Miloš Vujadinović, T. Hiller, Lukas Blocher, T. Northemann, B. Choubey
{"title":"Towards a Better Understanding of Offset Changes Across Temperature in Mode-Split Open-Loop MEMS Gyroscopes","authors":"Miloš Vujadinović, T. Hiller, Lukas Blocher, T. Northemann, B. Choubey","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103945","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates changes of zero-rate offset of triaxial, consumer-grade MEMS gyroscopes across temperature. Forty LGA mold-packaged prototype devices were measured between -40 and 85°C. Additionally to offset, quadrature values were recorded, as well as the phase error between drive and sense movement. As mode-split MEMS gyroscopes typically have large phase errors in the tens of mrad, their offset is dominated by the amount of quadrature times phase error. Beyond this contribution, we investigate smaller, quadrature-unrelated offsets, which we combine and call direct bias. Theoretical models for the temperature behavior of quadrature and phase are presented, based on changes of frequency split and quality factor. We show that while phase changes are predicted well, quadrature behavior is not - presumably due to additional effects of mechanical stress. Lastly, we discuss possible compensation techniques using combinations of measured or modeled quadrature and phase. If both quadrature and phase are measured, the compensation improves offset changes across the above temperature range by a factor of 11 from $pm 9.5$ dps to $pm 0.81$ dps. The behavior of the remaining direct bias constitutes an open research topic.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130884759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaoyao Long, Zhenming Liu, Charlotte Wehner, A. Farrokh
{"title":"A Centrally-Anchored High-Q Tunable Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators FOR Wide Temperature Range RTC","authors":"Yaoyao Long, Zhenming Liu, Charlotte Wehner, A. Farrokh","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103940","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the design, simulation and characterization of a high-Q centrally-anchored piezoelectrical AlN-on-silicon MEMS resonator for real-time clock (RTC) application in a wide temperature range. Using electrostatic tuning for temperature compensation decoupled from resonator transduction, this work introduces a new robust structural resonator design at 496kHz with a stable motional resistance and a substantially large tuning range of 12,000ppm to compensate for frequency variations due to process non-idealities and operation in a wide temperature range of up to 500°C.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130007187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Forke, A. Shaporin, S. Weidlich, D. Bülz, K. Hiller, H. Kuhn
{"title":"Efficient Quadrature Suppression for Improved Performance of a MEMS Vibratory Gyroscope","authors":"R. Forke, A. Shaporin, S. Weidlich, D. Bülz, K. Hiller, H. Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103983","url":null,"abstract":"Within this paper we report on a new efficient shape of comb electrodes for the use in DC quadrature compensation. With the help of finite element (FE) simulations, we support the thesis about one very important technological reason of the quadrature error in MEMS gyroscopes. Vibrometer measurements with the Polytec MSA-100-3D at working MEMS gyroscopes with and without quadrature compensation help to understand the mechanism. With the quadrature suppression, we see a large improvement of the noise performance of the MEMS vibratory gyroscope sensor reaching a bias instability below $boldsymbol{0.04^{circ}/mathrm{h}}$ and an angle random walk down to $0.01^{circ}/surdmathrm{h}$.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"54 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114131042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic Quality Factor Equalization for Improved Bias Stability in Mode-Matched Gyroscopes","authors":"R. Rudy, Carl Hauser, R. Knight, J. Pulskamp","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10104012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10104012","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic quality factor equalization using ferroelectric materials to tune mechanical quality factor is demonstrated. An initial quality factor split of ~ 10% was controlled to less than 0.27% for three quarters of measurement samples. This mechanism is promising for improving bias stability in mode-matched gyroscopes and can be integrated into microelectromechanical mode-matched gyroscopes, or even macro-scale mode-matched gyroscopes to realize electronically controlled mechanical quality factor matching between degenerate modes.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123272343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficient Online Compression for MEMS based BCG Wearable Sensors on ULP FPGA","authors":"Uif Kulau, Abdelrahman Noshy, Abdelalim Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103939","url":null,"abstract":"Compression of Ballistocardiography (BCG) data is of a great importance specially in the context of wearables and ultra-low power (ULP) applications, respectively. This paper presents an efficient and yet simple compression core for BCG data that can be integrated to MEMS sensor or on ULP FPGAs. The proposed compression technique is a modified delta encoding algorithm that can compress data efficiently ranging from lossless to lossy compression, while the design was derived from BCG specific requirements. The technique offers flexibility with respect to compression performance and signal distortion where compression ratio can be traded for lossless compression and vice verse. Evaluations of 4 BCG data sets show an average compression ratio of 3 with adequate PRDN. This compression core is further implemented in VHDL and it utilizes 234 LUTs of FPGA resources supporting online compression.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130879966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antti Ontronen, V. Kaajakari, Konsta Wjuga, Akiko Uno, Seiji Umezawa, Y. Aida
{"title":"71 kHz Frequency Modulated PiezoMEMS Gyroscope","authors":"Antti Ontronen, V. Kaajakari, Konsta Wjuga, Akiko Uno, Seiji Umezawa, Y. Aida","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10104005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10104005","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a frequency modulated (FM) piezoelectric MEMS (piezoMEMS) gyroscope. The gyroscope uses aluminum nitride for both actuation and sensing enabling low motional impedance and thus low voltage actuation without a need for large DC bias voltage. The two orthogonally resonating axis are operated at their respective natural frequencies, from which the rotation rate is sensed by a Lissajous frequency demodulation. Gyroscope controller is implemented with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to demonstrate a full functioning piezoMEMS FM gyroscope.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115572866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lianjun Liu, M. Lagouge, Bob Steimle, A. Geisberger, J. McKillop, D. Monk
{"title":"UMEMS: A Robust Technology Platform For Quality Automotive Inertial Sensor Manufacturing","authors":"Lianjun Liu, M. Lagouge, Bob Steimle, A. Geisberger, J. McKillop, D. Monk","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103951","url":null,"abstract":"A new MEMS technology platform, UMEMS, has been developed and released for automotive inertial sensors manufacturing. Several features, including 1) single crystal Silicon MEMS proof mass, 2) polysilicon Through-Si-Via (TSV), 3) AlGe eutectic wafer bonding, and 4) metal redistribution layer (RDL) routing, have been employed in UMEMS to improve reproducibility, reliability, flexibility and reduce cost. The single crystal Silicon proof mass has minimal internal stress. AlGe bonding serves the dual function of 1) electrically connecting TSV in the cap wafer and the silicon electrodes/interconnects in the device wafer, and 2) hermetically sealing the MEMS cavity from external environment. The TSV and RDL allow great design flexibility and re-use for large automotive product families. We also introduced a quality methodology called Above-and-Beyond ($A$aB) in the development and product introduction, which enables UMEMS to be released in volume manufacturing with sub-lppm defectivity at early phase of production.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127047212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Austin R. Parrish, Chi-Shih Jao, Danmeng Wang, A. Shkel
{"title":"“Sugar-Cube”: Pedestrian Hardware Platform that Fits in the Sole of a Shoe","authors":"Austin R. Parrish, Chi-Shih Jao, Danmeng Wang, A. Shkel","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103995","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the design, implementation, and demonstration of a miniaturized Inertial Navigation platform. The platform, with a total volume of 7.1 $cm^{3}$ (excluding battery and case), includes the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), chip-scale barometer, magnetometer, as well as a powerful computational engine for signal processing and execution of the navigation algorithm. The sensors are integrated using separate PCBs with castellated edges forming the connections with the main board allowing some flexibility in sensor selection. The platform is small enough for integration in the sole of a shoe, which is an optimal location for implementation of Zero Velocity Update (ZUPT) algorithms for prolonged self-contained navigation. The navigation solution is performed using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) framework with an update rate of 500 Hz. A series of indoor walking experiments were conducted to verify the navigation accuracy of the platform which showed error 0.53% of the trajectory length for a 125 m, 2.75-minute duration walk including flat planes, stairs, and an elevator ride.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130158779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Locomotive Syndrome Assessment in Older Adults Using a Single Inertial Measurement Unit","authors":"Iman Hosseini, M. Ghahramani","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103944","url":null,"abstract":"Locomotive syndrome (LS) is a condition of reduced mobility due to the malfunction of the locomotive system. There is an unmet need for easy quantitative methods for LS assessment. In this study for the first time, we investigated the feasibility of LS assessment in older participants while conducting the five time sit to stand to sit (FTSTS) using a single inertial measurement unit. In total 36 older (76.22±10.13) and 12 younger participants (29.66±6.9) were recruited. Older participants were categorized into two groups of those with LS and those without. A single inertial measurement unit attached to the lower back of participants was used to record the motion data of participants while they conducted the FTSTS test. We extracted 41 metrics from the FTSTS recorded data of participants. Eight metrics were found significantly different in older LS participants compared to those without LS. The results suggest that these metrics can be used for quantitative LS assessment in older adults.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130945199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Bentley, Sahana Prabhu, Sajal Singh, J. Cho, K. Najafi
{"title":"Non-Destructive Characterization of High Aspect-Ratio Structures Using 3D X-Ray Microscopy","authors":"E. Bentley, Sahana Prabhu, Sajal Singh, J. Cho, K. Najafi","doi":"10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INERTIAL56358.2023.10103937","url":null,"abstract":"Hemispherical shell resonators such as the birdbath resonator have demonstrated excellent performance enabling the development of near-navigation grade gyroscopes. Their inherent 3-dimensional nature can make inspecting their geometrical features and abnormalities difficult to do with conventional imaging and characterization methods. This paper demonstrates the capability of 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM) to characterize high aspect-ratio structures in a non-destructive manner with an emphasis on early stages of development. This technique is enormously effective for several reasons. It can be used for failure analysis and characterization of devices before, during, and after field use. It provides detailed 3D images of an entire device, providing the ability to provide 2D views along any given plane. This is a significant capability, especially for millimeter scale 3D devices with sub-micron feature resolution. Because it is non-destructive, it can be used on a variety of samples as they go through manufacturing, and especially after they are packaged and not accessible. Finally, the 3D and 2D profiles can be used to construct models for finite element modeling and device design optimization. X-Ray Microscopy images of fused-silica micro-hemispherical resonators and graphite blowtorch molds are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of XRM imaging.","PeriodicalId":236326,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133997050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}