Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Doing ‘Development’ Direct to Sector: The International Finance Corporation and the Financialisation of ‘Development’ in Asia","authors":"T. Carroll","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1959702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1959702","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an important new push taking place in development practice, whereby international public organisations are broadening and deepening private sector activity in the underdeveloped world in ways well beyond Washington consensus structural adjustment or even post-Washington consensus (PWC) forms of institutionally-oriented ‘participatory neoliberalism’. Described here as the ‘financialisation of development’ (FoD), this process – which dovetails with the late PWC agenda – is attracting increasing resources that are formally allocated directly to private actors around states, yet which also demand and promote shifts in state form and function that relate to cultivating an ‘enabling environment’ for capital. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) – the World Bank’s private sector arm – is at the vanguard of this process, bridging the ‘public-private divide’ in myriad ways. This paper first conceptualises the project that the likes of the IFC are involved in, drawing upon a framework based upon various lineages of critical political economy. From this perspective, FoD is seen as a rapidly expanding new push within neoliberalism, emerging out of the frustrations of earlier phases of orthodox ‘development’ practice. This approach entails rolling out the market state and establishing market society, two tasks that FoD’s instruments are highly tuned towards achieving. Focusing on the work of the IFC in the Asia-Pacific, the second section of the paper then presents three snapshots of FoD in action. These serve to illustrate the strategies and ‘logic’ underpinning the push, while also pointing to the risks accompanying it.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121774179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing International Climate Change-Induced Migration: The Chaos and the Dancing Star","authors":"B. Mayer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1955819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1955819","url":null,"abstract":"Many authors have recently put forward that no international legal regime offers an sufficient protection to those displaced as a result of climate change, and that such a regime is needed. This paper argues that governing international climate change-induced migration requires to overcome three fundamental challenges: reconciling individual fundamental rights with state sovereignty, the complexity of the environmental inducement to migration with a somewhat simplified legal framework, and equity consideration with unequal diplomatic influence. Furthermore, it identifies alternatives narratives, actions and actors which could participate in the invention of a necessarily new governance model. Thus, it shows that expanding or replicating the Refugee Convention to 'environmental refugees' is not possible, nor desirable: new forms of international governance must be invented.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133108882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership: Beyond 2014?","authors":"S. D’Souza","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2151054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2151054","url":null,"abstract":"The formalisation of the Agreement on Strategic Partnership (ASP) between India and Afghanistan on 4 October 2011 caught instant and worldwide media attention. Coming ahead of the much convoluted US-Afghan strategic partnership, this agreement is seen to be a new twist in the great game. For the Afghans, it is a reaffirmation of the positive role India has played in the reconstruction of their country and future commitment at a time when other countries are talking of downsizing or even complete withdrawal. The partnership agreement, being first of its kind in post-Taliban Afghanistan, is designed to address the challenges of transition as much as prepare ground for preventing the reversal of gains beyond 2014. In highlighting the utility in India’s soft power approach, the paper argues that India’s decade-long aid-only policy has been successful in consolidating its gains through such institutional processes. However, it would be useful to see if India and Afghanistan could navigate through the difficult contours of regional security environment as they are poised to jointly address the challenges of transition and beyond.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133774398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of the FTA Strategies of Japan and China and Their Implications for Multilateralism","authors":"J. Nakagawa, Wei Liang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2169361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2169361","url":null,"abstract":"Japan and China's trade policy has historically centered on multilateralism. Over the past ten years, however, these two countries have shifted course somewhat by pursuing a number of free trade agreements (FTAs) and Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). As the two largest economies in Asia, the actions and interactions of China and Japan have a direct impact on the global trading system. This paper investigates the divergent motivations and strategies of these two countries in negotiating FTAs and its impact on regional integration and multilateralism.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130938386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Law and International Relations: Norm and Reality or Vice Versa","authors":"F. Grünfeld","doi":"10.37974/ALF.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37974/ALF.189","url":null,"abstract":"The fields of Public International Law (PIL) and International Relations (IR) share the same research area: international politics.This article focuses on the differences between social scientists (especially political scientists studying International Relations) and legal researchers (specifically in the fields of Public International Law and human rights) in terms of research methods. The focus on methodology will highlight the difference between the researchers of Public International Law on the one hand, and International Relations on the other.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128368237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Investment Regime Since the 1980s: A Transnational 'Hands-Tying' Regime for International Investment","authors":"B. Simmons","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1914448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1914448","url":null,"abstract":"The papers in this collection address an important question about the institutions that govern trade and investment internationally: What explains the variance in their existence, scope and content? Most of the papers in this collection focus on international trade agreements, and represent a tremendous investment coding a increasingly detailed set of provisions from a proliferating number of legal provisions. Their purpose is not only to explain variation across institutions as an end in itself, but also to find out if the variance in these agreements matters for outcomes many of us care about: economic interdependence, trade and investment flows, non-discrimination, the distribution of benefits across parties to an agreement, and more. The assumption of the project is that international economic agreements represent a technology for a government to make credible commitments to market actors and to other governments. If \"hands-tying\" motivates the proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), why do these agreements vary, and with what consequences? This paper focuses on the international investment regime rather than on trade in goods or services. By \"international investment regime\" I mean the collection of often decentralized (even sometimes incoherent) rules about the promotion and protection of international direct investment. I will make three points. First, the variance across the trade and the investment regimes are significant, notably in their degree of centralization but also by the nature of the rights of the central players. Second, in the absence of a centralized framework for developing rules and dispute settlement procedures, bilateral hands-tying is the outcome of dyadic bargaining. Hands-tying in this context is dependent on the relative strength of the country whose hands are most likely to be tied – the capital importing country. In the final two sections, I show that BITs don’t \"solve\" governments’ time inconsistency problems. The evidence suggests that they have under-delivered investment and served up an unexpectedly large wave of litigation. The evidence suggests that resistance to certain forms of hands-tying is growing and may augur some significant changes in the terms of the central bargain of credibility for constraint.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"86 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120844144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Security and Sovereignty: Polar Opposites or Simply Nodes in a Network?","authors":"Guilherme Silva","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1910331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1910331","url":null,"abstract":"What are the implications from the emergence of the concept of human security to states’ sovereignty? Does the universal protection of human rights necessarily imply violation or weakening of states’ sovereign power in international relations? This paper aims at investigating the main claims about the interplay between an expanding concept of human security and the traditional principle of state sovereignty. Methodologically, it incorporates a historic analysis about the evolution of the notion of human security vis-a-vis the principle of state international sovereignty through the lens of path dependence, and the use of cognitive modeling as a way to model the parallel evolution of and mutual interplay between these two crucial concepts. Contrary to commonly held perspectives ultimately arguing that the strengthening of one of these two concepts necessarily implies the weakening of the other, the emerging picture is one of complexity. Rather than representing polar opposites within a simple network structure, more complex modes of interactions between sovereignty and human rights have led to the emergence of a new network structure, characterized by dynamic equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129560879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collective Action at Local and Global Scales: The Next Collaborative Agenda","authors":"D. Victor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1910816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1910816","url":null,"abstract":"As we approach the twenty-year anniversary of Keohane and Ostrom’s Local Commons and Global Interdependence, I assess their agenda for collaboration between scholars working in the local and global domains. I use the case of global climate change - a challenge that intrinsically spans local to global collective action - to emphasize what scholars working at the intersection of these two domains have learned over the last two decades and what we might do next. Issues that were ripe twenty years ago - such as studying the effects of numbers of actors and their heterogeneity - have seen substantial progress. New topics for cross-domain research include a more careful look at how collective action affects technological innovation. They also include the study of how fragmented institutions affect collective action; fragmentation has grown as a research topic in both domains yet described with different terms of “polycentrism” and “regime complexes.” This paper is part of a panel at APSA aimed at reviving the Keohane-Ostrom; I suggest that a shift to these new topics is as important as a revival of interest in collaboration in these two domains.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131336010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fragmentation and Coherence in International Law","authors":"J. Trachtman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1908862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1908862","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing scope and density of international law, we will observe increasing instances of fragmentation. Fragmentation is not necessarily a problem, insofar as there may be no need for coordination among different legal regimes. But where it does raise issues of conflict, or presents opportunities for synergy, it is useful to inquire whether fragmentation might be managed in a way that would reduce inefficient conflict, or harvest synergies. The existing formal system for management, provided in the VCLT, is quite limited in its response, and the outcomes that it produces would not necessarily be substantively satisfactory. This article reviews a number of types of responses that states might determine to use, in order to increase coherence. States can establish informal coordination mechanisms, and perhaps provide a mandate to international organizations to coordinate with one another. They can establish enforcement institutions for one regime that effectively structurally subordinates the law included in another regime. They can establish specific rules or general standards for the relationship between different rules. These rules or standards can constitute varying degrees of delegation to courts that may be established to address these issues.Importantly, the growing congestion of international law, and the relation of different international legal rules to one another, provides some opportunities for synergy. Different rules of international law may be linked with one another in order to facilitate the making of law, and in order to improve the enforcement of law. There may be economies of scale and scope that can be harvested by appropriate linkages between rules and organizations. It is possible to construct beneficial competition among international legal rules or organizations. Finally, different regimes may be linked in order to use one regime to compensate those harmed by another.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125979272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Political Economy of Project Preparation: An Empirical Analysis of World Bank Projects","authors":"Christopher Kilby","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1903581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1903581","url":null,"abstract":"In the last few years, numerous econometric studies have unearthed evidence of donor influence over the geographic distribution of funds from international financial institutions (IFIs). Scholars are now beginning to use quantitative methods to delve into the details of donor influence to understand better how IFIs function and to guide institutional reform. The evidence suggests that donors influence both the amount of funds committed (the number and size of loans) and the disbursement of committed funds. This paper advances the literature by applying stochastic frontier analysis to a novel data source to examine factors that affect how quickly World Bank projects proceed from identification to approval, i.e., how long it takes to prepare a project. Accelerated preparation is one explanation for how the World Bank might increase the number of loans to a recipient member country within a fixed time frame, for example in response to that country siding with powerful donor countries on important UN votes or while that country occupies an elected seat on the UN Security Council or the World Bank Executive Board.","PeriodicalId":236062,"journal":{"name":"Political Institutions: International Institutions eJournal","volume":"118 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114025065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}