Wildlife Monographs最新文献

{"title":"The Catastrophic Decline of Tortoises at a Fenced Natural Area","authors":"Kristin H. Berry,&nbsp;Julie L. Yee,&nbsp;Timothy A. Shields,&nbsp;Laura Stockton","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agassiz’s desert tortoise (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>), a threatened species of the southwestern United States, has severely declined to the point where 76% of populations in critical habitat (Tortoise Conservation Areas) are below viability. The potential for rapid recovery of wild populations is low because females require 12–20 years to reach reproductive maturity and produce few eggs annually. We report on a 34-year mark-recapture study of tortoises initiated in 1979 at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area in the western Mojave Desert, California, USA, and provide substantive data on challenges faced by the species. In 1980, the United States Congress designated the Research Natural Area and protected the land from recreational vehicles, livestock grazing, and mining with a wildlife-permeable fence. The 7.77-km² study area, centered on interpretive facilities, included land both within the Natural Area and outside the fence. We expected greater benefits to accrue to the tortoises and habitat inside compared to outside. Our objectives were to conduct a demographic study, analyze and model changes in the tortoise population and habitat, and compare the effectiveness of fencing to protect populations and habitat inside the fence versus outside, where populations and habitat were unprotected. We conducted surveys in spring in each of 7 survey years from 1979, when the fence was under construction, through 2012. We compared populations inside to those outside the fence by survey year for changes in distribution, structure by size and relative age, sex ratios, death rates of adults, and causes of death for all sizes of tortoises. We used a Bayesian implementation of a Jolly Seber model for mark-recapture data. We modeled detection, density, growth and transition of tortoises to larger size-age classes, movements from inside the protective fence to outside and vice versa, and survival. After the second and subsequent survey years, we added surveys to monitor vegetation and habitat changes, conduct health assessments, and collect data on counts of predators and predator sign. At the beginning of the study, counts and densities for all sizes of tortoises were high, but densities were approximately 24% higher inside the fence than outside. By 2002, the low point in densities, densities had declined 90% inside the fence and 95% outside. Between 2002 and 2012, the population inside the fence showed signs of improving with a 54% increase in density. Outside the fence, densities remained low. At the end of the study, when we considered the initial differences in location, densities inside the fence were roughly 2.5 times higher than outside. The pattern of densities was similar for male and female adults. When evaluating survival by blocks of years, survivorship was higher in 1979–1989 than in 1989–2002 (the low point) and highest from 2002 to 2012. Recruitment and survival of adult females into the population was important for growing th","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"205 1","pages":"1-53"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6084757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABSTRACTS OF THE EUROPEAN VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING (EVDI) CONGRESS, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, AUGUST 21-AUGUST 24, 2019.","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/vru.12818","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vru.12818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"159 1","pages":"85-118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72417867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information - Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"204 1","pages":"C1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6229294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information - Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"204 1","pages":"C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5831528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dedication page/photo","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"204 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6229295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo page","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"204 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6231764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Maternal Penning to Improve Calf Survival in the Chisana Caribou Herd\u0000 Évaluation des Enclos de Maternité pour Améliorer la Survie des Faons du Troupeau de Caribous Chisana","authors":"Layne G. Adams,&nbsp;Richard Farnell,&nbsp;Michelle P. Oakley,&nbsp;Thomas S. Jung,&nbsp;Lorne L. Larocque,&nbsp;Grant M. Lortie,&nbsp;Jamie Mclelland,&nbsp;Mason E. Reid,&nbsp;Gretchen H. Roffler,&nbsp;Don E. Russell","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predation is a major limiting factor for most small sedentary caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) populations, particularly those that are threatened or endangered across the southern extent of the species’ range. Thus, reducing predation impacts is often a management goal for improving the status of small caribou populations, and lethal predator removal is the primary approach that has been applied. Given that predator control programs are often contentious, other management options that can garner broader public acceptance need to be considered.</p><p>Substantial calf losses to predation in the few weeks following birth are common for these small caribou populations. Therefore, we employed a novel experimental approach of maternal penning with the goal of reducing early calf mortality in the Chisana Caribou Herd, a declining population in southwest Yukon and adjacent Alaska thought to number around 300 individuals. Maternal penning entailed temporarily holding pregnant females on their native range in a large pen secure from predators from late March through the initial weeks of calf rearing to mid-June. During 2003–2006, we conducted 4 annual penning trials with 17–50 pregnant females each year (<i>n</i> = 146 total), assessed survival of calves born in the pens, and evaluated survival and nutritional effects of penning for females that were held. We also investigated the herd's population dynamics during 2003–2008 to determine effects of maternal penning on calf recruitment and population growth. In addition to information gained during maternal penning, we determined natality and survival patterns via radiotelemetry, conducted autumn age-sex composition surveys each year, and censused the population in mid-October 2003, 2005, and 2007. Based on our penning trials and demographic investigations, we used simulation models to evaluate the effects of maternal penning relative to a population's inherent growth rate (finite rate of increase [λ] without maternal penning) and penning effort (proportion of calves born in penning) to provide perspective on utility of this approach for improving the status of small imperiled caribou populations.</p><p>Pregnant females held in maternal penning tolerated captivity well in that they exhibited positive nutritional responses to <i>ad libitum</i> feed we provided and higher survival than free-ranging females (0.993 and 0.951 for penned and free-ranging females, respectively). Survival of pen calves from birth to mid-June was substantially higher than that of free-ranging calves ( = 0.950 and 0.376, respectively). This initial period accounted for 76% of the annual calf mortality in the free-ranging population. Pen-born calves maintained their survival advantage over wild-born calves to the end of their first year ( = 0.575 and 0.192, respectively) during years penning occurred.</p><p>Females in the Chisana Herd were highly productive with 57% producing their first offspring at 2 years of age, and annual na","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"204 1","pages":"5-46"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6215115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics, Persistence, and Genetic Management of the Endangered Florida Panther Population\u0000 Dinámicas, Persistencia y Manejo Genético de la Población en Peligro de Extinción de Pantera de Florida","authors":"Madelon van de Kerk,&nbsp;David P. Onorato,&nbsp;Jeffrey A. Hostetler,&nbsp;Benjamin M. Bolker,&nbsp;Madan K. Oli","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Abundant evidence supports the benefits accrued to the Florida panther (<i>Puma concolor coryi</i>) population via the genetic introgression project implemented in South Florida, USA, in 1995. Since then, genetic diversity has improved, the frequency of morphological and biomedical correlates of inbreeding depression have declined, and the population size has increased. Nevertheless, the panther population remains small and isolated and faces substantial challenges due to deterministic and stochastic forces. Our goals were 1) to comprehensively assess the demographics of the Florida panther population using long-term (1981–2015) field data and modeling to gauge the persistence of benefits accrued via genetic introgression and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of various potential genetic management strategies. Translocation and introduction of female pumas (<i>Puma concolor stanleyana</i>) from Texas, USA, substantially improved genetic diversity. The average individual heterozygosity of canonical (non-introgressed) panthers was 0.386 ± 0.012 (SE); for admixed panthers, it was 0.615 ± 0.007. Survival rates were strongly age-dependent (kittens had the lowest survival rates), were positively affected by individual heterozygosity, and decreased with increasing population abundance. Overall annual kitten survival was 0.32 ± 0.09; sex did not have a clear effect on kitten survival. Annual survival of subadult and adult panthers differed by sex; regardless of age, females exhibited higher survival than males. Annual survival rates of subadult, prime adult, and old adult females were 0.97 ± 0.02, 0.86 ± 0.03, and 0.78 ± 0.09, respectively. Survival rates of subadult, prime adult, and old adult males were 0.66 ± 0.06, 0.77 ± 0.05, and 0.65 ± 0.10, respectively. For panthers of all ages, genetic ancestry strongly affected survival rate, where first filial generation (F1) admixed panthers of all ages exhibited the highest rates and canonical (mostly pre-introgression panthers and their post-introgression descendants) individuals exhibited the lowest rates. The most frequently observed causes of death of radio-collared panthers were intraspecific aggression and vehicle collision. Cause-specific mortality analyses revealed that mortality rates from vehicle collision, intraspecific aggression, other causes, and unknown causes were generally similar for males and females, although males were more likely to die from intraspecific aggression than females. The probability of reproduction and the annual number of kittens produced varied by age; evidence that ancestry or abundance influenced these parameters was weak. Predicted annual probabilities of reproduction were 0.35 ± 0.08, 0.50 ± 0.05, and 0.25 ± 0.06 for subadult, prime adult, and old adult females, respectively. The number of kittens predicted to be produced annually by subadult, prime adult, and old adult females were 2.80 ± 0.75, 2.67 ± 0.43, and 2.28 ± 0.83, respectively. The stochastic annual popul","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"203 1","pages":"3-35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5775298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo page","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"203 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5775289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking White-Tailed Deer Density, Nutrition, and Vegetation in a Stochastic Environment\u0000 Relier la Densité de Cerf de Virginie, la Nutrition et la Végétation dans un Environnement Stochastique\u0000 Relación entre la Densidad de Venado Cola Blanca, la Nutrición y la Vegetación en Ambientes Variables","authors":"Charles A. DeYoung,&nbsp;Timothy E. Fulbright,&nbsp;David G. Hewitt,&nbsp;David B. Wester,&nbsp;Don A. Draeger","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1040","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Density-dependent behavior underpins white-tailed deer (&lt;i&gt;Odocoileus virginianus&lt;/i&gt;) theory and management application in North America, but strength or frequency of the phenomenon has varied across the geographic range of the species. The modifying effect of stochastic environments and poor-quality habitats on density-dependent behavior has been recognized for ungulate populations around the world, including white-tailed deer populations in South Texas, USA. Despite the importance of understanding mechanisms influencing density dependence, researchers have concentrated on demographic and morphological implications of deer density. Researchers have not focused on linking vegetation dynamics, nutrition, and deer dynamics. We conducted a series of designed experiments during 2004–2012 to determine how strongly white-tailed deer density, vegetation composition, and deer nutrition (natural and supplemented) are linked in a semi-arid environment where the coefficient of variation of annual precipitation exceeds 30%. We replicated our study on 2 sites with thornshrub vegetation in Dimmit County, Texas. During late 2003, we constructed 6 81-ha enclosures surrounded by 2.4-m-tall woven wire fence on each study site. The experimental design included 2 nutrition treatments and 3 deer densities in a factorial array, with study sites as blocks. Abundance targets for low, medium, and high deer densities in enclosures were 10 deer (equivalent to 13 deer/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), 25 deer (31 deer/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), and 40 deer (50 deer/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), respectively. Each study site had 2 enclosures with each deer density. We provided deer in 1 enclosure at each density with a high-quality pelleted supplement &lt;i&gt;ad libitum&lt;/i&gt;, which we termed enhanced nutrition; deer in the other enclosure at each density had access to natural nutrition from the vegetation. We conducted camera surveys of deer in each enclosure twice per year and added or removed deer as needed to approximate the target densities. We maintained &gt;50% of deer ear-tagged for individual recognition. We maintained adult sex ratios of 1:1–1:1.5 (males:females) and a mix of young and older deer in enclosures. We used reconstruction, validated by comparison to known number of adult males, to make annual estimates of density for each enclosure in analysis of treatment effects. We explored the effect of deer density on diet composition, diet quality, and intake rate of tractable female deer released into low- and high-density enclosures with natural nutrition on both study sites (4 total enclosures) between June 2009 and May 2011, 5 years after we established density treatments in enclosures. We used the bite count technique and followed 2–3 tractable deer/enclosure during foraging bouts across 4 seasons. Proportion of shrubs, forbs, mast, cacti, and subshrubs in deer diets did not differ (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.57) between deer density treatments. Percent grass in deer diets was higher (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.05) at high de","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":"202 1","pages":"1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5748034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}