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-07-17DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_27_22
Ahmed Abdelsalam, Raed A Azhar, Ahmad Bugis, Hassan M Aljifri
{"title":"The first case of spontaneous upper ureteric rupture caused by emphysematous pyelitis.","authors":"Ahmed Abdelsalam, Raed A Azhar, Ahmad Bugis, Hassan M Aljifri","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_27_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_27_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spontaneous ureteric rupture is a very rare condition which usually occurs due to ureteric obstruction caused by obstructing calculi; in our case, the cause was emphysematous pyelitis, which was considered the first report in the literature as far as we know.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"325-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/84/30/UA-15-325.PMC10471812.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10155740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-06-16DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_25_23
Ashraf M Abdel Aal, Islam Nouh, Mohamed Abdel Azeem, Ahmed M Al Adl, Basheer N Elmohamady
{"title":"Prediction of surgical decision and postoperative renal function using RENAL nephrometry score for localized renal masses: A prospective study.","authors":"Ashraf M Abdel Aal, Islam Nouh, Mohamed Abdel Azeem, Ahmed M Al Adl, Basheer N Elmohamady","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_25_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_25_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study is to assess the value of RENAL nephrometry score (RNS) in predicting surgical decisions, complications, and decreases in kidney function in patients with localized renal tumors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cases with solitary, solid, and enhancing renal masses were included, scheduled for nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), and assessed using routine laboratory and radiological data necessary for calculating the RENAL score. The primary endpoint was conversion to radical nephrectomy (RN), while the secondary endpoint was the prediction of a drop in renal function assessed by postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the last follow-up visit compared with the preoperative values. The association between the scoring system and perioperative outcomes was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all, 84 cases were included, NSS was accomplished in 67 cases while conversion to RN was mandatory in 17 patients, median (interquartile range) RENAL score was 6.2 (4-10) for NSS and 9.7 (6-12) for RN (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Higher grades of complications were observed in the high-complexity subgroup. eGFR was 79.8 that dropped to 75.6 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in the late value in patients who underwent NSS, while it was 82.9 that dropped to 58.3 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in the late value in patients who converted into RN (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The percentage of drop in eGFR was significantly higher in the moderate and high-risk groups, which was positively correlated with the warm ischemia time. Regression analysis revealed that the continuous RENAL score was a more significant predictor of conversion to RN than tumor size alone. In the 67 NNS cases, the percentage decrease in eGFR was predicted using the continuous RENAL score.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RNS is a significant predictor of conversion to RN and can predict the percentage decrease in eGFR after NSS. Further investigations and follow-ups are necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"289-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/99/UA-15-289.PMC10471816.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10208809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-07-17DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_129_22
Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Omar Bahassan, Abdullah Majed Almalki, Ali Hasan Alkhzaim, Ahmed Nizar Khogeer, Ehab Mahmoud Ahmed, Kamal Algarni
{"title":"Brucellar testicular abscess: The 17<sup>th</sup> case report and review of literature.","authors":"Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda, Omar Bahassan, Abdullah Majed Almalki, Ali Hasan Alkhzaim, Ahmed Nizar Khogeer, Ehab Mahmoud Ahmed, Kamal Algarni","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_129_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_129_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease caused by intracellular gram-negative coccobacilli called <i>Brucella</i>. This infectious disease may implicate many farm animals and is transmissible to exposed humans. Brucellosis is potentially life-threatening and may lead to granulomatous multi-organ involvement with tendency to chronicity and recurrence. The treatment of brucellosis requires combined and protracted antimicrobial therapies to eliminate the disease and to avoid its relapse. Genitourinary brucellosis is common among infected humans in endemic areas and is considered the second-most affected focal site, which commonly manifests as epididymo-orchitis. Testicular abscess, however, is an extremely rare complication of brucellosis. To the best of our knowledge, in the literature, there are to date only 16 previously published case reports, including 22 patients of brucellar testicular abscesses, emphasizing the extreme rarity of this condition. Most of these cases harbored small abscesses, which were treated conservatively using antibiotics therapy only, or with added drainage of the abscesses. Larger abscesses were reported to necessitate orchiectomy. In some cases, the abscesses were mimicking tumors, and surgeries for orchiectomy were done accordingly. A summary of the previously reported cases in the literature is presented. Here, we present the 17<sup>th</sup> case report of a 34-year-old man with a right-side huge multilocular brucellar testicular abscess apparently replacing the entire testicle, who was successfully treated with organ-sparing management by incision-drainage of the large abscess with antibiotics, to eventually preserve his testis. In conclusion, brucellosis should be considered among the differential diagnoses of any testicular swelling, especially in endemic areas. Drainage of brucellar testicular abscess with appropriate medical treatment is feasible and may preserve the testicle, even with large abscess apparently replacing the entire testicle.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"340-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/85/f6/UA-15-340.PMC10471823.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-07-17DOI: 10.4103/UA.UA_103_20
Fernando Salles da Silva Filho, Luciano A Favorito, Rodrigo R Vieiralves, Jose Anacleto D Rezende
{"title":"Delayed approach of a penile fracture with encapsulated hematoma.","authors":"Fernando Salles da Silva Filho, Luciano A Favorito, Rodrigo R Vieiralves, Jose Anacleto D Rezende","doi":"10.4103/UA.UA_103_20","DOIUrl":"10.4103/UA.UA_103_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Penile fracture (PF) is defined as the rupture of the tunica albuginea (TA) of the corpora cavernosa (CC) caused by trauma to the erect penis. We present a case and clinical evolution of the delayed approach of PF. Physical examination showed a ventral rounded mass in the middle surface of the penile shaft, associated with mild discoloration and edema. Surgery was performed with a vertical penoscrotal incision. We found an encapsulated hematoma on the right ventral mid penile shaft connected at its base to an approximate 1 cm transverse defect on the TA and we performed debridement and excision of the hematoma. Tunical defect was repaired with PDS 3/0 simple suture. The patient had a great postoperative evolution without local complications. The early diagnosis and surgical treatment reaches better functional results, with maintenance of erectile function in patients with penile fracture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"349-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/17/b6/UA-15-349.PMC10471818.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-07-01Epub Date: 2023-07-17DOI: 10.4103/UA.UA_170_20
Spencer Hill, Farzaan Kassam, Sadhna Verma, Abhinav Sidana
{"title":"Traditional and novel imaging modalities for advanced prostate cancer: A critical review.","authors":"Spencer Hill, Farzaan Kassam, Sadhna Verma, Abhinav Sidana","doi":"10.4103/UA.UA_170_20","DOIUrl":"10.4103/UA.UA_170_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate detection of metastatic prostate cancer in the setting of preoperative staging as well as posttreatment recurrence is crucial to provide patients with appropriate and timely treatment of their disease. This has traditionally been accomplished with a combination of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone scan. Recently, more novel imaging techniques have been developed to help improve the detection of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. This review discusses the efficacy of the traditional imaging modalities as well as the novel imaging techniques in detecting metastatic prostate cancer. Articles discussed were gathered through a formal PubMed search.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/71/4e/UA-15-249.PMC10471808.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10155283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A primary Ewing's sarcoma of the kidney: A case report and review of literature.","authors":"Ornsinee Senkhum, Worapat Attawettayanon, Choosak Pripatnanont, Virote Chalieopanyarwong","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_2_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_2_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primary Ewing's kidney sarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer with poor treatment outcomes. Furthermore, clinical presentations are nonspecific, such as abdominal pain, abdominal mass, cachexia, or hematuria. Currently, there is no consensus guideline for the treatment of this condition. We report on a 22-year-old man who presented with gross hematuria for 3 weeks. Computed tomography demonstrated a huge right renal mass with a thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) without visceral metastasis. A percutaneous tissue biopsy revealed Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and the patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin and ifosfamide) for four cycles. This reduced the tumor's size significantly and made it eligible for surgical intervention. Radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombus removal with wedge IVC wall were performed. The final diagnosis of ES was confirmed by the immunohistochemistry of the kidney specimen. After a 5-year follow-up of the patient, clinical and imaging evidence demonstrated that there was no disease recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 3","pages":"334-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/12/7a/UA-15-334.PMC10471821.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10208807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urology AnnalsPub Date : 2023-04-01Epub Date: 2023-03-17DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_147_22
Basim S Alsaywid, Fahad A Alyami, Naif Alqarni, Khalid Fouda Neel, Talah O Almaddah, Nada M Abdulhaq, Lujin Bassam Alajmani, Mawada O Hindi, Mohammed A Alshayie, Hazim Alsufyani, Sarah Abdulrahman Alajlan, Bashaer I Albulushi, Safiah K Labani
{"title":"Urinary tract infection in children: A narrative review of clinical practice guidelines.","authors":"Basim S Alsaywid, Fahad A Alyami, Naif Alqarni, Khalid Fouda Neel, Talah O Almaddah, Nada M Abdulhaq, Lujin Bassam Alajmani, Mawada O Hindi, Mohammed A Alshayie, Hazim Alsufyani, Sarah Abdulrahman Alajlan, Bashaer I Albulushi, Safiah K Labani","doi":"10.4103/ua.ua_147_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ua.ua_147_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infection (UTI) has been a major burden on the community and the health-care systems all over the globe. It is the most common cause of bacterial infection in the pediatric age group, with an annual incidence of 3%. The aim of this study is to review and summarize all available guidelines on the diagnosis and management of children with UTI.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is a narrative review of the management of children with a UTI. All biomedical databases were searched, and any guidelines published from 2000 to 2022 were retrieved, reviewed, and evaluated to be included in the summary statements. The sections of the articles were formulated according to the availability of information in the included guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UTI diagnoses are based on positive urine culture from a specimen of urine obtained through catheterization or suprapubic aspiration, and diagnoses cannot be established on the bases of urine collected from a bag. The criteria for diagnosing UTI are based on the presence of at least 50,000 colony-forming units per milliliter of a uropathogen. Upon confirmation of UTI, the clinician should instruct parents to seek rapid medical assessment (ideally within 48 h) of future febrile disease to ensure that frequent infections can be detected and treated immediately. The choice of therapy depends on several factors, including the age of the child, underlying medical problems, the severity of the disease, the ability to tolerate oral medications, and most importantly local patterns of uropathogens resistance. Initial antibiotic choice of treatment should be according to the sensitivity results or known pathogens patterns with comparable efficacy of oral and parenteral route, for 7 days to 14 days duration. Renal and bladder ultrasonography is the investigation of choice for febrile UTI, and voiding cystourethrography should not be performed routinely unless indicated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review summarizes all the recommendations related to UTIs in the pediatric population. Due to the lack of appropriate data, further high-quality studies are required to improve the level and strength of recommendations in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23633,"journal":{"name":"Urology Annals","volume":"15 2","pages":"113-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/81/bb/UA-15-113.PMC10252788.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9975900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}