Veterinary microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Identification of conformational epitopes on VP1 of Senecavirus A by monoclonal antibodies and phage display","authors":"Zhanyun Tian ,&nbsp;Lan Lv ,&nbsp;Shiyu Chen ,&nbsp;Manxin An ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Li ,&nbsp;Wanzhe Yuan ,&nbsp;Limin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Senecavirus A (SVA) has caused widespread outbreaks across various countries, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry. Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) play a crucial role in investigating host-virus interactions, facilitating vaccine development, and preventing SVA infections. In this study, eight NAbs targeting VP1 were generated, identifying seven distinct antigenic epitopes. Phage display was used to locate the epitopes of the prepared monoclonal antibodies. Using phage display technology, the epitopes recognized by these monoclonal antibodies were precisely mapped. The results showed that the epitope “SHHLGPAPHFLA” was identified by 6D26, with critical residues at H₁₆₂, G₁₆₅, P₁₆₈, and F₁₇₁. And the motif “HGAVRTGTWLAQ” was determined to bind 6D22, involving residues H₁₆₂, G₁₆₅, A₁₇₂, G₁₇₆, and W₁₈₄. Three additional epitopes--“HTAIQPVAHPIV” (recognized by 4A1), “SSQSASWPAWLA” (4A2), and “NHPGSWISALDW” (4A20) --were also characterized. For 6D25, four potential binding sites (P₁₃₂, L₂₀₁, H₂₁₁, R₂₂₃) were identified, while 4A3 interacted with R₁₆₆, L₂₀₁, S₂₀₃, T₂₀₅, H₂₁₁, W₂₁₄, and Y₂₁₈. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) confirmed that the selected conformational epitopes were effectively recognized by their respective monoclonal antibodies. These findings provide valuable insights for enriching our understanding of the B cell epitopes of SVA VP1 protein, and may contribute to SVA vaccine design, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110636"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial species associated with bovine digital dermatitis of Finnish dairy cows using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and Treponema species-specific 4-plex real-time PCR","authors":"Aino Riihimäki ,&nbsp;Tuomas Hintikka ,&nbsp;Jayaprakash Balamuralikrishna ,&nbsp;Anniina Jaakkonen ,&nbsp;Hertta Pirkkalainen ,&nbsp;Mikko Lehtonen ,&nbsp;Heli Simojoki ,&nbsp;Minna Kujala-Wirth ,&nbsp;Timo Soveri ,&nbsp;Sinikka Pelkonen ,&nbsp;Taru Lienemann","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine digital dermatitis (DD) is a widespread polybacterial skin disorder affecting dairy and beef cattle, leading to significant animal welfare and economic problems worldwide. The disease primarily affects the hind feet skin, causing painful inflammation between the heel bulbs and resulting in lameness. This study investigated the bacterial compositions in different DD lesion stages and in healthy skin biopsy samples from 151 dairy cows on 36 Finnish farms. The lesions were first classified into six categories, including healthy skin (M0) and samples from different DD lesion stages (M1-M4.1). Additionally, 13 healthy skin samples (M0HH) from cows in low DD (&lt;5 %) prevalence herds served as controls. Bacterial profiling using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence of three dominant phyla in active DD lesions: <em>Firmicutes</em> (39 %), <em>Bacteroidota</em> (31 %), and <em>Spirochaetota</em> (24 %), and altogether 11 <em>Treponema</em> species were detected. Real-time PCR was used to verify the presence of four common pathogenic considered species (<em>T. phagedenis</em>, <em>T. denticola, T. medium</em> and <em>T. pedis</em>), but only <em>T. phagedenis</em>, <em>T. denticola</em> were detected<em>.</em> This study indicated that DD is a polybacterial disease, with <em>Treponema</em> species abundant in active DD lesions. A higher <em>Treponema</em> count in Western Finland was associated with larger and more severe DD lesions, emphasizing the need for targeted and effective control measures in this region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIM25 potentiates innate immune response to Senecavirus A by enhancing K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I and K48-linked ubiquitin-facilitated degradation of PFKP","authors":"Shuo Li ,&nbsp;Yinxiang Fang ,&nbsp;Linyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Chunhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Siyu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhangyong Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The in-depth understand of interaction between Senecavirus A (SVA) and the host is of great significance to control viral prevalence. Here, tripartite motif 25 (TRIM25) potentiates innate immune response to SVA by enhancing K48-linked ubiquitin-facilitated degradation of platelet type phosphofructokinase (PFKP) and K63-linked ubiquitination of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) was reported. Infection experiments results showed TRIM25 enhanced the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I to activate innate immune response to SVA. TRIM25 inhibits SVA-induced glycolysis by enhancing K48-linked ubiquitin-facilitated degradation of PFKP, which is confirmed to inhibit the RIG-I signal pathway by increasing glycolysis. And TRIM25 induced degradation of PFKP is associated with 26S proteasome. Furthermore, SVA inhibits the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I by destabilizing the interaction between TRIM25 and RIG-I, and decreases the K48-linked ubiquitination of PFKP mediated by TRIM25. These results provide new data on interaction between SVA and the host, and depict a novel pathway for SVA to achieve immune escape based on TRIM25.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A recombinant adenovirus-vectored PEDV vaccine co-expressing S1 and N proteins enhances mucosal immunity and confers protection in piglets","authors":"Yi Luo ,&nbsp;Shijie Yan ,&nbsp;YanLi Shi ,&nbsp;MeiMei Zhang ,&nbsp;LeLe Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuo Zheng ,&nbsp;Jie Ni ,&nbsp;Pinghuang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Effective control requires systemic, mucosal, and T cell-mediated immune responses, highlighting the need for a safe, effective, and versatile vaccine platform. In this study, a recombinant adenovirus type 5-based vaccine co-expressing the PEDV S1 and N proteins (rAd5-S1-N) was developed, and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in mice and piglets. Intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice with rAd5-S1-N induced strong and sustained mucosal and systemic responses, with S1-specific IgA detected in both mucosal tissues and serum up to 12 weeks post-immunization. Systemic IgG responses were also robust via intramuscular, intranasal, and intraperitoneal routes, with geometric mean titers reaching ∼<span><math><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> by week 4 and remaining stable through week 12. In piglets, immunization via the houhai acupoint elicited significantly stronger humoral and cellular responses than the intramuscular route, as evidenced by a 3.6- to 4.1-fold increase in S1- and N-specific IFN-γ–secreting T cells. Both immunization routes induced durable S1-specific IgG responses that remained stable for at least 11 weeks. Importantly, rAd5-S1-N conferred protection in actively immunized piglets against high-dose oral PEDV challenge (2 × <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>TCID</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), and provided passive protection to neonatal piglets via colostrum antibodies after sow immunization, as indicated by reduced viral shedding, shortened diarrhea duration, milder intestinal lesions, and improved weight gain. These findings demonstrate the potential of rAd5-S1-N as a promising vaccine candidate for effective PEDV prevention in swine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The isolation and immunoprotective efficacy of outer membrane vesicles of Dichelobacter nodosus","authors":"Xianjing He ,&nbsp;Yu Shi ,&nbsp;Jiao Liu ,&nbsp;Shan Fu ,&nbsp;Baiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Bao Li ,&nbsp;Yujia Sang ,&nbsp;Kai Jiang ,&nbsp;Dongbo Sun ,&nbsp;Donghua Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Dichelobacter nodosus</em> is a major causative agent of infectious foot diseases in ruminants, responsible for substantial economic losses globally in the livestock industry. The development of a vaccine is therefore of great importance. In this study, we employed density gradient ultracentrifugation to extract outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from <em>D. nodosus</em> and evaluated their immunoprotective effects. The extracted OMVs were spherical structures with an average diameter of 144 nm, predominantly comprising outer membrane proteins, toxin proteins, and lipoproteins, mainly involved in biological processes such as cellular protein metabolism and protein transmembrane transport. Mice immunized with OMVs showed significantly increased production of serum antigen-specific antibodies (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). In addition, compared with the control group, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-1 in the serum of mice at 35 days post-immunization was significantly upregulated (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The protective efficacy of the vaccine was assessed by challenging with an intraperitoneal injection of 10 LD50 doses of <em>D. nodosus</em>, and the OMVs provided 100 % protection. Histopathological examination and tissue bacterial load detection revealed that the OMVs significantly alleviated tissue damage and bacterial colonization (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). These findings provide a valuable reference and new strategies for the development of vaccines against <em>D. nodosus</em> to prevent infectious foot diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of an optimal vaccination strategy for H120 and NNA vaccines against the novel HX strain of the IBV GVI-1 genotype","authors":"Limei Qin,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Shikai Cai,&nbsp;Jun Zhou,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Sun,&nbsp;Mengmeng Zhao,&nbsp;Xinzheng Jia,&nbsp;Han Gao,&nbsp;Keshan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. Recently, there has been a rapid spread of the GVI-1 lineage of IBV in Asia, particularly in China. However, to date there have been few studies that have assessed the immune protection efficacy of commonly used IB vaccines against the GVI-1 lineage strains. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of two commonly used vaccines, H120 and NNA, against the GVI-1 lineage HX strain based on serological neutralization tests and animal challenge protection experiments. The protective efficacy of sera from chickens immunized using different vaccination strategies against the HX strain was evaluated using chicken embryos, with the results indicating that a combined vaccination strategy using H120 and NNA provided better antiviral effects in chicken embryos than those obtained using either of these two vaccines administered alone. In challenge protection experiments on chicks, we assessed clinical symptoms, viral loads in the trachea and kidneys, and histopathological damage levels. The results revealed that when administered alone, the H120 and NNA vaccines were unable to provide complete protection against HX strain infection, whereas the combined vaccination reduced the pathological damage caused by infection. Multiple bioinformatics analyses revealed significant differences in the nucleic acid and amino acid similarities between the GVI-1 lineage strain HX and the attenuated vaccine strains H120 and NNA, particularly in the S1 gene antigenic epitopes. Our findings in this study, in which we examined the differences in immune protection efficacy of two IB vaccines against a GVI-1 lineage strain, can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing vaccine design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FAdV-4 infection induces selective mitochondrial autophagy","authors":"Wenjing Dong ,&nbsp;Peng Yang ,&nbsp;Taiwei Ma ,&nbsp;Yuting Liu ,&nbsp;Yuehang Xu ,&nbsp;Yongzhen Wang ,&nbsp;Yunshu Li ,&nbsp;Yujuan Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is an infectious pathogen that poses a significant threat to the poultry industry. It is widely disseminated globally and is characterized by high infection and mortality rates. Mitochondria, as multifunctional dual membrane-enclosed eukaryotic organelles, maintain cellular homeostasis through various mechanisms. However, how FAdV-4 infection alters mitochondrial dynamics has not been previously established. In this study, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques were used to confirm that FAdV-4 infection can significantly alter mitochondrial morphology, disrupt mitochondrial fusion-fission homeostasis, and promote changes in the spatial distribution of mitochondria, causing them to gather around the nucleus. This leads to increased contact and interaction with other organelles. Preliminary analyses of the mechanistic basis for FAdV-4-mediated disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis revealed that the virus can induce selective mitophagy via the classical PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway and promote its own replication, which was confirmed by Western blotting. The novel findings regarding the ability of FAdV-4 to regulate mitochondrial morphology and function discussed in this study represent an important step forward, providing a foundation for further efforts to explore the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and to develop adjuvant approaches to preventing or managing FAdV-4 infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A trivalent enteric coronaviruses inactivated vaccine provides effective protection against PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV","authors":"Liyuan Fan ,&nbsp;Xin Yi ,&nbsp;Chunyan Zhong ,&nbsp;Chuangye Yang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Niu ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xue ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Rongli Guo ,&nbsp;Jiale Ma ,&nbsp;Yinhe Zha ,&nbsp;Jianhong Shu ,&nbsp;Jizong Li ,&nbsp;Bin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are three major coronaviruses responsible for severe diarrhea and mortality in piglets. Co-infections of these pathogens are frequently present in clinical cases, which aggravate the clinical symptoms and cause substantial economic losses in the swine industry. Currently, no commercially available vaccine has broad-spectrum protective efficacy against all three viruses. In this study, we developed a trivalent inactivated vaccine targeting PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV, to evaluate its immune protection, suckling piglets were intramuscular immunized with trivalent inactivated vaccine using prime-boost immunization. Neutralizing antibody assay showed that all vaccinated piglets achieved titers of 1:64 or higher at 7 day-post-boost immunization. The pigs were orally challenged with PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV respectively. More severe and prolonged diarrhea, higher levels of viral shedding, substantial intestinal villus atrophy, and positive straining of viral antigens in ileum were detected in challenge control groups, while the trivalent inactivated vaccine groups exhibited significantly milder diarrhea symptom, lower levels of viral shedding, minor intestinal villi damage and minimal straining of viral antigens. These results demonstrated that the PEDV-TGEV-PDCoV trivalent inactivated vaccine provide effective protection in pigs against all three enteric coronaviruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 110630"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gleasserella parasuis autotransporter Apd interacts with host vimentin to facilitate bacterial adhesion and systemic infection","authors":"Kunxue Xiao ,&nbsp;Jiayu Lin ,&nbsp;Yujiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinlin Luo ,&nbsp;Yang Lin ,&nbsp;Fangchao Ren ,&nbsp;Xuwang Cai ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Gleasserella parasuis</em> is a commercial importance pathogen that colonizes the upper respiratory tract of pigs. It has the capacity to invade the body and cause systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. However, the interactions between <em>G. parasuis</em> proteins and host molecules during colonization and invasion remain unclear. In the present study, we identified an interaction between the autotransporter Apd of <em>G. parasuis</em> and the vimentin protein in swine macrophages through co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses. We confirmed that this interaction also occurs in swine serum. Furthermore, the interaction of Apd with vimentin enhances the adhesion and invasion of <em>G. parasuis</em> in swine macrophages. A swine challenge experiment using Δ<em>apd</em> and wild-type strains demonstrated that the interaction between Apd and vimentin increases the virulence and systemic infection of <em>G. parasuis</em>. Thus, we conclude that the interaction between Apd and vimentin takes place during various stages, including bacterial adhesion, invasion, and infection. Further investigation of the interaction between Apd and vimentin will contribute to elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying infection, immunity, and pathogenesis of <em>G. parasuis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian reovirus induces autophagy-mediated cargo of progeny viruses to extracellular vesicles and enhancement of virus release","authors":"Chao-Yu Hsu ,&nbsp;Wei-Ru Huang ,&nbsp;I.-Hsun Chiang ,&nbsp;Jyun-Yi Li ,&nbsp;Muhammad Munir ,&nbsp;Hung-Jen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The release mechanism of avian reovirus (ARV) from host cells is orchestrated by several pathways and many of these mechanisms remained elusive. Here, we report that inhibition of exosome proteins CD81 and CD63 significantly reduced the relative release of the virus. We observed that ARV induced exosome protein expression over time and found that p17 protein play a pivotal role in virus release. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that ARV virions are coated with autophagosome and are then transported to the extracellular vesicles for release. Suppression of autophagosome maturation with Thapsigargin (TG), bafilomycin A1, or Rab7a shRNA disrupts fusion with lysosomes, resulting in a substantial drop in both the viral release ratio and virus titers. To further identify whether the virus uses autophagy to transfer nascent virus to exosomes as mechanism to avoid degradation caused by bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2 (BST-2), depletion of BST-2 by the shRNA increased virus release and virus titer. Inhibition of autophagosome maturation with TG resulted in a decrease in viral protein levels and virus release, confirming a crucial role of autolysosome formation in virus release. Furthermore, knockdown of BST-2 moderately reversed TG-modulated inhibition of virus release. Taken together, this study provides novel insights into ARV-induced autolysosome and suppression of BST-2 enhancing progeny viruses to extracellular vesicles (EVs) for release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}