Veterinary microbiology最新文献

{"title":"The ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for efficient propagation of Pseudorabies virus","authors":"Wei Wen ,&nbsp;Yi Lu ,&nbsp;Zhendong Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenbang Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiangdong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pathogen that affects multiple animal species and can infect nearly all mammals, with pigs being its natural host. PRV infection in pigs causes significant economic losses in global pig industry. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in cellular protein homeostasis by regulating protein quality. Nevertheless, the interplay between PRV and UPS is not well understood. In this study, We investigated the role of UPS in PRV replication. We found that the proteasome inhibitors (MG132, Lactacystin, and Bortezomib) significantly decreased PRV replication in a dose dependent manner. The suppression of the UPS primarily occurs at the early stage of virus replication. MG132 impaired the PRV uncoating process. In addition, PRV infection dramatically reduced the expression of poly-ubiquitin and free ubiquitin. Ectopic expression of ubiquitin in MG132-treated cells partially mitigated the inhibitory effect of MG132 on PRV proliferation. These findings suggest that PRV exploits the UPS to enhance its own replication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unforeseen presence of Bordetella pertussis in animal hosts beyond humans: Assessing reliability amidst metagenomic species-resolution challenges","authors":"Wenjuan Zhao,&nbsp;Zengguo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotyping of Ehrlichia canis TRP36 isolated from ticks and dogs in Iran","authors":"Iradj Ashrafi Tamai ,&nbsp;Hamid Staji ,&nbsp;Babak Pakbin","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ehrlichia canis</em> is the primary causative agent of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, a tick-borne zoonosis transmitted by <em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</em> tick that significantly impacts canine health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence rate, genetic diversity, and molecular characterization of <em>E. canis</em> isolated from dogs collected from northern areas of Iran and Tehran city, focusing on the tandem repeat protein 36 (<em>TRP36</em>) gene. A total of 355 blood samples and 199 ticks were collected from stray, sheltered, and household dogs. We identified <em>E. canis</em> in 21.4 % of blood and 39.19 % of tick samples, with TRP36 detected in 31 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the <em>TRP36</em> gene revealed 15 sequence types (STs), with molecular signatures and two highly conserved regions across all isolates. Notably, 60 % of isolates clustered within the Taiwan genotypic group, exhibiting specific amino acid signatures. Our findings highlight the genetic diversity and epidemiological characteristics of <em>E. canis</em> in Iran, providing valuable insights into the pathogen’s molecular evolution and regional distribution. These results contribute to a better understanding of <em>E. canis</em> genotypes and their implications for ehrlichiosis diagnostics, treatment, and epidemiological control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IRF8 facilitates bovine ephemeral fever virus replication by downregulating IRF9","authors":"Peili Hou ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Hongchao Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Yao,&nbsp;Zixuan Gao,&nbsp;Yingying Li,&nbsp;Hongbin He,&nbsp;Hongmei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), an essential member of the IRFs protein family, serves as a critical transcriptional regulator in cytokine signaling, gene transcription, and the differentiation and proliferation of immune cells. However, its function on the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) infection has not been described. In this study, we demonstrate that BEFV infection upregulates the expression of IRF8, and IRF8 promotes the replication of BEFV. Subsequent investigations reveal that IRF8 suppresses the type I IFN signaling pathway via the degradation of IRF9 in the context of BEFV infection. Mechanistically, IRF8 up-regulates NEDD4 Like E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEDD4L) expression, thereby promoting the IRF9 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Notably, the inhibitory effect of IRF8 on the BEFV-mediated type I IFN signaling pathway was markedly reduced, and the promoting effect of IRF8 on BEFV replication was attenuated in NEDD4L-knockdown cells, unveiling a novel mechanism by which IRF8-NEDD4L-IRF9 axis hijacks type I interferon signaling pathway to facilitate BEFV infection. These findings board valuable insights into the function of IRF8, which may serve as a basis for the design of novel antiviral agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteolytic processing of the capsid precursor by trypsin is essential for porcine astrovirus infectivity and isolation in vitro","authors":"Wenchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Lixia Pan ,&nbsp;Yongqi Huang ,&nbsp;Qinting Dong ,&nbsp;Teng Liu ,&nbsp;Yanjie Du ,&nbsp;Lifei Lu ,&nbsp;Dengfeng Yang ,&nbsp;Jinsong Liu ,&nbsp;Kang Ouyang ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Zuzhang Wei ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Weijian Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine astroviruses (PAstV) have been prevalent worldwide, causing asymptomatic, intestinal or neurological clinical symptoms. However, the maturation mechanism and elements of the PAstV life cycle remains largely unknown, which poses an obstacle for PAstV isolation and pathogenic study. Previous studies have reported that PAstV’s isolation and replication in PK-15 cells requires the addition of trypsin, yet the detailed role of this protease has not been revealed. In this study, we found that trypsin could enhance the cytopathic effects and RNA replication of PAstV. The capsid precursor, of ∼90 kDa (VP90), could directly release into the extracellular culture media and subsequently processed by trypsin into four terminal products of about 25 (VP25), 27 (VP27), 30 (VP30) and 34 (VP34) kDa. This cleavage process was found to be essential for the infectivity of PAstV, as progeny viruses assembled from un-cleaved or incomplete processed capsid precursor protein lost its infectivity. Moreover, non-infectious progeny viruses regain infectivity after trypsin treatment. Unlike human astrovirus, which undergoes a \"VP90-VP70\" cleavage process, intracellular caspases were found to promote but are not required for PAstV-GX1 viral release. Virus purification confirmed that the VP34, VP30 and VP27 constitute mature, infectious viral particles. Importantly, sufficient processing under trypsin concentration, which produce VP27, VP30 and VP34, were proved to be components of PAstV mature virions. In general, PAstV's infectivity strictly depends on extracellular trypsin cleavage of its capsid precursor VP90 into VP25/27/30/34, bypassing the intracellular \"VP90-VP70\" pathway seen in Human Astrovirus—a novel maturation strategy in astroviruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity, evolution, and gene regulation of endogenous retroviruses in eight important poultry species","authors":"Ali Shoaib Moawad ,&nbsp;Amaal Omara ,&nbsp;Zhimin Wan ,&nbsp;Quan Xie ,&nbsp;Hongxia Shao ,&nbsp;Aijian Qin ,&nbsp;Tuofan Li ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that have shaped vertebrate genomes through evolution. In poultry, ERVs remain understudied despite their potential roles in genome plasticity, gene regulation, and disease resistance. Here, we presented a comprehensive analysis of ERVs across 8 poultry species from three families (Anatidae, Phasianidae, and Numidae), combining de novo mining, phylogenetic classification, and functional characterization. Our study revealed substantial variation in ERV abundance, ranging from 46,326 (<em>Cairina moschata</em>) to 79,018 (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>) elements per genome. We discovered 23 distinct ERV groups, including 20 novel groups, with dominance of <em>Alpharetroviruses</em> (10 groups), suggesting lineage-specific expansion. Several ERVs grouped closely with known poultry ERVs, indicating common evolutionary origins, they have been distributed across different families, highlighting lineage-specific expansion patterns and suggesting that they may play conserved roles in host genome regulation. Notably, ERV-derived sequences contribute significantly to both protein-coding (29.4–44.8 %) and long non-coding RNA (22.5–61.2 %) genes, with a pronounced depletion in coding regions (CDS: 63.2–98.3 %) but enrichment in regulatory regions. We further identified polymorphic ERV insertions in key developmental genes (e.g., <em>CLC2DL4/5, TYR, CNTNAP2, CNTN5</em>, and <em>LUZP2</em>), implying roles in post-transcriptional regulation. However, these polymorphic insertions were specifically observed in 2 species, <em>Gallus gallus</em> (4 insertions) and <em>Numida meleagris</em> (1 insertion). PCR genotyping confirmed active ERV polymorphisms in a small population of chickens (n = 24) and ducks (n = 24), indicating ongoing genomic dynamism. These findings underscore ERVs as dual agents of genetic innovation and structural variation, with implications for avian genome evolution, host-pathogen interactions, and poultry breeding strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence and traceability of Salmonella enterica serotype Mbandaka harboring blaOXA-10 from chickens in China","authors":"Ke Wu ,&nbsp;Jian Yang ,&nbsp;Tiejun Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Zuo ,&nbsp;Heng Lin ,&nbsp;Juan Wang ,&nbsp;Anyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Changwei Lei ,&nbsp;Hongning Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Mbandaka (<em>S.</em> Mbandaka), a multi-host adapted non-typhoidal <em>Salmonella</em>, has emerged as a significant public health concern in recent years. In this study, we isolated <em>S.</em> Mbandaka strains carrying a multidrug-resistant IncHI2A/IncHI2 plasmid from deceased chickens in China and performed whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses to investigate their global dissemination and evolutionary adaptation. The multidrug-resistant IncHI2A/IncHI2 plasmid in isolate YK35 harbored multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) including <em>bla</em>_OXA-10, which was firstly observed in <em>S.</em> Mbandaka in China. It exhibited high sequence identity with IncHI2A/IncHI2 plasmids identified in other bacterial species, including <em>S.</em> Typhimurium, <em>Klebsiella aerogenes</em>, and <em>E. coli</em>, which suggested the cross-species dissemination of IncHI2A/IncHI2 plasmids and ARGs. Global genomic epidemiology classified <em>S.</em> Mbandaka strains into seven distinct clades, with the majority originating from the USA and the UK. The pan-genomic analysis indicated an open pan-genome structure, with continuous expansion of accessory genes, particularly those associated with replication, recombination, repair, and defense mechanisms, underscoring the evolutionary adaptation of <em>S.</em> Mbandaka to external environments. Evolutionary analysis further traced the international transmission routes of <em>S.</em> Mbandaka, revealing potential cross-regional spread, particularly from the USA and the UK to other countries, including China. The findings emphasize the global spread and evolutionary adaptation of <em>S.</em> Mbandaka, likely driven by international trade and horizontal gene transfer, including the acquisition of ARGs, which have contributed to its increasing public health risks. This study underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures to mitigate the spread of <em>S.</em> Mbandaka and its antibiotic resistance, particularly in the context of global food supply chains and international trade.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcription elongation factors GreA and GreB regulate the cellular invasion and virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis","authors":"Xiaohui Li ,&nbsp;Menglei Cai ,&nbsp;Donghai Liu ,&nbsp;Dongxu Zhao ,&nbsp;Tingting Jiang ,&nbsp;Shixuan Su ,&nbsp;Pengyu Wang ,&nbsp;Ziheng Peng ,&nbsp;Jiaman Gao ,&nbsp;Yilong Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Xue ,&nbsp;Guolin Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The facultative intracellular bacterium <em>Salmonella enterica</em> subspecies <em>enterica</em> serotype Enteritidis (<em>S.</em> Enteritidis) is a leading cause of salmonellosis in humans and animals an<u>d</u> has been associated with intensive poultry farming and egg production. Gre proteins (including GreA and GreB) have been identified as virulence factors in several bacteria, but their role in <em>S.</em> Enteritidis has not been elucidated. Here, we constructed <em>greA</em> and <em>greB</em> double gene-deletion mutants and investigated their effects on <em>S.</em> Enteritidis. The deletion of the Gre proteins impaired bacterial growth and motility, but enhanced the anti-oxidative stress response and biofilm formation. Thereafter, we evaluated the effects of Gre protein deletion on bacterial adhesion and invasion <em>in vitro and in vivo.</em> Compared to the parental strain, the <em>ΔgreAΔgreB</em> mutant showed significantly increased LD₅₀ values in challenged chicks. The mutant was significantly less efficient at the colonization of livers, spleens, and lungs following subcutaneous inoculation. Consistently, interference with bacterial adhesion and entry into cells was the predominant reason for weakened <em>S.</em> Enteritidis infectivity. Importantly, Gre factors could restore infectivity in the complemented strain. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq) showed that the loss of Gre proteins caused the differential expression of metabolism and virulence genes. Thus, our fingdings suggest that Gre factors act as transcriptional regulatory factors by influencing the transcription of metabolism-related genes, and can act as virulence elements by directly engaging with cellular invasion and/or indirectly affecting the expression of virulence genes in <em>S.</em> Enteritidis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of candidate vaccine antigens using 2-D gel electrophoresis and immunoproteomics for cross protection against Glaesserella parasuis","authors":"Samantha J. Hau ,&nbsp;Kirsten C. Eberle ,&nbsp;Jarlath E. Nally ,&nbsp;Daniel W. Nielsen ,&nbsp;John D. Lippolis ,&nbsp;Susan L. Brockmeier","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Glaesserella parasuis</em> infection in swine causes polyserositis, arthritis, and meningitis. A range of virulent to nonvirulent strains exists between and within the 15 serovars. This has created difficulty in generating broadly protective vaccines against <em>G. parasuis</em>. Subunit vaccines are of interest in protection against bacterial pathogens, where the individual proteins within the vaccine are highly conserved and widely present. To identify novel subunit vaccine candidates for heterologous protection against <em>G. parasuis</em>, previously generated serum from bacterin vaccinated pigs that were protected (HS069 bacterin) or non-protected (Nagasaki bacterin) against heterologous challenge with 12939 was used to differentiate the antibody response using 2-D gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Proteins with differential representation between blots probed with serum from HS069 or Nagasaki bacterin vaccinated animals were identified by mass spectrometry. Thirteen unique proteins were associated with the protective immune response and four of these proteins were tested in two combinations against <em>G. parasuis</em> in a swine challenge model (ApbE, LpoA, YaeT, and LppA). All four proteins were immunogenic and stimulated high antibody titers in pigs. While the protein combination of ApbE, LpoA, and YaeT did not provide improved survival, the combination of LpoA, YaeT, and LppA did, suggesting LppA is important for protection. This work identified a group of proteins capable of improving survival in pigs challenged with <em>G. parasuis</em>. Additionally, this work highlights a novel and effective method to identify candidate vaccine antigens utilizing the protective immune response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and infection characteristics of common pathogens associated with calf diarrhoea in Danish dairy calves","authors":"John Elmerdahl Olsen ,&nbsp;Birgitta Svensmark ,&nbsp;Lene Agerskov ,&nbsp;Maja Albrechtsen ,&nbsp;Rikke Heidemann Olsen","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diarrhoea in calves is one of the most common disease manifestations, particularly within the first weeks of life. In the present study, 392 diarrhetic faecal samples from calves 0–28 days old were obtained from Danish dairy farms through routine veterinary diagnostics. Bovine pathogens (<em>Clostridium perfringens</em> type A<em>,</em> B and C, <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serovar Dublin, coronavirus, rotavirus, <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em>, Coccidia (<em>Eimeria</em>) and <em>Escherichia coli</em> F5) were detected and quantified by qPCR (Enterit4calves assay). In addition, samples were cultured to semi-quantify the level of <em>E. coli.</em> Samples were primarily obtained from calves within the first two weeks (∼90 % of the samples), reflecting this critical period for diarrhoea development. Overall, <em>C. perfringens</em> type A, rotavirus and <em>C. parvum</em> were the most prevalent pathogens, detected in 28–39 % of the samples, while coronavirus and <em>E. coli</em> F5 were found in less than five percent of the samples. The remaining pathogens were not detected by qPCR in any of the samples. Culturing demonstrated moderate to massive growth of <em>E. coli</em> in 75 % of the samples, independent of the age of the sampled calves. For all qPCR detected pathogens, except for coronavirus and <em>E. coli</em> F5, dual-infection with the presence of two pathogenic agents in the sample, was the most common infection type. In samples with more than one pathogen, the quantity of each pathogen according to Ct-value was not significantly different from quantity of the same pathogen in samples where it was the only pathogen. The importance of the high prevalence of non-F5 <em>E. coli</em> needs to be further clarified, in particular for the types of <em>E. coli</em> found in moderate to massive growth in fecal samples negative for all qPCR included pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}