Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology最新文献

{"title":"Mammary stem cells, where art thou?","authors":"Pengfei Lu, Tao Zhou, Chongshen Xu, Yunzhe Lu","doi":"10.1002/wdev.357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.357","url":null,"abstract":"Tremendous progress has been made in the field of stem cell biology. This is in part due to the emergence of various vertebrate organs, including the mammary gland, as an amenable model system for adult stem cell studies and remarkable technical advances in single cell technology and modern genetic lineage tracing. In the current review, we summarize the recent progress in mammary gland stem cell biology at both the adult and embryonic stages. We discuss current challenges and controversies, and potentially new and exciting directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44950331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental origins and oncogenic pathways in malignant brain tumors.","authors":"Q Richard Lu,&nbsp;Lily Qian,&nbsp;Xianyao Zhou","doi":"10.1002/wdev.342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain tumors such as adult glioblastomas and pediatric high-grade gliomas or medulloblastomas are among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, exhibiting poor prognoses with little improvement in outcomes in the past several decades. These tumors are heterogeneous and can be initiated from various neural cell types, contributing to therapy resistance. How such heterogeneity arises is linked to the tumor cell of origin and their genetic alterations. Brain tumorigenesis and progression recapitulate key features associated with normal neurogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms are quite dysregulated as tumor cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner. Recent comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic studies at single-cell resolution have shed new light onto diverse tumor-driving events, cellular heterogeneity, and cells of origin in different brain tumors. Primary and secondary glioblastomas develop through different genetic alterations and pathways, such as EGFR amplification and IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation, respectively. Mutations such as histone H3K27M impacting epigenetic modifications define a distinct group of pediatric high-grade gliomas such as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. The identification of distinct genetic, epigenomic profiles and cellular heterogeneity has led to new classifications of adult and pediatric brain tumor subtypes, affording insights into molecular and lineage-specific vulnerabilities for treatment stratification. This review discusses our current understanding of tumor cells of origin, heterogeneity, recurring genetic and epigenetic alterations, oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways for adult glioblastomas, pediatric high-grade gliomas, and medulloblastomas, the genetically heterogeneous groups of malignant brain tumors. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"e342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37118246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defects in intervertebral disc and spine during development, degeneration, and pain: New research directions for disc regeneration and therapy.","authors":"Sarthak Mohanty,&nbsp;Chitra L Dahia","doi":"10.1002/wdev.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.343","url":null,"abstract":"Intervertebral discs are cartilaginous joints present between vertebrae. The centers of the intervertebral discs consist of a gelatinous nucleus pulposus derived from the embryonic notochord. With age or injury, intervertebral discs may degenerate, causing neurological symptoms including back pain, which affects millions of people worldwide. Back pain is a multifactorial disorder, and disc degeneration is one of the primary contributing factors. Recent studies in mice have identified the key molecules involved in the formation of intervertebral discs. Several of these key molecules including sonic hedgehog and Brachyury are not only expressed by notochord during development, but are also expressed by neonatal mouse nucleus pulposus cells, and are crucial for postnatal disc maintenance. These findings suggest that intrinsic signals in each disc may maintain the nucleus pulposus microenvironment. However, since expression of these developmental signals declines with age and degeneration, disc degeneration may be related to the loss of these intrinsic signals. In addition, findings from mouse and other mammalian models have identified similarities between the patterning capabilities of the embryonic notochord and young nucleus pulposus cells, suggesting that mouse is a suitable model system to understand disc development and aging. Future research aimed at understanding the upstream regulators of these developmental signals and the modes by which they regulate disc growth and maintenance will likely provide mechanistic insights into disc growth and aging. Further, such findings will likely provide insights relevant to the development of effective therapies for treatment of back pain and reversing the disc degenerative process.","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"e343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37146021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the hematopoietic system: Role of inflammatory factors.","authors":"Yoshikazu Hayashi,&nbsp;Maiko Sezaki,&nbsp;Hitoshi Takizawa","doi":"10.1002/wdev.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have two defining features, multipotency and self-renewal, both of which are tightly controlled by cell autonomous programs and environmental factors throughout the lifetime of an organism. During development, HSCs are born in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, and migrate to distinct hematopoietic organs such as the placenta, fetal liver and spleen, continuously self-renewing and expanding to reach a homeostatic number. HSCs ultimately seed the bone marrow around the time of birth and become dormant to sustain lifelong hematopoiesis. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings on the role of inflammatory factors regulating HSC development, that is, emergence, trafficking and differentiation. An understanding of HSC kinetics during developmental processes will provide useful knowledge on HSC behavior under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Environmental Control of Stem Cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"e341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37095732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generating and working with Drosophila cell cultures: Current challenges and opportunities.","authors":"Arthur Luhur,&nbsp;Kristin M Klueg,&nbsp;Andrew C Zelhof","doi":"10.1002/wdev.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of Drosophila cell cultures has positively impacted both fundamental and biomedical research. The most widely used cell lines: Schneider, Kc, the CNS and imaginal disc lines continue to be the choice for many applications. Drosophila cell lines provide a homogenous source of cells suitable for biochemical experimentations, transcriptomics, functional genomics, and biomedical applications. They are amenable to RNA interference and serve as a platform for high-throughput screens to identify relevant candidate genes or drugs for any biological process. Currently, CRISPR-based functional genomics are also being developed for Drosophila cell lines. Even though many uniquely derived cell lines exist, cell genetic techniques such the transgenic UAS-GAL4-based Ras^V12 oncogene expression, CRISPR-Cas9 editing and recombination mediated cassette exchange are likely to drive the establishment of many more lines from specific tissues, cells, or genotypes. However, the pace of creating new lines is hindered by several factors inherent to working with Drosophila cell cultures: single cell cloning, optimal media formulations and culture conditions capable of supporting lines from novel tissue sources or genotypes. Moreover, even though many Drosophila cell lines are morphologically and transcriptionally distinct it may be necessary to implement a standard for Drosophila cell line authentication, ensuring the identity and purity of each cell line. Altogether, recent advances and a standardized authentication effort should improve the utility of Drosophila cell cultures as a relevant model for fundamental and biomedical research. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"e339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36793061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration.","authors":"Anan Abu Rmilah,&nbsp;Wei Zhou,&nbsp;Erek Nelson,&nbsp;Li Lin,&nbsp;Bruce Amiot,&nbsp;Scott L Nyberg","doi":"10.1002/wdev.340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue regeneration is a process by which the remaining cells of an injured organ regrow to offset the missed cells. This field is relatively a new discipline that has been a focus of intense research by clinicians, surgeons, and scientists for decades. It constitutes the cornerstone of tissue engineering, creation of artificial organs, and generation and utilization of therapeutic stem cells to undergo transformation to different types of mature cells. Many medical experts, scientists, biologists, and bioengineers have dedicated their efforts to deeply comprehend the process of liver regeneration, striving for harnessing it to invent new therapies for liver failure. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rodents has been extensively studied by researchers for many years. It is divided into three important distinctive phases including (a) Initiation or priming phase which includes an overexpression of specific genes to prepare the liver cells for replication, (b) Proliferation phase in which the liver cells undergo a series of cycles of cell division and expansion and finally, (c) termination phase which acts as brake to stop the regenerative process and prevent the liver tissue overgrowth. These events are well controlled by cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways. In this review, we describe the function, embryology, and anatomy of human liver, discuss the molecular basis of liver regeneration, elucidate the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages mediating this process, explain the role of hepatic progenitor cells and elaborate the developmental signaling pathways and regulatory molecules required to procure a complete restoration of hepatic lobule. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"e340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37100934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and development of the fish jaw skeleton.","authors":"April DeLaurier","doi":"10.1002/wdev.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolution of the jaw represents a key innovation in driving the diversification of vertebrate body plans and behavior. The pharyngeal apparatus originated as gill bars separated by slits in chordate ancestors to vertebrates. Later, with the acquisition of neural crest, pharyngeal arches gave rise to branchial basket cartilages in jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and later bone and cartilage of the jaw, jaw support, and gills of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Major events in the evolution of jaw structure from agnathans to gnathostomes include axial regionalization of pharyngeal elements and formation of a jaw joint. Hox genes specify the anterior-posterior identity of arches, and edn1, dlx, hand2, Jag1b-Notch2 signaling, and Nr2f factors specify dorsal-ventral identity. The formation of a jaw joint, an important step in the transition from an un-jointed pharynx in agnathans to a hinged jaw in gnathostomes involves interaction between nkx3.2, hand2, and barx1 factors. Major events in jaw patterning between fishes and reptiles include changes to elements of the second pharyngeal arch, including a loss of opercular and branchiostegal ray bones and transformation of the hyomandibula into the stapes. Further changes occurred between reptiles and mammals, including the transformation of the articular and quadrate elements of the jaw joint into the malleus and incus of the middle ear. Fossils of transitional jaw phenotypes can be analyzed from a developmental perspective, and there exists potential to use genetic manipulation techniques in extant taxa to test hypotheses about the evolution of jaw patterning in ancient vertebrates. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"e337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36632933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular and molecular determinants of normal and abnormal kidney development.","authors":"Ming S Tham,&nbsp;Ian M Smyth","doi":"10.1002/wdev.338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidneys are bilateral organs required to maintain homeostasis in the body through the regulation of fluid composition and the excretion of metabolic waste products. The initial steps in organ development are characterized by cellular interactions which regulate both the position and number of kidneys formed. Once established, further development is driven by orchestrated interactions between progenitor cell populations which serve to establish both nephrons-the functional unit of the organ which filters the blood-and the complex ramified collecting duct system which transports urine to the bladder. The delicate balance involved in these processes is reflected in the emerging family of genetic or environmental factors which, when perturbed, give rise to defects in organ development or function later in life. This article is categorized under: Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Branched Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"e338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36791165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The benefits differential equations bring to limb development","authors":"Donald A Fowler, H. Larsson","doi":"10.1002/wdev.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.364","url":null,"abstract":"Systems biology is a large field, offering a number of advantages to a variety of biological disciplines. In limb development, differential‐equation based models can provide insightful hypotheses about the gene/protein interactions and tissue differentiation events that form the core of limb development research. Differential equations are like any other communicative tool, with misuse and limitations that can come along with their advantages. Every theory should be critically analyzed to best ascertain whether they reflect the reality in biology as well they claim. Differential equation‐based models have consistent features which researchers have drawn upon to aid in more realistic descriptions and hypotheses. Nine features are described that highlight these trade‐offs. The advantages range from more detailed descriptions of gene interactions and their consequence and the capacity to model robustness to the incorporation of tissue size and shape. The drawbacks come with the added complication that additional genes and signaling pathways that require additional terms within the mathematical model. They also come in the translation between the mathematical terms of the model, values and matrices, to the real world of genes, proteins, and tissues that constitute limb development. A critical analysis is necessary to ensure that these models effectively expand the understanding of the origins of a diversity of limb anatomy, from evolution to teratology.","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"56 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51022038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Notch pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurodegeneration","authors":"Diana M Ho, S. Artavanis-Tsakonas, A. Louvi","doi":"10.1002/wdev.358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.358","url":null,"abstract":"The role of the Notch signaling pathway in neural development has been well established over many years. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that Notch continues to be expressed and active throughout adulthood in many areas of the central nervous system. Notch signals have been implicated in adult neurogenesis, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity in the adult organism, as well as linked to acute brain trauma and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. NOTCH3 mutations are responsible for the most common form of hereditary stroke, the progressive disorder cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Notch has also been associated with several progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although numerous studies link Notch activity with CNS homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, the data thus far are primarily correlative, rather than functional. Nevertheless, the evidence for Notch pathway activity in specific neural cellular contexts is strong, and certainly intriguing, and points to the possibility that the pathway carries therapeutic promise.","PeriodicalId":23630,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wdev.358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51021975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}