Wildlife Monographs最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics, Persistence, and Genetic Management of the Endangered Florida Panther Population\u0000 Dinámicas, Persistencia y Manejo Genético de la Población en Peligro de Extinción de Pantera de Florida","authors":"Madelon van de Kerk, David P. Onorato, Jeffrey A. Hostetler, Benjamin M. Bolker, Madan K. Oli","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Abundant evidence supports the benefits accrued to the Florida panther (<i>Puma concolor coryi</i>) population via the genetic introgression project implemented in South Florida, USA, in 1995. Since then, genetic diversity has improved, the frequency of morphological and biomedical correlates of inbreeding depression have declined, and the population size has increased. Nevertheless, the panther population remains small and isolated and faces substantial challenges due to deterministic and stochastic forces. Our goals were 1) to comprehensively assess the demographics of the Florida panther population using long-term (1981–2015) field data and modeling to gauge the persistence of benefits accrued via genetic introgression and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of various potential genetic management strategies. Translocation and introduction of female pumas (<i>Puma concolor stanleyana</i>) from Texas, USA, substantially improved genetic diversity. The average individual heterozygosity of canonical (non-introgressed) panthers was 0.386 ± 0.012 (SE); for admixed panthers, it was 0.615 ± 0.007. Survival rates were strongly age-dependent (kittens had the lowest survival rates), were positively affected by individual heterozygosity, and decreased with increasing population abundance. Overall annual kitten survival was 0.32 ± 0.09; sex did not have a clear effect on kitten survival. Annual survival of subadult and adult panthers differed by sex; regardless of age, females exhibited higher survival than males. Annual survival rates of subadult, prime adult, and old adult females were 0.97 ± 0.02, 0.86 ± 0.03, and 0.78 ± 0.09, respectively. Survival rates of subadult, prime adult, and old adult males were 0.66 ± 0.06, 0.77 ± 0.05, and 0.65 ± 0.10, respectively. For panthers of all ages, genetic ancestry strongly affected survival rate, where first filial generation (F1) admixed panthers of all ages exhibited the highest rates and canonical (mostly pre-introgression panthers and their post-introgression descendants) individuals exhibited the lowest rates. The most frequently observed causes of death of radio-collared panthers were intraspecific aggression and vehicle collision. Cause-specific mortality analyses revealed that mortality rates from vehicle collision, intraspecific aggression, other causes, and unknown causes were generally similar for males and females, although males were more likely to die from intraspecific aggression than females. The probability of reproduction and the annual number of kittens produced varied by age; evidence that ancestry or abundance influenced these parameters was weak. Predicted annual probabilities of reproduction were 0.35 ± 0.08, 0.50 ± 0.05, and 0.25 ± 0.06 for subadult, prime adult, and old adult females, respectively. The number of kittens predicted to be produced annually by subadult, prime adult, and old adult females were 2.80 ± 0.75, 2.67 ± 0.43, and 2.28 ± 0.83, respectively. The stochastic annual popul","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"203 1","pages":"3-35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5775298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking White-Tailed Deer Density, Nutrition, and Vegetation in a Stochastic Environment\u0000 Relier la Densité de Cerf de Virginie, la Nutrition et la Végétation dans un Environnement Stochastique\u0000 Relación entre la Densidad de Venado Cola Blanca, la Nutrición y la Vegetación en Ambientes Variables","authors":"Charles A. DeYoung, Timothy E. Fulbright, David G. Hewitt, David B. Wester, Don A. Draeger","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Density-dependent behavior underpins white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) theory and management application in North America, but strength or frequency of the phenomenon has varied across the geographic range of the species. The modifying effect of stochastic environments and poor-quality habitats on density-dependent behavior has been recognized for ungulate populations around the world, including white-tailed deer populations in South Texas, USA. Despite the importance of understanding mechanisms influencing density dependence, researchers have concentrated on demographic and morphological implications of deer density. Researchers have not focused on linking vegetation dynamics, nutrition, and deer dynamics. We conducted a series of designed experiments during 2004–2012 to determine how strongly white-tailed deer density, vegetation composition, and deer nutrition (natural and supplemented) are linked in a semi-arid environment where the coefficient of variation of annual precipitation exceeds 30%. We replicated our study on 2 sites with thornshrub vegetation in Dimmit County, Texas. During late 2003, we constructed 6 81-ha enclosures surrounded by 2.4-m-tall woven wire fence on each study site. The experimental design included 2 nutrition treatments and 3 deer densities in a factorial array, with study sites as blocks. Abundance targets for low, medium, and high deer densities in enclosures were 10 deer (equivalent to 13 deer/km<sup>2</sup>), 25 deer (31 deer/km<sup>2</sup>), and 40 deer (50 deer/km<sup>2</sup>), respectively. Each study site had 2 enclosures with each deer density. We provided deer in 1 enclosure at each density with a high-quality pelleted supplement <i>ad libitum</i>, which we termed enhanced nutrition; deer in the other enclosure at each density had access to natural nutrition from the vegetation. We conducted camera surveys of deer in each enclosure twice per year and added or removed deer as needed to approximate the target densities. We maintained >50% of deer ear-tagged for individual recognition. We maintained adult sex ratios of 1:1–1:1.5 (males:females) and a mix of young and older deer in enclosures. We used reconstruction, validated by comparison to known number of adult males, to make annual estimates of density for each enclosure in analysis of treatment effects. We explored the effect of deer density on diet composition, diet quality, and intake rate of tractable female deer released into low- and high-density enclosures with natural nutrition on both study sites (4 total enclosures) between June 2009 and May 2011, 5 years after we established density treatments in enclosures. We used the bite count technique and followed 2–3 tractable deer/enclosure during foraging bouts across 4 seasons. Proportion of shrubs, forbs, mast, cacti, and subshrubs in deer diets did not differ (<i>P</i> > 0.57) between deer density treatments. Percent grass in deer diets was higher (<i>P</i> = 0.05) at high de","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"202 1","pages":"1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5748034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information - Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"202 1","pages":"C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5748048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information - Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"202 1","pages":"C1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5666873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of maternal condition and predation in survival of juvenile Elk in Oregon","authors":"Bruce K. Johnson, Dewaine H. Jackson, Rachel C. Cook, Darren A. Clark, Priscilla K. Coe, John G. Cook, Spencer N. Rearden, Scott L. Findholt, James H. Noyes","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding bottom-up, top-down, and abiotic factors along with interactions that may influence additive or compensatory effects of predation on ungulate population growth has become increasingly important as carnivore assemblages, land management policies, and climate variability change across western North America. Recruitment and population trends of elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>) have been downward in the last 4 decades across the northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest, USA. In Oregon, changes in vegetation composition and land use practices occurred, cougar (<i>Puma concolor</i>) populations recovered from near-extirpation, and black bear (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) populations increased. Our goal was to provide managers with insight into the influence of annual climatic variation, and bottom-up and top-down factors affecting recruitment of elk in Oregon. We conducted our research in southwestern (SW; Toketee and Steamboat) and northeastern (NE; Wenaha and Sled Springs) Oregon, which had similar predator assemblages but differed in patterns of juvenile recruitment, climate, cougar densities, and vegetative characteristics.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We obtained monthly temperature and precipitation measures from Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) and estimates of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for each study area to assess effects of climate and vegetation growth on elk vital rates. To evaluate the nutritional status of elk in each study area, we captured, aged, and radio-collared adult female elk in SW (<i>n </i>= 69) in 2002–2005 and NE (<i>n </i>= 113) in 2001–2007. We repeatedly captured these elk in autumn (<i>n </i>= 232) and spring (<i>n </i>= 404) and measured ingesta-free body fat (IFBF), mass, and pregnancy and lactation status. We fitted pregnant elk with vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) in spring and captured their neonates in SW (<i>n </i>= 46) and NE (<i>n </i>= 100). We placed expandable radio-collars on these plus an additional 110 neonates in SW and 360 neonates in NE captured by hand or net-gunning <i>via</i> helicopter and estimated their age at capture, birth mass from mass at capture, and sex. We monitored their fates and documented causes of mortality until 1 year of age. We estimated density of cougars by population reconstruction of captured (<i>n </i>= 96) and unmarked cougars killed (<i>n </i>= 27) and of black bears from DNA analysis of hair collected from snares.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found evidence in lactating females of nutritional limitations on all 4 study areas where IFBF<sub>autumn</sub> was below 12%, a threshold above which there are few nutritional limitations (9.8% [SE = 0.64%, <i>n</i> = 17] at Toketee, 7.9% [SE = 0.78%, <i>n</i> = 17] at Steamboat, 7.3% [SE = 0.33%, <i>n</i> = 46] at Sled Springs, and 8.9% [SE = 0.51%, <i>n</i>","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"201 1","pages":"3-60"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6120076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo page","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"201 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6120082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dedication page/photo","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"199 1","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5827321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of power lines on habitat use and demography of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)","authors":"Daniel Gibson, Erik J. Blomberg, Michael T. Atamian, Shawn P. Espinosa, James S. Sedinger","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Energy development and its associated infrastructure, including power lines, may influence wildlife population dynamics through effects on survival, reproduction, and movements of individuals. These infrastructure impacts may be direct or indirect, the former occurring when development acts directly as an agent of mortality (e.g., collision) and the latter when impacts occur as a by-product of other processes that are altered by infrastructure presence. Functional or numerical responses by predators to power-line corridors are indirect impacts that may suppress demographic rates for certain species, and perceived predation risk may affect animal behaviors such as habitat selection. Greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>) are a species of conservation concern across western North America that may be affected by power lines. Previous studies, however, have not provided evidence for causal mechanisms influencing demographic rates. Our primary objective was to assess the influence of power lines on multiple sage-grouse vital rates, greater sage-grouse habitat selection, and ultimately greater sage-grouse population dynamics. We used demographic and behavioral data for greater sage-grouse collected from 2003 to 2012 in central Nevada, USA, accounting for sources of underlying environmental heterogeneity. We also concurrently monitored populations of common ravens (<i>Corvus corax</i>), a primary predator of sage-grouse nests and young. We focused primarily on a single 345 kV transmission line that was constructed at the beginning of our study; however, we also determined if similar patterns were associated with other nearby, preexisting power lines. We found that numerous behaviors (e.g., nest-site selection, brood-site selection) and demographic rates (e.g., nest survival, recruitment, and population growth) were affected by power lines, and that these negative effects were predominantly explained by temporal variation in the relative abundance of common ravens. Specifically, in years of high common raven abundance, avoidance of the transmission line was extended farther from the line, re-nesting propensity was reduced, and nest survival was lower near the transmission line relative to areas more distant from the transmission line. Additionally, we found that before and immediately after construction of the transmission line, habitats near the footprint of the transmission line were generally more productive (e.g., greater reproductive success and population growth) than areas farther from the transmission line. However, multiple demographic rates (i.e., pre-fledging chick survival, annual male survival, <i>per capita</i> recruitment, and population growth) for groups of individuals that used habitats near the transmission line declined to a greater extent than for individuals using habitats more distant in the years following construction of the transmission line","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"200 1","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5770259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information – Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"200 1","pages":"C1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5827323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Elk Nutrition and Habitat Use in Western Oregon and Washington","authors":"Mary M. Rowland, Michael J. Wisdom, Ryan M. Nielson, John G. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, Bruce K. Johnson, Priscilla K. Coe, Jennifer M. Hafer, Bridgett J. Naylor, David J. Vales, Robert G. Anthony, Eric K. Cole, Chris D. Danilson, Ronald W. Davis, Frank Geyer, Scott Harris, Larry L. Irwin, Robert McCoy, Michael D. Pope, Kim Sager-Fradkin, Martin Vavra","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studies of habitat selection and use by wildlife, especially large herbivores, are foundational for understanding their ecology and management, especially if predictors of use represent habitat requirements that can be related to demography or fitness. Many ungulate species serve societal needs as game animals or subsistence foods, and also can affect native vegetation and agricultural crops because of their large body size, diet choices, and widespread distributions. Understanding nutritional resources and habitat use of large herbivores like elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>) can benefit their management across different land ownerships and management regimes. Distributions of elk in much of the western United States have shifted from public to private lands, leading to reduced hunting and viewing opportunities on the former and increased crop damage and other undesired effects on the latter. These shifts may be caused by increasing human disturbance (e. g., roads and traffic) and declines of early-seral vegetation, which provides abundant forage for elk and other wildlife on public lands. Managers can benefit from tools that predict how nutritional resources, other environmental characteristics, elk productivity and performance, and elk distributions respond to management actions. We present a large-scale effort to develop regional elk nutrition and habitat-use models for summer ranges spanning 11 million ha in western Oregon and Washington, USA (hereafter Westside). We chose summer because nutritional limitations on elk condition (e. g., body fat levels) and reproduction in this season are evident across much of the western United States. Our overarching hypothesis was that elk habitat use during summer is driven by a suite of interacting covariates related to energy balance: acquisition (e g., nutritional resources, juxtaposition of cover and foraging areas), and loss (e g., proximity to open roads, topography). We predicted that female elk consistently select areas of higher summer nutrition, resulting in better animal performance in more nutritionally rich landscapes. We also predicted that factors of human disturbance, vegetation, and topography would affect elk use of landscapes and available nutrition during summer, and specifically predicted that elk would avoid open roads and areas far from cover-forage edges because of their preference for foraging sites with secure patches of cover nearby. Our work had 2 primary objectives: 1) to develop and evaluate a nutrition model that estimates regional nutritional conditions for elk on summer ranges, using predictors that reflect elk nutritional ecology; and 2) to develop a summer habitat-use model that integrates the nutrition model predictions with other covariates to estimate relative probability of use by elk, accounting for ecological processes that drive use. To meet our objectives, we used 25 previously ","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"199 1","pages":"1-69"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6010862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}