Veterinary microbiology最新文献

{"title":"A modified-live Mannheimia haemolytica expressing Mycoplasma bovis EFTu and Hsp70 induced systemic and mucosal antibody responses in American bison but failed to fully protect against Mycoplasma bovis challenge.","authors":"Bryan S. Kaplan ,&nbsp;Rohana P. Dassanayake ,&nbsp;Bradley O. Chriswell ,&nbsp;William D. Boatwright Jr. ,&nbsp;Steven C. Olsen ,&nbsp;Mitchell V. Palmer ,&nbsp;Paola M. Boggiatto ,&nbsp;Carly R. Kanipe ,&nbsp;Eduardo Casas ,&nbsp;Robert E. Briggs ,&nbsp;Fred M. Tatum","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis)</em> is an emerging pathogen in American bison (<em>Bison bison</em>) responsible for high mortality epizootics of severe pneumonia and systemic disease. Though <em>M. bovis</em> poses a significant threat to bison conservation and ranching, there are no commercial vaccines licensed for use in this species. To this end, novel modified-live <em>Mannheimia haemolytica</em> (<em>M. haemolytica</em>) vaccine strains, serotypes 1 and 6, secreting inactive leukotoxin fused to truncated <em>M. bovis</em> Elongation Factor Thermal unstable (EFTu) and Heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 (EFTu-Hsp70-ΔlktCAV4) were evaluated for efficacy in bison. Modified-live <em>M. haemolytica</em> were administered intranasally and both serotypes were sporadically recovered from bison nasal swabs. Bison inoculated with the two <em>M. haemolytica</em> EFTu-Hsp70- ΔlktCAV4 strains produced systemic and mucosal antibodies to the <em>M. bovis</em> antigens and <em>M. haemolytica</em> surface antigens prior to intranasal challenge with <em>M. bovis</em>. Following intranasal <em>M. bovis</em> challenge no differences were observed in lung bacterial counts nor in lung lesion formation between bison that received the <em>M. haemolytica</em> EFTu-Hsp70-ΔlktCAV4 strains or the ΔlktCAV4, lacking the <em>M. bovis</em> antigens. Despite this, fewer <em>M. bovis</em> positive tissue swabs were collected from animals administered the <em>M. haemolytica</em> EFTu-Hsp70-ΔlktCAV4. These results demonstrate that modified-live <em>M. haemolytica</em> vaccine strains expressing <em>M. bovis</em> antigens failed to provide full protection against <em>M. bovis</em> infection in bison.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of mastitis-causing pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) to disinfectants used as teat dipping","authors":"Marcilene Daniel Damasceno ,&nbsp;Maysa Serpa Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Bruna Henrique Pinto da Silva ,&nbsp;Giovanna Botelho Carneiro ,&nbsp;Alice Gonçalves Reis ,&nbsp;Bruna Reis Pereira ,&nbsp;Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa ,&nbsp;Julio Silvio de Sousa Bueno Filho ,&nbsp;Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles ,&nbsp;Alessandro de Sá Guimarães","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mastitis is one of the most important diseases for dairy farming and <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> are among the most common mastitis-causing pathogens. Aiming to prevent mastitis, pre- and post-milking disinfectant dips are used, but this constant exposure can contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains. Thus, this study aimed to determine the <em>in vitro</em> susceptibility of mastitis-causing <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>E. coli</em> to disinfectants used as teat dipping. The disinfectants tested were hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine digluconate, lactic acid, quaternary ammonium, and iodine. Susceptibility was assessed through broth microdilution to obtain minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In general, all <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> strains were inhibited with lower concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, lactic acid, and quaternary ammonium than those used in field. Regarding sodium hypochlorite, 80.77 % (42/52) of the <em>E. coli</em> isolates were not susceptible to the concentration recommended for use as teat dipping, while 34.5 % (138/400) of the <em>S. aureus</em> had the MIC equal or higher than this same concentration. In addition, an increase in the MIC according to the year of isolation of the pathogens was observed, with the latest isolates being more tolerant to all disinfectants, with exception of chlorhexidine digluconate. These results strongly suggest that continuous exposure to disinfectants can lead to the selection of less susceptible strains in dairy farming, which is a major issue for animal and public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active surveillance for influenza A virus in swine reveals within-farm reassortment and cocirculation of distinct subtypes and genetic clades","authors":"Megan N. Thomas ,&nbsp;Garrett M. Janzen ,&nbsp;Alexey Markin ,&nbsp;Aditi Sharma ,&nbsp;Kelly Hewitt ,&nbsp;Ganwu Li ,&nbsp;Amy L. Baker ,&nbsp;Phillip C. Gauger ,&nbsp;Tavis K. Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the most frequently detected respiratory pathogens in swine. A passive surveillance system in the United States (U.S.) provides aggregated metrics to quantify spatial and temporal changes in genetic diversity. However, swine production is not homogenous: production systems vary in size and management strategies that affect the transmission and evolution of IAV. To assess how fine-scale variation affects IAV transmission, we conducted active surveillance on sow farms and linked nurseries from 4 U.S. production flows for up to 14 months. 85 complete HA sequences and 62 whole genomes with associated epidemiological information were generated. We conducted phylodynamic analyses and detected six genetic clades from four HA lineages: H1 1A classical swine, H1 1B human-seasonal, and H3 2010.1 and 1990.4. The H1 1B and H3 1990.4 showed evidence of transmission from sow farm to nursery. The H1 1A and H3 2010.1 viruses were detected in nurseries without a linked sow farm detection. Seven separate human-to-swine transmission events in the H1N1 pandemic clade (1A.3.3.2) in sow and nursery sites were identified. Nursery sites were infected with IAV that was both linked and unlinked to the sow farm. Control efforts may be impacted by subclinical IAV transmission in the breeding herd, the mixing of sow farm sources at the nursery, regional spread of new strains, and human-to-swine transmission. Regular surveillance activities within production systems provide the ability to match vaccine components to circulating diversity, thereby minimizing the opportunity for novel reassorted viruses to emerge and impact animal health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brucellosis surveillance in Bavarian wild boar: Evaluation of a novel rLPS/sLPS-based ELISA compared to OIE-listed serological tests","authors":"Leonard Limpinsel ,&nbsp;Gerhard Dobler ,&nbsp;Johannes P. Borde ,&nbsp;Julia M. Riehm ,&nbsp;Philipp Girl","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Brucellosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease, caused by <em>Brucella spp.</em>, with wildlife reservoirs such as wild boars posing a potential threat to brucellosis-free livestock populations and public health. Despite eradication of brucellosis in domestic animals in Germany, the disease persists in wildlife. Reliable and specific diagnostic tools are essential for effective surveillance.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>In this study, 149 serum samples from wild boars hunted during the 2023/2024 season in Bavaria (Germany) were analyzed using four serological tests: 1.the rose bengal test (RBT), 2. a conventional sLPS-based ELISA (BMS),3. a novel biwell ELISA (BSI) using both sLPS and rLPS antigens and 4. the complement fixation test (CFT) as gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of all assays were calculated in comparison to the CFT.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 149 samples analyzed, 9 tested positive by CFT, resulting in a seroprevalence of 6.0 % [3.1 %, 11.2 %]in the sampled wild boar population. The BMS-ELISA demonstrated the highest sensitivity (100 %) but moderate specificity (85.0 %), whereas the BSI ELISA showed improved specificity (94.3 %) and accuracy (92.6 %) through combined detection of antibodies against sLPS and rLPS, albeit with lower sensitivity (66.7 %). The RBT performed least favorably with a sensitivity of 55.6 % and specificity of 92.7 %.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The findings confirm that brucellosis remains endemic among wild boars in Bavaria. While the BSI ELISA shows promise due to its high specificity, its lower sensitivity limits its utility as a stand-alone diagnostic. Cross-reactions in sLPS-based assays highlight the importance of combining antigens for improved test reliability. The varying seroprevalence compared to previous studies underscores the dynamic nature of infection in wildlife populations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A dual-step diagnostic approach – utilizing a sensitive ELISA for screening followed by CFT for confirmation – remains the most effective strategy for wildlife surveillance. The BSI ELISA may serve as a viable alternative in clinical or resource-limited settings. Continued monitoring is crucial to mitigate the zoonotic risk posed by wildlife reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First molecular evidence of vertical transmission of Ehrlichia canis in naturally infected female dogs in Brazil","authors":"Mariana Rodrigues Pereira ,&nbsp;Andressa de Oliveira Silva ,&nbsp;Pedro Henrique Cotrin Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Isabela de Oliveira Sales ,&nbsp;Julia Angélica Gonçalves da Silveira ,&nbsp;Camila Valgas Bastos","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ehrlichia canis</em> is an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by the tick <em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</em> sensu lato. This pathogen is also the etiological agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease with widespread global distribution and recognized zoonotic potential. Although vector-borne transmission is well established, evidence supporting the occurrence of vertical transmission remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the potential transplacental transmission of <em>E. canis</em> in 51 naturally infected pregnant bitches using molecular diagnostic techniques, genetic sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Blood and placental samples from the 51 dams, organ pool samples from 22 stillborn puppies, and peripheral blood from 40 live neonates up to five days of age were analyzed. Molecular analyses were performed using nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene, with initial detection of the genus <em>Ehrlichia</em> and subsequent specific confirmation of <em>E. canis</em>, followed by genetic sequencing and phylogenetic characterization of the positive samples. <em>Ehrlichia</em> spp. DNA was detected in 27.45 % of dams blood samples, 5.88 % of placentas, 9.09 % of stillborns organ pools, and 2.5 % of live-born puppies up to five days old. The sequences obtained showed 100 % identity with previously characterized <em>E. canis</em> isolates from different geographic regions. The study confirms the occurrence of transplacental transmission of <em>E. canis</em> in dogs and highlights the potential of this route in the maintenance and dissemination of zoonotic vector-borne agents. It emphasizes the need to study vertical transmission mechanisms of pathogens and their impact in endemic areas, and to combine reproductive monitoring with infectious disease control in dogs for improved animal and public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcription factor OxyR regulates peroxidase levels to enhance Brucella's defense against oxidative stress","authors":"Yunyi Zhai ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Guangdong Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Ziyang Diao ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Lulu Tian ,&nbsp;Feijie Zhi ,&nbsp;Junmei Li ,&nbsp;Dong Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Yaping Jin ,&nbsp;Aihua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The host defense system produces high levels of oxidation products, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which disrupt bacterial metabolism and exert lethal effects. Crucially, <em>Brucella</em> counteracts oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant enzymes—such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Central to this defense is OxyR, a peroxide-sensing transcriptional regulator that orchestrates antioxidant enzyme expression to mitigate oxidative damage. To define OxyR's role in <em>Brucella</em> homeostasis and host interactions, we constructed <em>oxyR</em> deletion and complemented strains using homologous recombination. Our study evaluated OxyR's impact on growth, stress responses (particularly oxidative stress), intracellular survival, and modulation of host inflammation. Results revealed that <em>oxyR</em> deletion caused significant growth retardation and reduced tolerance to acid stress, polymyxin B, and oxidative stress, concurrently downregulating both expression and activity of key antioxidant enzymes. Although intracellular survival within murine macrophages remained unaffected, <em>oxyR</em> deletion substantially suppressed critical inflammatory cytokine expression. In summary, OxyR is essential for optimal growth and stress resistance, exhibiting dual functionality in mitigating oxidative damage and modulating host inflammatory responses. These findings provide novel insights into <em>Brucella</em> immune evasion strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serotyping, molecular typing, and vaccine protein screening for Riemerella anatipestifer: Overcoming challenges in prevention and treatment","authors":"Yanlan Li ,&nbsp;Zetong Huang ,&nbsp;Xihui Zhu,&nbsp;Cheng Liu,&nbsp;Shengliang Cao,&nbsp;Yubao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Riemerella anatipestifer</em> (<em>R. anatipestifer</em>) affects the duck farming industry worldwide, causing substantial economic losses. The current disease prevention and treatment strategies primarily include vaccines and antibiotics. However, the large number of serotypes and increasing resistance to <em>R. anatipestifer</em> make it challenging to prevent and treat the infection. This study carried out the serotyping and molecular typing of 51 <em>R. anatipestifer</em> strains and predicted vaccine proteins based on pan-genome analysis and cross-immune protection potential. For serotype identification, the rabbits were immunized with antigens, and 9 serotyped sera were prepared, the data revealed 6 serotypes with two unformed strains. The results for the self-made serotypes were consistent with those obtained from the externally submitted strains. Moreover, the pan-genome analysis was performed on 51 <em>R. anatipestifer</em> strains, and an open pan-genome set of 5094 genes was constructed. In addition, the COG annotation classification indicated that the core and non-core genomes were significantly different in gene functions. A total of 1116 core genomes that could serve as better cross-protective vaccine proteins were analyzed and revealed 5 genes of interest. In addition, the oprM-1 protein, a highly reactive protein, was expressed and purified, and the immunoreactivity with five antisera (anti-serotypes 1, 2, 5, 11, and 18) was demonstrated by Western blotting. This study fills the gaps in the existing typing systems for <em>R. anatipestifer</em> by combining serotyping, MLST typing, and pan-genome analysis. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis of <em>R. anatipestifer</em> and paves the way for developing effective cross-protective vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contamination of alpine pastures by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Evaluation of cattle and red deer contribution through environmental fecal samples","authors":"Chiara Garbarino ,&nbsp;Matteo Nava ,&nbsp;Anita Filippi ,&nbsp;Alessandro Forti ,&nbsp;Simone Russo ,&nbsp;Filippo Barsi ,&nbsp;Alessandro Bianchi ,&nbsp;Joel Filipe ,&nbsp;Norma Arrigoni ,&nbsp;Luca Pedrotti ,&nbsp;Luca Corlatti ,&nbsp;Matteo Ricchi ,&nbsp;Camilla Luzzago","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis of ruminants (<em>Bovidae</em>, <em>Cervidae</em>) caused by <em>Mycobacterium avium</em> subsp<em>. paratuberculosis</em> (MAP). The prevalence of shedding animals, together with fecal MAP loads, is critical to the biocontamination of the environment. Surveillance for paratuberculosis has been introduced within the frame of European Health Law (Regulation EU 2016/429) both in livestock and wild ruminants. Semi-extensive and extensive livestock production may determine exposure to MAP infection and intraspecies and interspecies transmission on pasture. In the present study MAP prevalence and viable shedding in red deer and cattle were assessed through environmental fecal sampling over two summer seasons in the Alps. A low but widespread percentage of MAP-positive feces in both species was observed, indicating a small proportion of MAP grazing shedders. Consequently, the risk for MAP exposure on alpine pastures seems to be low. The highest contamination was reported mainly in overlapping areas for both species. The present study supports the utility and reliability of environmental fecal sampling as a non-invasive sampling approach to assess paratuberculosis shedding in grazing animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 110661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations between virulence gene profiles and other genetic factors of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from various host species","authors":"Krisztina Pintér ,&nbsp;Marianna Domán ,&nbsp;Enikő Wehmann ,&nbsp;László Makrai ,&nbsp;Hubert Gantelet ,&nbsp;Tibor Magyar","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pasteurella multocida</em> has a high genotypic variability, which allows it to cause a wide variety of diseases with huge economic losses worldwide. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 66 <em>P. multocida</em> strains isolated from different host species was performed. By including an additional 23 strains selected from the NCBI database, genotypic characteristics of a total of 89 isolates were analysed. Sequence analysis revealed the strains' capsular serogroup, LPS genotype, multi-host (MH) and Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The most frequent serotype was A:L3, followed by F:3 and D:L6. The pattern of 10 virulence associated genes (<em>f</em>im<!--> <!-->A, <em>hgb</em>A, <em>hgb</em>B, <em>hsf</em>-1, <em>hsf</em>-2, <em>nan</em>H, <em>pfh</em>A, <em>ptf</em>A, <em>tad</em>D, <em>tbp</em>A) classified the strains into 10 new virulence gene profiles (VGPs), adding to the 13 VGPs described previously to provide a total of 23 VGPs. Some strains harboured multiple point mutations within <em>tad</em>D, that prevented primer binding during PCR, causing false negative results. New primers were designed to validate WGS findings and eliminate primer-binding mismatches, enhancing future diagnostic accuracy. A correlation was observed between the <em>omp</em>A gene sequences, MH and RIRDC STs of the strains and their VGP group. It was also observed that <em>tbp</em>A is only present in strains of ruminant origin, and further correlations were found between other genotypic characteristics of the strains and the occurrence of virulence genes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis in dogs undergoing catheter-based cardiac interventions and pacemaker implantation – A survey","authors":"Iris L. Blok ,&nbsp;Mark Rishniw ,&nbsp;J. Scott Weese ,&nbsp;Viktor Szatmári","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Guidelines for prophylactic antimicrobial use for catheter-based cardiac interventions and pacemaker implementation in dogs do not exist. Optimizing antimicrobial use by rationalizing indications and the duration of administration is essential against the ever-growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of our study was to reveal the current habits of prophylactic antimicrobial use among veterinarians who perform transvascular cardiac interventions in dogs. A digital survey was offered via the mailing list of an international veterinary cardiology-interest group. The 141 respondents reported large variations in protocols (e.g., 47 different prophylaxis protocols for pacemaker implantation). Protocols differed on administration (yes/no), drug, and the route and duration of administration (only intravenous, or intravenous followed by oral antimicrobials). The median duration of antimicrobial course was 7 days (range: 0–21 days). Antimicrobial prophylaxis was administered by 89 % of 141 respondents for occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus, 76 % of 139 respondents for balloon valvuloplasty of pulmonary valve stenosis, 93 % of 56 respondents for transpulmonary stenting, and 96 % of 136 respondents for transvenous pacemaker implantation. The existence of institutional guidelines was reported by 30 % of the respondents, although these also showed substantial variation (e.g., 27 guidelines from 40 institutions for pacemaker implantation). Veterinarians use prophylactic antimicrobials more often and for longer periods for cardiac interventions than their human counterparts. Antibiotic prophylaxis shows little consistency between veterinarians, and does not appear to be supported by evidence of necessity. This warrants re-evaluation of use, and creation of guidelines describing rational use of antimicrobials in interventional cardiac procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}