Veterinary Record Open最新文献

{"title":"Accuracy of heart girth tapes in the estimation of weights of pre-weaned calves.","authors":"Virginia Sherwin, Robert Hyde, Martin Green, John Remnant, Emily Payne, Peter Down","doi":"10.1002/vro2.16","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heart girth tapes (HGTs) are often used as an alternative to weight scales for calves. This study investigated the accuracy of HGT in estimating bodyweight and daily liveweight gain (DWLG) of pre-weaned calves, and the impact of inter-observer variation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In Study 1, 119 calves were weighed using HGT and electronic scales on multiple occasions. Mixed-effects models for both bodyweight and DLWG were used to determine the accuracy of HGT compared to the electronic scales. Simulation data were used to further analyse the accuracy of DLWG estimation including for factors such as the effect of group size on group DLWG estimates.In Study 2, 10 observers weighed 20 pre-weaned calves, using HGT and electronic scales. Mixed-effect model was used to investigate the impact of different observers on the accuracy of HGT on measuring bodyweights.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mixed-effects model results suggest HGT provides a relatively accurate estimation of weight (MAE: 2.66 kg) and relatively inaccurate estimation of DLWG (MAE 0.10 kg/d). Simulated data identified associations between time between weight dates and error in DLWG estimation, with MAE of individual DLWG estimation decreasing from 0.43 kg/d when 14 days apart to 0.08 kg/d when 70 days apart. Increased calf numbers reduced error rates of group DLWG estimation, with <0.05 kg/d error achieved in >90% of simulations when 12 calves were weighed 70 days apart.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HGTs are relatively accurate at estimating individual bodyweights but are unreliable methods for measuring DLWG in individual calves, particularly weighed within a short-time period. Estimates at group level however are relatively accurate, providing there is a suitable period of time between weigh dates and an appropriate number of calves per group.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39317735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of veterinary professionals in Sweden: Adverse event reporting and access to product safety information.","authors":"James Mount, Karin Sjöström, Veronica Arthurson, Sanna Kreuger","doi":"10.1002/vro2.18","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacovigilance based on spontaneously reported suspected adverse events (AEs) from veterinary professionals is a powerful tool for detecting potential risks of using medicinal products. However, it is heavily dependent on the voluntary participation of veterinary professionals. Estimates suggest that over 90% of suspected AEs remain unreported. This survey was conducted to accumulate information on current practices and attitudes of Swedish veterinary professionals in relation to AE reporting and their perceptions of the accessibility of updated product safety information.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Swedish veterinary professionals were surveyed using a web-based questionnaire prepared by the Swedish Medical Products Agency (SMPA). The survey included three sections with 13 questions and was distributed via several communication channels, including the Swedish Veterinary Association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey was answered by 412 veterinary professionals, including veterinarians and licensed veterinary nurses. The survey identified that most veterinarians comply with national legislation by reporting directly to the SMPA, but not all observed AEs are reported. Veterinary professionals indicated that it is important to have an easy and efficient reporting system, preferably directly from an electronic medical records system. Feedback is considered important. Veterinary nursing staff could potentially improve the reporting rate of suspected AEs in Sweden. The degree of knowledge relating to the reporting of AEs varies among professionals, thus impacting on reporting frequency. A single source of product safety information is mainly used, and improvements are required to enhance accessibility and distribution of updated product safety information.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The insight gained from this survey will be used to influence attitudes and facilitate adaptations needed to fulfil the requirements of the European Union regulations. To reduce underreporting of AEs and facilitate access to updated product safety information, various approaches are required including educational interventions, new digital reporting tools and adaption of communication strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8342559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39306284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for digital dermatitis in free-stall-housed, Canadian dairy cattle.","authors":"Ellen de Jong, Klaas Frankena, Karin Orsel","doi":"10.1002/vro2.19","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A comprehensive analysis of the relation between digital dermatitis (DD) and cow and herd characteristics in Canadian dairies is currently lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using 12,260 cow records from 62 dairy farms to assess association between 27 cow and herd-level variables, and presence of DD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The odds for a cow to have at least 1 DD lesion were higher in first-parity cows and those in later lactation (≥45 days in milk). Housing cows on a concrete base was associated with higher odds (OR 2.24) for DD when bedding was added once a week or less. Bedding the concrete base more frequently reduced odds for DD. Wood shavings or other bedding types were more positively associated with DD (OR 2.31 and 1.87, respectively) compared to sawdust. Also, the odds of DD were lower on farms with a scraping manure frequency of every 2 h compared to less frequent scraping (OR 0.54).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nine risk factors for DD were identified and quantified, with stall base, bedding type, and manure scraping frequency associated with lower odds of DD. DD prevalence could be reduced by implementing management practices for first-parity cows, as they had higher odds of DD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8330421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39301169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Students' acceptance of case-based blended learning in mandatory interdisciplinary lectures for clinical medicine and veterinary public health.","authors":"Veronica Duckwitz, Lena Vogt, Claudia Hautzinger, Alexander Bartel, Sebastian Haase, Mechthild Wiegard, Marcus G Doherr","doi":"10.1002/vro2.14","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In German veterinary education interdisciplinary lectures (ILs) are an important and mandatory part of the curriculum as their merging character builds a useful preparation for the future profession as a veterinarian. These lectures should enable students to work on practically-relevant and interdisciplinary cases, which should ideally be defined jointly by lecturers from different disciplines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to give students the opportunity to work on these cases and at the same time have contact with their lecturers and fellow students, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, has converted its former in-class ILs (face-to-face delivery format) into a blended learning format. The mandatory lectures comprise 196 curricular hours and are delivered over the course of three semesters within the veterinary curriculum. The new concept was developed over a period of three academic years and extensively evaluated (old-new-comparison) with regard to its acceptance and compliance with national requirements for interdisciplinary teaching.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 306 students were asked to evaluate different aspects of the newly implemented format. Overall, more than 79% of the students attending the newly implemented blended learning format responded positively, and the evaluation showed a significant improvement of learning motivation and acceptance when compared to the traditional teaching format.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results indicated that blended learning is a suitable option for teaching mandatory ILs in clinical medicine and veterinary public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8297990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39255195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low occurrence of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in wild birds from a Swiss rehabilitation centre.","authors":"Barbara R Vogler, Katrin Zurfluh, Prisca Mattmann, Kira Schmitt, Sarah Albini","doi":"10.1002/vro2.17","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Salmonella</i> are bacteria of the family <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> with a wide host range. Infection in birds causes subclinical disease to mass mortality events. Wild birds may act as healthy carriers posing a hazard to livestock and humans. The present study investigated the occurrence of <i>Salmonella</i> in wild birds admitted to a rehabilitation centre in order to assess the exposure of the staff to this zoonotic pathogen.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Faecal swabs of 552 avian patients (68 species) were collected over the course of 12 months. Each sample was propagated in enrichment broth and subsequently incubated on a RAPID'<i>Salmonella</i> plate. <i>Salmonella</i> isolates were serotyped, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six <i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (<i>S</i>. Typhimurium) and 1 <i>S</i>. Schleissheim were detected; all were pansusceptible to the antibiotics tested.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the low positive rate in the tested population, the authors recommend applying protective equipment and hygiene measures when handling wild birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8297991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39255196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of dietary fish oil supplementation on DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of nine healthy dogs.","authors":"Francisco J Pellegrino, Analía Risso, Yanina Corrada, Rocío C Gambaro, Analía I Seoane","doi":"10.1002/vro2.12","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fish oil (FO) supplementation as a source of omega 3 fatty acids is associated with beneficial effects on health. However, high unsaturated fatty acid content in the diet could result in increased lipid peroxidation and damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. We evaluated the effect of dietary FO supplementation on DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of dogs. Additionally, we determined the effect of FO supplementation on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile of these dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy male dogs (<i>n</i> = 9) were randomly assigned to one of two diets during 90 days: control (CG, <i>n</i> = 4), based on a commercial food, and FO (FOG, <i>n</i> = 5), the same food supplemented with 1000 mg FO. Blood samples were collected on days -1, 30, 60 and 90. DNA damage was assessed with the comet assay, and the damage index was obtained. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Lipid profile determination included serum triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein levels (HDL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Damage index values (arbitrary units) were lower in FOG on day 30 (CG, 13.7 ± 2.5; FOG, 6.5 ± 2.5), 60 (CG, 14.7 ± 2.5; FOG, 3.5 ± 2.5) and 90 (CG, 15.5 ± 2.5; FOG, 3.0 ± 2.5) compared with CG (treatment × time interaction, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Serum MDA and HDL concentrations were lower in FOG compared with CG on day 60 and 90 (treatment × time interaction, <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that dietary FO supplementation did not induce DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy dogs, but rather reduced it.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39040666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasal hyperkeratosis in Griffon breeds: Clinical, histopathological features and the prevalence in the Swedish population compared to a control group and other brachycephalic breeds.","authors":"Robert Cikota, Liselotte Åberg, Erika Karlstam, Arman Shokrai, Susanne Åhman","doi":"10.1002/vro2.10","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the Griffon breeds (GB) nasal hyperkeratosis is common and develops already in early adulthood. Breed-related features and prevalence have not previously been documented.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To describe clinical and histopathological features of nasal hyperkeratosis in GB and to document the prevalence.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seven GB dogs with nasal hyperkeratosis were examined. Three histopathological samples were analysed. Owners of 107 GB and 493 control dogs completed a questionnaire distributed via social media.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Typical features of nasal hyperkeratosis in GB included varying degrees of dry, firm, excessive proliferation of keratin, affecting the dorsal or dorsolateral aspect of the planum nasale. Histopathology was characterized by severe, lamellar orthokeratotic and focal parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and multiple small serum lakes. Thirty-four of 107 GB dogs (31.8%) and 65 of 493 (13.2%) control dogs had varying degree of nasal hyperkeratosis. No sex predisposition was noted. Median age of onset was 3 years for GB, similar to brachycephalic control dogs whereas non-brachycephalic control dogs had a significantly later age of onset (<i>p</i> = 0.0053).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Idiopathic nasal hyperkeratosis is very common in GB dogs and other brachycephalic breeds with nearly one third being affected, often already a young age.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8110113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38974718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in Janos, Mexico.","authors":"Rocío Almuna, Andrés M López-Pérez, Rosa E Sarmiento, Gerardo Suzán","doi":"10.1002/vro2.7","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human population expansion has increased the contact between domestic animals and wildlife, thereby increasing the transmission of infectious diseases including canine distemper virus (CDV). Here, we investigated the risk factors associated with CDV exposure in domestic and wild carnivores from the Janos Biosphere Reserve (JBR), Mexico.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional household questionnaire study was performed in four rural towns to investigate the risk factors associated with the presence of CDV in domestic and wild carnivores from the JBR, Mexico. In addition, we tested serum samples from 70 dogs and three wild carnivores, including one bobcat (Lynx rufus), one striped skunk (<i>Mephitis mephitis)</i> and one gray fox (<i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</i>) for CDV antibodies using immunochromatographic and viral neutralization assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 62% of domestic dogs were seropositive for CDV, and the presence of antibodies was significantly higher in free-roaming owned dogs than dogs with restricted movement. Among the wild carnivores, only the bobcat was seropositive. The rate of vaccination against CDV in dogs was low (7%), and there was a high rate of direct interactions between domestic dogs and wild carnivores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our serological assays show that CDV is circulating in both domestic dogs and wild carnivores, suggesting cross-species transmission. Our finding of low vaccination rates, high number of unrestrained owned dogs and direct interactions between wildlife and domestic animals reported in the region may be perpetuating the high prevalence of the virus and increasing the risk of CDV transmission between wild and domestic carnivores. Therefore, long-term longitudinal studies are recommended in order to monitor infectious diseases at the domestic-wildlife interface in this highly biodiverse region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8109910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38974715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant human interferon-α14 for the treatment of canine allergic pruritic disease in eight dogs.","authors":"Breno C B Beirão, Aline C Taraciuk, Carolina Trentin, Max Ingberman, Luiz F Caron, Chris McKenzie, William H Stimson","doi":"10.1002/vro2.6","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Allergic pruritic diseases are increasingly common in dogs. This group of conditions hampers life quality as pruritus progressively interferes with normal behaviours. Therefore, new treatment modalities for canine allergic pruritic diseases are necessary. While novel drugs have recently reached the market, there is still the need for other therapeutic approaches. Some dogs are refractory even to the newer compounds, and cost is also an important issue for these. Older therapeutic modalities are only moderately successful or have considerable secondary effects, as is the case with glucocorticoids.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Report on the use of recombinant human interferon-α14 (rhIFN-α14) for the treatment of canine allergic pruritus. Following the experience with a similar compound in the Japanese market, it was expected that rhIFN-α14 could alter the Th1/Th2 disbalance that drives these diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we present an uncontrolled trial in which eight dogs with clinical diagnosis of allergic pruritus were treated with rhIFN-α14, either orally or via subcutaneous injections. Skin condition, microbiota and anti-interferon antibody levels were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The parenteral use of interferon induced hypersensitivity in two of the three dogs in which it was used. The oral administration was consistently safe and could reduce signs of the allergic condition in three of the five treated animals. Treatment also altered the skin microbiota, as verified by next-generation sequencing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present results indicate that rhIFN-α14 is a viable candidate for the treatment of canine allergic pruritus. Future controlled studies are needed, and the oral route is indicated for further trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8109859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38974714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of high-intensity interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training on maximal aerobic potency in dogs: Trial protocol for a randomised controlled clinical study.","authors":"Sonia C Orozco, María P Arias, Pablo A Carvajal, Jaime Gallo-Villegas, Martha Olivera-Angel","doi":"10.1002/vro2.4","DOIUrl":"10.1002/vro2.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a more efficient method to improve exercise capacity than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) because of its greater physiological stimulus.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this protocol is to evaluate the efficacy of HIIT on maximal aerobic potency in dogs as compared to MICT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This protocol is for a randomised, blinded controlled clinical trial, with three parallel groups for the purpose of demonstrating superiority. Thirty dogs aged between 12 and 84 months of both sexes and different breeds will be included. Dogs, before initiating and after finalising the training will perform an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to obtain maximal speed and lactate threshold; resting parameters of heart and respiratory rate, left ventricle chamber and systolic function will be measured. Dogs assigned to each intervention will endure a 42-min session of HIIT or MICT during 12 weeks. HIIT comprises four intervals of 4 min each at a load of 85%, alternating with a 4-min resting period. MICT group will have a continuous load of 60%. The control group will remain in a cage. An intention-to-treat statistical analysis will be implemented. Analysis of covariance will be used to estimate the effect of HIIT compared with MICT training on maximal aerobic potency, aerobic resistance, systolic function at rest, left ventricle chamber measurements and indexes, respiratory rate and HR at rest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Significant time and effort are invested into training sports/working dogs, which could benefit from improving physical capacity by means of the HIIT methodology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23565,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Record Open","volume":"8 1","pages":"e4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/vro2.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38906174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}