Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-20DOI: 10.1111/vox.70080
Amir Teimourpour, Sedigheh Amini-Kafiabad, Amir Masoud Nazemi, Sheila F O'Brien, Mahtab Maghsudlu
{"title":"Risk of transfusion-transmitted infections among returned high-risk deferred donors: A cohort study.","authors":"Amir Teimourpour, Sedigheh Amini-Kafiabad, Amir Masoud Nazemi, Sheila F O'Brien, Mahtab Maghsudlu","doi":"10.1111/vox.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Blood donor selection is crucial for ensuring safe blood supply. A well-designed donor selection system helps in maintaining donor engagement by minimizing unnecessary exclusion while safeguarding transfusion safety. We aimed to assess the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) among high-risk deferred donors to evaluate deferral criteria efficacy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study included data from volunteers who were temporarily deferred because of bloodletting, high-risk sexual contact, tattooing, endoscopy and needle sticks, as well as from eligible donors who donated blood over a 12-month period. These donors were followed up for 4 years. The results of infectious confirmatory tests, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), of returned donors who donated blood were extracted from the database. Risk ratio (RR) of TTI was calculated to compare the risk between eligible and deferred donors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data from 601,177 returned, deferred and eligible blood donors were analysed. The risk of TTIs was significantly higher in the deferred group compared to eligible donor group (RR: 3.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.68-4.80; p <0.001). The risk of TTIs was significantly higher in those deferred for bloodletting (RR = 4.85; 95% CI: 3.41-6.91; p < 0.001), tattooing (RR = 3.53; 95% CI: 1.26-3.83; p = 0.029) and high-risk sexual contact (RR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.26-3.83; p = 0.011).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals with a history of bloodletting, tattooing or high-risk sexual contact were at a higher risk of HBV and HCV infection, highlighting the effectiveness of donor selection procedures. Endoscopy and needle stick injuries were not associated with an increased TTI risk, emphasizing the need for further research to reassess these deferral criteria. Blood centres should monitor the efficacy of donor selection criteria while emphasizing proper donor selection and counselling.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-13DOI: 10.1111/vox.70070
Eileen McBride, Elaine Leung, Jason Ford
{"title":"Can medical students use artificial intelligence to learn transfusion? Evaluating ChatGPT responses to the American Society of Hematology medical student transfusion learning objectives.","authors":"Eileen McBride, Elaine Leung, Jason Ford","doi":"10.1111/vox.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Chat generative pretrained transformer (ChatGPT) is a large language model that is already in wide use among medical students as a means of learning. Many papers have evaluated ChatGPT as a presenter of medical knowledge for the general public and as a test-taking engine. For students who rely on ChatGPT to learn transfusion medicine, it is important to understand the limitations of the application.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Transfusion content from the American Society of Hematology 'medical student learning objectives' was edited into questions for the ChatGPT interface. The answers generated by ChatGPT were then marked by three experienced transfusion medicine physicians.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ChatGPT scored on average 2.27 ± 0.21 on a 4-point scale. Two-thirds of its answers scored A, B or C, representing excellent, good or satisfactory achievement, respectively. One-third of ChatGPT's answers were assigned a failing grade. Simple questions of basic transfusion science performed the best; more complex questions as well as questions where clinical practice has evolved substantially over the last several years performed the worst. Some answers were assessed to be unsafe in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As a resource for medical students learning transfusion medicine, ChatGPT has significant limitations. A considerable proportion of its answers to transfusion questions are unreliable, inaccurate and even unsafe. These incorrect answers are presented with the same authoritative tone as its correct answers, and an inexperienced learner would be challenged to differentiate between true and untrue responses. At the present time, it is not recommended for medical students to use ChatGPT to learn transfusion medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144627212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Production of viable and functional neutrophils in granulocyte concentrates with the Reveos automated system.","authors":"Sahra Fonseca, Marie-Claude Lampron, Isabelle Paré, Marie-Pierre Cayer, Mélissa Girard","doi":"10.1111/vox.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Granulocyte transfusions may benefit patients with neutropaenia and life-threatening infections unresponsive to antimicrobial therapies. Current aphaeresis-based granulocyte concentrate (GC) production requires donor stimulation and hydroxyethyl starch (HES), which raises safety and supply concerns. This study assessed the feasibility and quality of GCs derived from pooling 10 residual leukocyte units (RLUs) processed via the Reveos automated blood processing system.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Whole blood (WB) from 10 ABO-compatible donors was processed using the Reveos system to obtain 10 mL RLUs. A modified platelet pooling device enabled sterile pooling of RLUs with added plasma. The final product was irradiated and analysed on days 0, 1 and 2 post-irradiation. Parameters assessed included cell counts, sterility, biochemical properties, viability, surface markers (CD15, CD10, CD62L and CD11b) and neutrophil functions: chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst and H₂O₂ release.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All GCs (n = 10) met sterility criteria and contained a mean granulocyte dose of 0.95 ± 0.17 × 10<sup>10</sup>. Neutrophils were mature (CD15<sup>+</sup>CD10<sup>+</sup>) and remained viable on day 2. Functional assays demonstrated sustained phagocytic and respiratory activity up to 48 h post-processing, although chemotactic response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production declined significantly from 24 h after processing (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pooling of Reveos-derived RLUs is a feasible, HES-free strategy to produce viable and functional GCs over 24 h from processing and irradiation. This approach provides a readily available alternative to aphaeresis products that could potentially enhance transfusion coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-22DOI: 10.1111/vox.70033
Marco Heestermans, Charles-Antoine Arthaud, Amelie Prier, Marie-Ange Eyraud, Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Fabrice Cognasse, Anne-Claire Duchez
{"title":"Association of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels with donor's age, sex and ABO blood group in single-donor apheresis platelet concentrates.","authors":"Marco Heestermans, Charles-Antoine Arthaud, Amelie Prier, Marie-Ange Eyraud, Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Fabrice Cognasse, Anne-Claire Duchez","doi":"10.1111/vox.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein expressed by various cell types and recognized as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). DAMPs play a pivotal role in driving inflammatory responses. Platelet-derived HMGB1 has been associated with severe adverse reactions following platelet concentrate transfusions, underscoring its clinical relevance. This study investigated whether HMGB1 levels in single-donor apheresis platelet concentrates (SDA-PCs) are influenced by routinely documented donor characteristics, such as age, sex and ABO blood group.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We analysed HMGB1 levels in 190 unpaired SDA-PC units. Donor characteristics, that is, age, sex and ABO blood group were obtained from routine records and examined for associations with HMGB1 levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HMGB1 levels showed no significant correlation with donor age or ABO blood group. However, levels were modestly lower in SDA-PC units derived from female donors compared to male donors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings reveal donor-specific variability in HMGB1 levels, particularly regarding donor sex, and underscore the need to systematically document donor demographic and biological characteristics during blood donation. Such data could enhance our understanding of donor-related factors influencing transfusion outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"659-663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1111/vox.70024
Caroline Gesu Ngunyi, Michel Noubom, Jude Eteneneng Enoh, Patrick Njukeng, Claude T Tagny, Nkenganyi Gesu, Ebaiayuknso Etambe, Nsah Bongdze-Em Lilian, Apouamoun Mouppe Amadou, Leonard Fonkeng Sama, Emmanuel Asongalem
{"title":"Evaluation of bleed duration and adverse donor reactions during the blood donation process.","authors":"Caroline Gesu Ngunyi, Michel Noubom, Jude Eteneneng Enoh, Patrick Njukeng, Claude T Tagny, Nkenganyi Gesu, Ebaiayuknso Etambe, Nsah Bongdze-Em Lilian, Apouamoun Mouppe Amadou, Leonard Fonkeng Sama, Emmanuel Asongalem","doi":"10.1111/vox.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>There are great gaps regarding the demand and supply of blood and its derivatives in the blood transfusion field, which remains a major health issue. Adverse reactions experienced in the blood donation process have been reported to be one of the demotivating factors for donors returning. This study assessed bleed duration and the occurrence of adverse donor reactions (ADRs) in a blood bank setting in Cameroon.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A blood bank-based experimental study was conducted over 24 months at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital, Cameroon. Signs and symptoms of ADRs were recorded from whole blood donors who bled within and above 10 min, as well as from counselled and uncounselled donors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 35 of 252 (13.9%) cases presented undesirable effects from blood donation, with re-puncture-associated haematomas-occurring in 17 of 35 (5.95%)-recorded as the most common reaction. On evaluating bleed duration as a predisposing factor, 28.9% of whole blood donors with bleed duration exceeding 10 min experienced ADRs, while 10.6% of donors bled within 10 min (p = 0.0013). Whether a donor was counselled or not, it had no effect on the occurrence of ADR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study identified prolonged bleeding duration as a novel predisposing factor for ADRs. Re-puncture-associated haematoma, which is an erroneous phlebotomist act, is the possible cause. The acquisition of digital vein detector devices in blood banks to curb adverse donor events, will consequently scale up blood donation and reduce the gap in the blood supply.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"653-658"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1111/vox.70043
Carl Webber, Koson Tony Sriamporn, Sarah L Morley, Stephen Ritchie, Brooke M Hollingshead, Susan McAllister, Patricia Priest, Mark Fisher, Peter Saxton
{"title":"Why men who have sex with men in New Zealand intend to donate or not donate blood.","authors":"Carl Webber, Koson Tony Sriamporn, Sarah L Morley, Stephen Ritchie, Brooke M Hollingshead, Susan McAllister, Patricia Priest, Mark Fisher, Peter Saxton","doi":"10.1111/vox.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>As blood donor deferral policies in many countries transition from blanket time-based approaches towards individualized risk-based approaches, blood services need to understand whether and why men who have sex with men (MSM) intend to donate blood. Such knowledge can help blood services develop communication strategies with a population they have historically excluded. We examined why MSM in New Zealand (NZ) intended or not to donate blood.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In a large and diverse NZ online human immunodeficiency virus behavioural surveillance survey (n = 3838), we asked participants: 'In your own words, please tell us why you intend to or don't intend to donate blood in the future?' We interpreted 2363 responses by MSM using reflexive thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We constructed four themes to explain why MSM intend to donate blood: (1) helping out by donating blood, (2) donor ineligibility and hesitancy, (3) considerations of individual and collective risk and (4) discrimination, exclusion, frustration and resentment. Our study showed that whether or not MSM in NZ assessed blanket deferral policies as discriminatory, many MSM in NZ were altruistically and civically motivated to donate blood. Some MSM were reluctant to donate because they were resentful or mistrustful of the New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS) or believed that donating blood was inconsistent with their indigenous values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further research is required to enhance communication, improve MSM's understanding of the donation process and residual risks and accommodate the cultural values of prospective indigenous donors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"664-670"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-05-04DOI: 10.1111/vox.70040
Andrea Stadlbauer, Patricia Fiedler, Simon Tuemmler, Michael Gruber, Christof Schmid, Timo F Seyfried
{"title":"Is surgical smoke a relevant contamination for salvaged autologous blood? A pilot study.","authors":"Andrea Stadlbauer, Patricia Fiedler, Simon Tuemmler, Michael Gruber, Christof Schmid, Timo F Seyfried","doi":"10.1111/vox.70040","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Electrocautery-related surgical smoke removed together with the intraoperative blood collection through suction devices might be a potential hazard. The degree of contamination of the autologous blood despite cell recovery and its possible harm to the patient remain subjects of research.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two types of laboratory experiments and one clinical study were conducted. Initially, toluene was added to banked erythrocytes mixed with fresh frozen plasma. This reconstituted blood was processed using the autotransfusion device XTRA, and the elimination of toluene was calculated via gas chromatography (GC). In a second experiment, slices of pigskin were cut with electrocautery while dropping reconstituted blood onto the cauterization point. The resulting smoke and the blood were sucked into a cell salvage reservoir and washed with the XTRA. Samples from the reservoir and the product were analysed by GC. The average elimination rate was calculated. In a clinical study, blood samples were collected from the reservoir of the cell saver system during cardiac surgery and analysed likewise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The autotransfusion device removed 92% of toluene from the processed blood. Other unidentified contaminants showed an elimination rate above 97.9%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cell salvage devices significantly reduce the amount of contaminants in wound blood. Nevertheless, despite this highly effective detoxication, the remaining contaminants may still pose a potential risk to the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"694-701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vox SanguinisPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1111/vox.70035
Iqra Aroob, Muhammad Alamgir Khan, Nazish Saqlain, Tooba Fateen, Javeria Fatima, Munawar Ghous
{"title":"Factors associated with failure to disclose complete information regarding transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Lahore, Pakistan.","authors":"Iqra Aroob, Muhammad Alamgir Khan, Nazish Saqlain, Tooba Fateen, Javeria Fatima, Munawar Ghous","doi":"10.1111/vox.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>This study aims to address the gap in understanding the factors associated with the non-disclosure of complete information by blood donors in Lahore, Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study, conducted from February to April 2024. The study involved interviewing transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI)-positive blood donors from three large hospitals in Lahore. A validated questionnaire was used to analyse the factors associated with non-disclosure of information by these donors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 25,155 blood donors were screened, of whom 1048 tested positive for TTIs. Among these, 218 participated in the study. The majority of them (92%) reported being unaware of their infection. Among those who were aware of their infection but still proceeded with blood donation, the primary reasons for the non-disclosure of infection status included a lack of seriousness, inadequate interviewing by blood bank staff and overcrowded interview areas. A significant proportion of TTI-positive donors reported uncertain sources of infection (47%), while others reported high-risk behaviours such as interaction with sex workers (34%) and blood transfusions at unauthorized clinics (7%). Future disclosure attitudes varied, with 22% preferring to keep their status confidential. Significant correlations were found between future non-disclosure and factors such as age, marital status, education, socio-economic status and number of blood donations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to improve donor screening and pre-donation interview protocols. The study suggests the potential use of adequate counselling and provision of appropriate interview sites to reduce non-compliant behaviour and ensure safe blood donation practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"671-677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The need for routine detection of the Asian-type DEL allele in individuals with weak or partial D phenotypes from East and Southeast Asian populations.","authors":"Jizhi Wen, Xiaojie Ma, Shuangshuang Jia, Jingwang Chen, Ling Wei, Yanli Ji","doi":"10.1111/vox.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Among the rare serologically D-negative (D-) individuals in Asia, those carrying the Asian-type DEL allele (RHD*DEL1) can be safely managed as D+ individuals during transfusion and pregnancy. Recently, some individuals carrying RHD*DEL1, who exhibit serologically weak/partial D phenotypes rather than the serologically D- phenotype, have also been described. Whether anti-D alloimmunization can occur among them was explored.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective study was carried out in 143 Chinese pregnant women identified as serologically weak/partial D phenotypes. The RHD*DEL1 allele was detected using the high-resolution melting method. Then, RHD genotyping was determined mainly by Sanger sequencing. D epitope expression was detected with the anti-D panel (D-Screen) by haemagglutination and adsorption/elution tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RHD*DEL1 allele carriers were identified in 42.0% (60/143) of weak/partial D women. The single genotypes (mainly RHD*DEL1/01N.01 or RHD*DEL1/DEL1, n = 52) and the compound heterozygous genotypes (RHD*DEL1/weak or partial D allele, n = 8) were detected. A complete repertoire of D epitopes was shown in six weak/partial D women who simultaneously carried the RHD*DEL1 allele. Alloanti-D was not observed among any carriers (0/60). In the remaining 78 weak/partial D samples available but not carrying RHD*DEL1, 24 types of RHD variant alleles, including six novel alleles, were detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RHD*DEL1 allele occurred often in the Chinese individuals with weak/partial D phenotypes who showed a lack of anti-D alloimmunization. Routine Asian-type DEL genotyping is recommended both in serologically D- and weak D/partial D individuals with East and Southeast Asian ancestry to consider Asian-type DEL carriers as D+ individuals during transfusion and pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"714-722"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}