Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Has the European Commission Become More Severe in Punishing Cartels? Effects of the 2006 Guidelines","authors":"J. Connor","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1737885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1737885","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the first 13 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining guidelines. I find that the severity of the cartel fines is more than five times higher than those figured under the previous 1998 Guidelines. For the first time in antitrust history, I believe we are observing fines that regularly disgorge the monopoly profits accumulated by cartelists. Indeed, three firms’ fines ranged as high as 500% to 650% of affected sales – possible (but rare) examples of supra-deterrence. Nearly all recent cartel decisions reward one or more participant with full or partial leniency, a much higher share than previously. There is no evidence that leniency discounts have led to larger percentage reductions in cartel-wide fines. Moreover, despite more severe fines, the share of defendants requiring reductions under the Commission’s 10% cap or ability-to-pay considerations has not risen. The frequency and size of recidivism discounts has gone up markedly under the new guidelines. There is ample evidence that the Commission has been inconsistent in applying recidivism penalties in the manner promised it its 2006 Guidelines. In particular, it has been lenient by failing to account for numerous previous violations.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127666705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU-Asia Free Trade Areas? Economic and Policy Considerations","authors":"M. Plummer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1721422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1721422","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes key aspects of the changing economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Asia, and explores the potential economic ramifications of deeper EU-Asian economic cooperation. The author investigates the possible costs to the EU of remaining “disengaged” from the Asian integration process and the likely impact of multi-nested EU-Asian trade agreements. His empirical review of CGE models revealed trivial effects of several possible EU-Asian accords (e.g., EU-India, EU-ASEAN, EU-Republic of Korea). In part, this is a result of relatively small trade shares, open markets, and restrictions in the models, particularly in that they excluded behind-the-border effects. He also presents two CGE models that estimate the potential negative effects of Asian/Asia-Pacific regional accords on the EU, and likewise found small effects. Nevertheless, using a highly-disaggregated (partial-equilibrium) approach, he argues that high-quality FTAs in Asia could be quite detrimental to the EU, particularly in key sectors. The push toward a Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific could be particularly worrisome to the EU. It is therefore concluded that it makes sense for the EU to be more aggressive in pursuing prospective trade agreements with Asia.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132846199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Integration and Labour Migration","authors":"d'Artis Kancs, Julda Kielyte","doi":"10.1695/2010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1695/2010015","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper studies how European integration might affect the migration of workers in the enlarged EU. Unlike the reduced-form migration models, we base our empirical analysis on the theory of economic geography a la Krugman (1991), which provides an alternative modelling of migration pull and push factors. Parameters of the theoretical model are estimated econometrically using historical migration data. Our empirical findings suggest that European integration would trigger selective migration between the countries in the enlarged EU. In the Baltics, Lithuania would gain about 7.25% of the total work force. In the Visegrad Four, the share of the mobile labour force would increase the most in Hungary, 8.35%, compared to the pre-integration state. Our predictions for the East-West migration are moderate and lower than those of reduced-form models: between 5.44% (from the Baltics) and 3.61% (from the Visegrad Four) would emigrate to the EU North. Because migrants not only follow market potential, but also shape the region’s market potential, the long-run agglomeration forces are sufficiently weak to make a swift emergence of a core-periphery pattern in the enlarged EU very unlikely.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128810977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can We Think Locally, Act Globally? Understanding When Local Information Can Facilitate Global Coordination","authors":"Daniel P. Enemark, Mathew D. McCubbins, R. Paturi, N. Weller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1711582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1711582","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we focus on a neglected aspect of common pool resource problems – whether or not actors in a group can find a solution to the underlying coordination issue. Using a simple networked model of coordination we demonstrate that coordination problems are very difficult to solve when there are few solutions and actors possess local information. However, if the number of solutions does not change, then increases in the number of connections in the network can make coordination more likely to occur. These results suggest connections can influence the ability to reach solutions in two different ways. First, if connections reduce the number of solutions to a problem, then coordination may be less likely. Second, if it is possible to build connections between actors without reducing the number of solutions, then these connections facilitate coordination. These insights can help shed light on how institutions may facilitate international policy coordination.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133180335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MNEs and the UN Global Compact: An Empirical Analysis of the Organizational Implementation of Corporate Citizenship","authors":"Dorothée Baumann-Pauly, A. Scherer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1705532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1705532","url":null,"abstract":"The UN Global Compact (UNGC) is the largest “corporate citizenship” (CC) initiative in the world. Almost 5000 companies have signed the initiative whereby they voluntarily commit themselves to adhere to ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor rights, the environ-ment and anti-corruption (www.unglobalcompact.org). More than nine years after the launch of the UNGC the question arises on how far the participants have progressed in the implemen-tation of the Compact’s principles. This paper presents the results of an empirical assessment of the implementation process at five large Swiss corporations that have been participants of the UNGC since the initiation of the Global Compact. The results illustrate that CC is a learn-ing process and corporations are at different stages of development. To date, only few compa-nies are implementing CC as intended by the founders of the UNGC. Also, some aspects show that companies assume a political role in their global business activities. In our study we make two contributions: (1) we develop an analytical tool for the assessment of how deeply corporate citizenship is embedded in the organizational structures and procedures of the UNGC companies. (2) With the help of this tool we deliver empirical insights into the imple-mentation of CC at five large Swiss multinational corporations that are members of the UNGC. In addition, the study confirms the theoretical argument of recent literature in political CSR that multinational corporations are contributing to emerging global governance struc-tures.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132409822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical Legitimacy Spillovers in Transnational Governance: Affect as the Microfoundation of Spillover Strength and Valence","authors":"P. Haack, A. Scherer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1713920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1713920","url":null,"abstract":"We argue that the legitimacy of transnational governance schemes depends on the legitimacy of associated subunits, and show how affect-based evaluations of subunit characteristics and actions generate vertical legitimacy spillovers for the scheme as a whole. We consider the impact of a positive-negative asymmetry in legitimacy ascription and develop propositions on spillover strength and valence. Our study helps specify the perceptual mechanism underlying spillover construction, and prompts the rethinking of similarity-based accounts of legitimation.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"100 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132592807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Assistance to Populations in Danger: The Search for a Basis, (L'Assistance Internationale Aux Populations En Danger: De Quelques Fondements Possibles)","authors":"F. Mégret","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1697143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1697143","url":null,"abstract":"This draft paper for an edited collection seeks to survey some of the most prominent justifications of an international right to provide assistance to populations in need since the end of the Cold War. Going through 6 different foundations for such a right, it finds all wanting in some respects and concludes with a few thoughts on how the debate might warrant a reformulation.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116497372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU and NATO Enlargement Puzzles","authors":"Ivan Katchanovski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1671948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1671948","url":null,"abstract":"Enlargements of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) present major puzzles. While many post-communist countries, such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, and the Baltic States, were granted a membership or a prospect of membership in these organizations, a number of post-communist countries located in Europe, such as Russia, Belarus, Moldova, and Azerbaijan, were not offered prospects of membership even when they would satisfy official criteria for joining the EU and NATO. Some countries, such as Ukraine and Georgia, were officially recognized as potential members of NATO but not the European Union. The question is which factors account for such significant variation in the accession to the EU and NATO among European post-communist countries. Previous studies explained the exclusion of certain post-communist countries by their failure to meet such formal and informal EU membership criteria as liberal democracy, European location and identity, Western Christian religious tradition, high level of economic development, relatively small population size, and popular and government support in prospective members and most influential existing members. Similarly, NATO accession studies emphasized such criteria as democracy, peaceful resolution of internal ethnic conflicts or territorial disputes, and ability to meet NATO military standards. This paper uses comparative and multiple regression analysis to determine which factors affect the European Union and NATO membership of 25 European post-communist countries. The EU accession index and the NATO accession index are derived from the status of each country as a member, as a candidate, as a potential candidate, and as a non-member/not a potential candidate. Such factors, as the level of democracy, the economic level of development, religion, post-Soviet region, population size, violent conflicts, and public support for EU or NATO membership, are analyzed. The study shows that the level of democracy and the economic development level have positive effects on the EU accession, while being a post-Soviet country has a negative effect. Similarly, the level of democracy positively affects the NATO accession, while post-Soviet states have negative likelihood of admission into NATO when all other factors are held constant.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115672311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept & Positivism and Their Application of Making Rules in the WTO","authors":"Surendra Bhandari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1670490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1670490","url":null,"abstract":"The question anybody could ask but rarely asked is – could positivism be applied in making laws? This question is fundamental because most of the positivist jurists have either left investigating this issue or have made only an impressionistic investigation. As a result, positivism mainly engages in explicating the nature or concept of rules, i. e. nature or concept of rules that are posited or manufactured. Further, it engages in analyzing the issue that what role should the judges play when the posited rules contain open texture? Within the positivist tradition alone, there is no uniformity in addressing these issues, consequently positivism has got a number of variations. On top of that the most persistent question is that why positivist jurists kept from analyzing the contents of rules at the stage of manufacturing? In other words, does positivism provide any methodology to settle the contents of rules while manufacturing or positing them? This paper revisits positivism with these questions in the context of making rules in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and explains that this reticence demands engagement of positivism in providing methodology of manufacturing contents of rules. This paper makes a modest attempt to get positivism also engaged in the domain of manufacturing rules.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128548394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market Access for Small Versus Large Service Enterprises: The Preferential and Multilateral Trade Liberalization Tracks Compared","authors":"Daniela Persin","doi":"10.54648/trad2011027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2011027","url":null,"abstract":"Political economy theories of international trade predict the convergence of trade policy preferences between small and large exporting enterprises within a sector. However, this convergence does not generally occur in service trade, which restricts the way a service provider is allowed to supply a service across borders. By comparing the latest General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) offers with the new preferential services trade agreements of the 2000s, this paper explores the extent each liberalization track provides market access in modes of supply preferred by either small or large enterprises. It finds that the preferential track is more likely to level the playing field between the two.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130953643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}