Veterinarni Medicina最新文献_第9页

Imaging diagnosis of paranasal sinus mucocele in a Yorkshire Terrier dog 约克夏犬鼻窦黏液囊肿的影像学诊断

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-09-13 DOI: 10.17221/207/2020-vetmed

D. Noh, B. Shin, Hg Shin, K. Lee

引用次数: 0

Characterisation of Clostridium perfringens isolated from chickens in Vietnam 越南鸡产气荚膜梭菌的特性研究

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.17221/209/2020-vetmed

T. Thi, H. Vu-Khac, TN Duc

{"title":"Characterisation of Clostridium perfringens isolated from chickens in Vietnam","authors":"T. Thi, H. Vu-Khac, TN Duc","doi":"10.17221/209/2020-vetmed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/209/2020-vetmed","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was isolating and characterising Clostridium perfringens from chickens in Vietnam and identifying virulence factors involved with enteritis. Five hundred thirty-one faecal and sixty-eight intestinal samples were collected from healthy and diseased chickens for the C. perfringens isolation. The presence of virulence factors was determined by multiplex PCR. The netB gene of the selected isolates was sequenced and checked for its expression by SDS-PAGE. Two hundred seventy-two C. perfringens isolates were collected. All of them were shown to be positive for the cpa gene. The netB gene was detected in 26.56% of the C. perfringens isolates from the healthy chickens, while 43.45% of the isolates from the faeces and 45% of the isolates from the intestinal samples were positive for this gene in the diseased birds. All eight isolates positive to netB from the diseased chickens showed 100% identity in the netB sequence and produced the NetB toxin in vitro, whereas only two out of eight healthy chicken-derived isolates produced this toxin. Nine out of ten chickens experimentally infected with the C. perfringens netB-positive isolate showed typical signs of enteritis. The cpa gene was the most prevalent virulence factor identified in the bacteria C. perfringens, but the netB gene could be a major player responsible for necrotic enteritis progression in chickens.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49114827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Thermal imaging evaluation of the felines paw pad temperature before and after walking: A pilot study 猫科动物行走前后脚垫温度的热成像评价:一项初步研究

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.17221/210/2020-vetmed

H. Zhou, Y. Song, M. Wang, UC Ugbolue, Y. Gu

{"title":"Thermal imaging evaluation of the felines paw pad temperature before and after walking: A pilot study","authors":"H. Zhou, Y. Song, M. Wang, UC Ugbolue, Y. Gu","doi":"10.17221/210/2020-vetmed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/210/2020-vetmed","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes of this pilot study were to explore the temperature changes of the paw pads in healthy cats before and after a 6-min walking test (6MWT), and to further compare the accuracy of the point and line region of interest (ROI) selection methods of the thermal imaging. Five healthy intact cats were recruited and trained to run on the treadmill, and to keep still during the standing phase on a glass panel when capturing thermographic imaging data. The paw pad temperature was recorded using a thermal camera and then analysed using both the point and line ROI before and after the 6MWT. The symmetry index (SI) between the limbs (left and right) was further calculated. Compared to the baseline, there were significant increases in the paw pad temperature of the forelimbs (point of left P < 0.001, point of right P = 0.048, point of average P = 0.002, line of left P < 0.001, line of right P = 0.007, line of average P < 0.001), hindlimbs (point of left P < 0.001, point of right P < 0.001, point of average P < 0.001, line of left P < 0.001, line of right P < 0.001, line of average P < 0.001), and average value after the 6MWT both using the point and line ROI selection methods. However, there is no temperature difference between the point and line ROI either before or after the 6MWT. In addition, no difference in the SI was found between the baseline and post-test or between the point and line ROI. These results preliminarily indicated that a 6WMT and thermal imaging could be a good combination for further clinical practices to recognise lameness or any other gait disabilities in cats, and both the point and line ROI selection methods can be considered when analysing thermographic data.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46995709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

External fixator for the treatment of narrowed pelvic canal in a cat 外固定器治疗猫盆腔狭窄

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.17221/173/2020-VETMED

S. Pinna, C. Tassani, M. Rossini, F. Lanzi

{"title":"External fixator for the treatment of narrowed pelvic canal in a cat","authors":"S. Pinna, C. Tassani, M. Rossini, F. Lanzi","doi":"10.17221/173/2020-VETMED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/173/2020-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to report the outcome of the use of an external fixator to treat a pelvic canal stenosis in a 5-month-old female cat. The cat was referred with a history of 3 weeks of intermittent signs of constipation refractory to the medical management, occurring after surgical treatment for a bilateral sacroiliac luxation and sacral fracture. The clinical examination revealed instability of the pelvis and a radiograph showed a pelvic canal stenosis and megacolon. External fixator was the method of choice to be used in this case. The manually applied tension on an external fixator resulted in a widening of the pelvic canal. At 45 days after surgery, there were no signs of constipation, and the radiological examination showed progressive bone healing. At 18 months post-op, the cat had no abnormalities both on the clinical examination and on the radiography. In conclusion, the use of an external fixator led to the widening of the pelvic canal using a minimally invasive procedure. To the authors’ knowledge, this case report represents the first surgical description and clinical outcome of the widening of the pelvic canal in cats using an external skeletal fixator.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41467640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Efficacy of riboflavin/UV-A corneal phototherapy as stand-alone treatment for ulcerative keratitis in horses 核黄素/紫外线-A角膜光疗单独治疗马溃疡性角膜炎的疗效

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.17221/60/2020-VETMED

A. Marchegiani, M. Bazzano, MP Cassarani, R. Arcelli, C. Orzalesi, G. Lombardo, M. Lombardo, A. Spaterna, R. Gialletti

{"title":"Efficacy of riboflavin/UV-A corneal phototherapy as stand-alone treatment for ulcerative keratitis in horses","authors":"A. Marchegiani, M. Bazzano, MP Cassarani, R. Arcelli, C. Orzalesi, G. Lombardo, M. Lombardo, A. Spaterna, R. Gialletti","doi":"10.17221/60/2020-VETMED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/60/2020-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of riboflavin/UV-A corneal phototherapy in comparison with topical antimicrobials for the treatment of corneal ulcers in horses. Nineteen horses with a diagnosis of corneal ulceration were randomised to receive either corneal phototherapy (11 horses) or topical antimicrobial therapy (8 horses). The corneal phototherapy consisted in the application of a riboflavin-enriched ophthalmic solution onto the cornea for 20 min followed by cornea UV-A irradiation at 30 mW/cm2 for 3 min using a point-of-care UV-A device. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed at enrolment and then at day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 after treatment. The corneal ulcer was considered healed when the fluorescein staining was negative. The corneal phototherapy succeeded in the complete corneal wound healing in 91% cases (10/11 horses) by 12.7 ± 5.5 days. In the topical antimicrobial group, no horse showed improvement of the corneal ulceration (0/8; 0%) and two eyes had a corneal perforation. Six horses, due to an enlarged corneal lesion, underwent corneal phototherapy at day 14 and achieved complete wound healing by 17.2 ± 5.5 days in 83% cases (5/6). The corneal phototherapy was shown to be an effective and safe treatment for equine corneal ulcers.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48622283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.17221/31/2020-VETMED

H. Gaspar, F. Bargalló, J. Grífols, Elisete Correia, M. Pinto

{"title":"Age and sex-related differences in the haematological parameters of captive African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)","authors":"H. Gaspar, F. Bargalló, J. Grífols, Elisete Correia, M. Pinto","doi":"10.17221/31/2020-VETMED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/31/2020-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) are very popular pets, commonly seen in avian clinical practice. Haematological profiles are critical to the understanding of several disease processes, being particularly useful as diagnostic tools in clinical practice, since birds tend to hide clinical signs of disease. We have previously proposed new haematological reference intervals (RI) for captive African grey parrots, and in the present work the basic data obtained was studied in detail to investigate the influence of factors, such as age and sex, on the haematological profile of this bird species. During an 8-year period (March 2009 to July 2017), animals (n = 239) examined in first consultations or check-ups at the Zoològic Veterinaris (Barcelona) were submitted to blood collection at different time points, rendering a total of 459 blood samples. The haematological testing was performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean haemoglobin concentration (MHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total erythrocyte count (TRBC), total leukocyte count (TWBC), and differential leukogram with absolute and relative counts. All the haematological testing was performed in an in-house laboratory as previously described. Animals with 0 to 4 years of age showed higher values of PCV (P < 0.001), Hb (P = 0.023) and RBC (P = 0.018), and lower values of MCHC (P = 0.008), WBC (P = 0.012) and heterophils (P < 0.001) than older animals. There were significant differences exhibited in the monocytes (P = 0.035) between different age groups. Females presented higher PCV, Hb and RBC values (P < 0.001) compared to males. Our results suggest that the age and sex influence the haematological parameters in a significant manner in African grey parrots and should be accounted for when assessing the health status of individuals from this species.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42192662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of bee bread, Cornelian cherries treatment on the femoral bone structure using Zucker diabetic fatty rats as an animal model 蜂粮、山茱萸对Zucker糖尿病肥胖大鼠股骨骨结构的影响

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-25 DOI: 10.17221/224/2020-vetmed

M. Martiniakova, J. Blahova, V. Kovacova, Vladimira Mondockova, R. Babosová, A. Kalafová, M. Capcarová, R. Omelka

{"title":"Effects of bee bread, Cornelian cherries treatment on the femoral bone structure using Zucker diabetic fatty rats as an animal model","authors":"M. Martiniakova, J. Blahova, V. Kovacova, Vladimira Mondockova, R. Babosová, A. Kalafová, M. Capcarová, R. Omelka","doi":"10.17221/224/2020-vetmed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/224/2020-vetmed","url":null,"abstract":": This is a pilot study dealing with the reduced femoral bone structure in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats following a 10 week treatment with bee bread and Cornelian cherries. The adult ZDF rats were divided into 4 groups: the E1 group received bee bread (500 mg/kg b.w. daily), the E2 group received Cornelian cherries (500 mg/kg b.w. per day), the E3 group was simultaneously supplemented by bee bread and Cornelian cherries (500 + 500 mg/kg b.w. daily), and the C group served as an untreated diabetic control. A non-significant decrease in the blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations, ALP activity and a non-significant increase in the insulin, total body weight of the ZDF rats, femoral length and weight were observed in the E1, E2, and E3 groups. The treatments had no impact on the relative volume of the cortical bone, bone mineral density, bone surface and cortical bone thickness. On the contrary, the relative volume of the trabecular bone, trabecular thickness and trabecular bone surface were significantly increased in the E1 group. The relative volume of the trabecular bone and trabecular thickness were significantly elevated in the E2 group. In the E3 group, the trabecular thickness was found to have significantly increased. Single administrations of either bee bread or Cornelian cherries had more positive effects on the trabecular bone microarchitecture in the ZDF rats than the simultaneous supplementation.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48732692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Food hypersensitivity and feline hyperaesthesia syndrome (FHS): A case report 食物超敏反应与猫痛觉过敏综合征（FHS）一例报告

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-16 DOI: 10.17221/118/2020-VETMED

Norberto Ruiz-Suarez, Sofie Fatima, Mareyam Bhatti, Michelle Hermans, Camila Baptista da Silva, Myriam Hesta

{"title":"Food hypersensitivity and feline hyperaesthesia syndrome (FHS): A case report","authors":"Norberto Ruiz-Suarez, Sofie Fatima, Mareyam Bhatti, Michelle Hermans, Camila Baptista da Silva, Myriam Hesta","doi":"10.17221/118/2020-VETMED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/118/2020-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"A 2-year-11-month-old female spayed cat was at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital of Ghent University presenting with hyperactivity, scratching and licking all over her body and an abnormal urination behaviour. Nothing remarkable was found on the dermatology and neurological examination. Based on the owner’s history and video material, the presence of feline hyperaesthesia syndrome (FHS) was hypothesised. A symptomatic treatment with gabapentin was established for a month without any significant improvement. An elimination diet with hydrolysed protein sources was started and, as a result, the dose of gabapentin was reduced after three days and completely stopped after one week. With the exception of two non-intentional exposures to non-hypoallergenic diets and the challenge with new protein sources by the owner, the cat has been free of symptoms, with the exception of a slight reaction in the lumbar area (significantly reduced in comparison before starting the diet), and without the use of medication. In conclusion, an elimination diet should be considered as part of the diagnostic plan for FHS and should not be delegated to the last step if the patient’s condition allows it.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45630820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in a Veterinary Clinic in Vienna between 2000–2019 2000-2019年维也纳兽医诊所虎皮鹦鹉(波状斑鹦鹉)中鸡毛滴虫的流行情况

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-04 DOI: 10.17221/110/2020-vetmed

M. Hochleithner, C. Hochleithner

{"title":"The prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in a Veterinary Clinic in Vienna between 2000–2019","authors":"M. Hochleithner, C. Hochleithner","doi":"10.17221/110/2020-vetmed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/110/2020-vetmed","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this clinical retrospective study was to analyse the prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The role of T. gallinae in budgerigars as the cause of a typical clinical picture (young vomiting budgerigars) is clear; however, the frequency of latent and subclinical diseases in pet birds is unclear. Over the period of 20 years (2000–2019), 16 759 birds were examined, of which 5 256 (31.36%) belonged to the genus Melopsittacus (budgerigars). Within the 5 256 presented budgerigars, 2 547 (48.45%) were examined for trichomonads using a microscopic examination of a crop wash, and, of those, 978 birds (38.39%) were found to be positive for T. gallinae. Only 96 (9.8%) of the positive budgerigars showed typical signs of the disease, such as loss of appetite, vomiting, weight loss or anorexia. Unspecific clinical signs were seen in 312 (31.9%), while 570 birds (58.3%) did not show any clinical signs and had been presented for a routine check or other medical problems. Treatment using metronidazole (Anaerobex, Flagyl) was successful in 82–85% of these diseased birds. Trichomonads can be detected in over a third of budgerigars, even if less than 10% of the positive ones show clinical symptoms.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41551514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Changes in tracheal, oesophageal and rectal temperature over 60 minutes anaesthesia in non-heated dogs, spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated 麻醉60分钟内气管、食管和直肠温度的变化，在非加热狗，自发呼吸或机械通气

IF 0.7 4区农林科学

Veterinarni Medicina Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.17221/229/2020-VETMED

L. Novák, J. Burová, Laura Staňková, Michal Rado

{"title":"Changes in tracheal, oesophageal and rectal temperature over 60 minutes anaesthesia in non-heated dogs, spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated","authors":"L. Novák, J. Burová, Laura Staňková, Michal Rado","doi":"10.17221/229/2020-VETMED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/229/2020-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this prospective randomised clinical study was to determine the differences in the tracheal, oesophageal and rectal temperature in spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated dogs. A total of thirty dogs were allocated to the SPO-group breathing spontaneously (n = 15) or the MEC-group ventilated mechanically (n = 15). Anaesthesia was established using a medetomidine-butorphanol-propofol-isoflurane combination. The tracheal (T-Tra), oesophageal (T-Oes), rectal (T-Rec), inspired gas (T-Gas), room (T-Room) temperatures, respiratory frequency (fR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) were measured after connecting to a re-breathing system (baseline) and subsequently in 10-minute intervals for 60 minutes. The data were analysed using ANOVA and Steel-Dwass tests (P < 0.05). In the SPO-group, the T-Tra, was significantly lower at T30, T40, T50, T60, the T-Oes and T-Rec at T40, T50, T60, compared to the baseline. In the MEC-group, the T-Tra and T-Oes was significantly lower at T30, T40, T50, T60, the T-Rec at T40, T50, T60, compared to the baseline. In the SPO-group, the fR was significantly lower for all the times and the ETCO2 higher at T10, T20, T30, T40, T50 compared to the MEC-group. No other differences were detected. During anaesthesia, there is a comparable decrease in body temperatures, regardless of whether the dogs are breathing spontaneously or ventilated mechanically.","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"1 1","pages":"287-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79906536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0