Veterinarni Medicina最新文献

{"title":"Susceptibility of different rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) genetic lines to infectious disease.","authors":"Ivana Papezikova, Vera Vaibarova, Lubomir Pojezdal, Katerina Matejickova, Jana Blahova, Jan Mendel, Eva Maresova, Ivana Mikulikova, Miroslava Palikova, Ivona Toulova","doi":"10.17221/100/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/100/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the resistance of three rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) genetic lines to three pathogens, the bacterium <i>Flavobacterium psychrophilum</i> and the parasites <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i> and <i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</i>, by monitoring mortality, immune parameters (leukocyte count and phagocytic activity), and pathogen load. Two of the fish lines tested carried quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to the selected pathogens. Unexpectedly, the line with declared genetic resistance exhibited the highest mortality rate following <i>F. psychrophilum</i> infection, suggesting the influence of additional factors such as differences in strain virulence or interactions between genetic background and environmental conditions. Following <i>I. multifiliis</i> infection, the resistant line initially exhibited a higher parasite load but later achieved more efficient parasite clearance. Overall, the findings suggest that disease resistance in trout is a complex trait influenced by interactions between genotype, pathogen and environment. Consequently, resistant lines must always be tested under specific conditions of the target aquaculture facility before implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 8","pages":"310-321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of sap obtained from <i>Commiphora gileadensis</i> against cadmium-induced hepatorenal toxicity in male rats.","authors":"Abdulla S M Aljohani, Suliman Al Dakhil, Amal S Soliman, Mohamed El-Alreshoodi, Ibrahim M El-Ashmawy","doi":"10.17221/86/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/86/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, ranks among the top ten environmental threats to human health, adversely affecting vital organs such as the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, pancreas, lungs, and testes<i>.</i> The antioxidant potentials of <i>Commiphora gileadensis</i> (CG) sap <i>in vitro</i> were estimated by the total phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radical scavenging. The reducing activities were also assessed using copper (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, CUPRAC) and ferric (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP). The protective effects of<i> </i>the CG sap against Cd-induced liver and kidney damage in male rats were investigated <i>in vivo</i>. Forty-two healthy adult male albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups and treated for 60 days as follows: G1 (negative control), G2 (50 mg/l cadmium chloride in drinking water), G3 and G4 (100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg CG sap, respectively), G5 (50 mg/l cadmium chloride + 100 mg/kg CG sap), G6 (50 mg/l cadmium chloride + 400 mg/kg CG sap), and G7 (1 % Tween 80, 1 ml/rat as a vehicle). The <i>in vitro</i> investigation revealed the potential antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS) and reducing (CUPRAC, FRAP) activities of the sap obtained from <i>Commiphora gileadensis</i>. Additionally, the <i>in vivo</i> experiment showed that cadmium exposure resulted in significantly increased malondialdehyde, reduced catalase and antioxidant capacities, and impaired liver and kidney functions. However, the co-administration of CG sap markedly ameliorated these adverse effects in a dose-dependent manner, improving the antioxidant capacity and restoring the hepato-renal function by improving the biochemical parameters and histological structure. It could be concluded that CG sap has the potential as a natural therapeutic agent to mitigate cadmium toxicity and its associated environmental hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 8","pages":"322-336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of vitamins A and E on eprinomectin transport in Caco-2 cells.","authors":"Yigit Gunes, Yakup Gultekin, Osman Dogan, Ceren Anlas, Oya Ustuner, Nurcin Yilmaz, Tulay Bakirel","doi":"10.17221/8/2026-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/8/2026-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eprinomectin (EPR) is a macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic widely used in veterinary medicine. Although the off-label oral use of the pour-on formulation of EPR is known to be effective and practical, data regarding its interactions with foods or vitamin supplements that may affect intestinal absorption remain limited. This study investigated the effects of vitamin A (VA) and vitamin E (VE) on the transepithelial permeability of EPR using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model. An analytical method for EPR quantification was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The integrity of tight junction dynamics in epithelial monolayers was monitored using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) throughout the 21-day differentiation protocol. Apparent permeability coefficients (<i>P</i> _app) were calculated in both apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical directions and compared between EPR alone and EPR combined with the vitamins. EPR alone exhibited moderate permeability across Caco-2 monolayers (7.64 ± 2.27 × 10^-6 cm/s). Notably, our results demonstrate that co-treatment of EPR with VA alone, as well as co-treatment with the combination of VA and VE, significantly reduced EPR permeability <i>in vitro</i> (<i>P</i> < 0.001). These findings highlight possible food/nutrient-drug interactions relevant to veterinary oral drug administration, and additional mechanistic and <i>in vivo</i> studies will be necessary to clarify the underlying pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 8","pages":"337-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic-induced changes in the rainbow trout gut: Insights from transcriptomic, proteomic, and microbial approaches.","authors":"Nikola Hodkovicova, Aneta Hollerova, Jan Gebauer, Magdalena Crhanova, Kamil Stastny, Zdenka Svobodova, Martin Faldyna","doi":"10.17221/85/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/85/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the intestinal effects of polyethylene (PE; size 46.6 ± 11.3 μm) and polystyrene (PS; size 52.5 ± 11.5 μm) microparticles at three different concentrations (0.5%, 2%, and 5%) on juvenile rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) using an integrative approach combining transcriptomics, proteomics, and microbiome analysis. After a six-week experiment, molecular analyses identified concentration-dependent transcriptional responses, including downregulation of genes involved in ion exchange (<i>slc9a1b</i>) and appetite regulation (<i>ghrl</i>), alongside upregulation of immune- and stress-related genes (<i>il10</i>, <i>tfa</i>), particularly at higher concentrations. Proteomic profiling showed a more pronounced effect of PS compared to PE, including suppression of digestive enzymes, disruption of lipid and energy metabolism, and activation of proteins associated with oxidative stress and immune responses. Microbiome analysis confirmed plastic-induced dysbiosis, characterised by reduced microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial taxa (e.g., <i>Bacteroidota</i>, <i>Actinobacteriota</i>), and shifts in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. By integrating multiple levels of biological organisation, this study provides new insights into how microplastics interfere with intestinal physiology, beyond acute toxicity. The findings emphasise the relevance of polymer type and exposure concentration in shaping biological responses and highlight the vulnerability of freshwater species to environmental microplastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 8","pages":"295-309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contribution of polymer additives to microplastic toxicity: A long-term study with <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> exposed to polystyrene microparticles with different hexabromocyclododecane content.","authors":"Nikola Hodkovicova, Jana Blahova, Kamil Stastny, Michaela Charvatova, Ales Franc, Frantisek Tichy, Lucie Sedlackova, Jan Mares, Martin Faldyna, Zdenka Svobodova","doi":"10.17221/95/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/95/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although microplastic toxicity in fish has been extensively studied, the role of polymer additives remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the combined effects of polystyrene (PS) microplastics and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on the health of rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) following six weeks of dietary exposure. Fish were exposed to PS particles with varying HBCD content (0.0 mg/g - PS-HBCD_free, 0.2 mg/g - PS-HBCD_low, 1.0 mg/g - PS-HBCD_high) or to HBCD alone (HBCD_only). The combination of PS and HBCD induced the most pronounced biological responses at molecular, biochemical and histological levels. In the liver, oxidative stress and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (<i>il8</i>, <i>il2</i>), together with increased catalase expression, were observed in PS- and/or PS-HBCD-exposed groups, indicating an imbalance in antioxidant defence. Histopathology confirmed liver dystrophy and renal lesions, while elevated vitellogenin expression suggested endocrine disruption. Although HBCD accumulation was confirmed only in the HBCD_only group, the polymer-bound form caused comparable physiological alterations, supporting its contribution to combined toxicity. Overall, the study demonstrates that PS microparticles can act as vectors enhancing the bioactivity of embedded additives such as HBCD, resulting in complex multi-organ effects and emphasising the importance of assessing additive-polymer interactions when evaluating the environmental risks of microplastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 7","pages":"280-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rearing system type affects baseline and post-vaccination immune gene expression in Atlantic salmon gills during smoltification.","authors":"Dagmar Mudronova, Adele Lagesen, Emil Pilipcinec, Natalia Chomova, Marek Ratvaj","doi":"10.17221/93/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/93/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atlantic salmon undergo critical development before sea transfer, and vaccination during this stage is routine to build protective immunity. This study compared immune responses to vaccination in smolt-stage salmon reared in flow-through (FT) versus recirculating (REC) aquaculture systems. Ten clinically healthy fish per facility were collected one week before and two weeks after intraperitoneal vaccination with commercial multivalent vaccines. Using qPCR, we compared immune gene expression in the fish gills. Before the vaccination, REC fish exhibited higher relative expression of genes coding cathelicidin-1 (<i>cath-1</i>), interleukin-1β (<i>il-1β</i>), and tumour necrosis factor-α (<i>tnf-α</i>) than FT fish. Fourteen days after vaccination, REC fish showed increased expression of gene coding defensin (<i>def</i>) and decreased expression of gene for transforming growth factor<i>β</i> (<i>tgf-β</i>), while in FT fish, vaccination was associated with increased relative gene expression of <i>tnf-α</i>, <i>tgf-β,</i> and <i>il-10</i>. Within REC, <i>cath-1</i> expression declined postvaccination, concurrent with an increase in <i>il-10</i>, suggesting a possible counter-regulatory response; in FT, the coordinated rise of pro-inflammatory (<i>tnf-α</i>) and anti-inflammatory (<i>tgf-β, il-10</i>) transcripts is consistent with an activation followed by regulatory signalling. These transcriptomic patterns imply that baseline immune gene expression and post-vaccination gill transcriptomic responses differ between rearing water systems used during smoltification in Atlantic salmon.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 7","pages":"271-279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental challenge model for infecting African catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>) with <i>Edwardsiella tarda</i>.","authors":"Ivona Toulova, Vera Vaibarova, Ivana Papezikova, Katerina Matejickova, Ivana Mikulikova, Hana Novotna, Miroslava Palikova","doi":"10.17221/102/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/102/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Edwardsiella tarda</i> is an important fish pathogen that causes outbreaks leading to significant losses in aquacultural species such as African catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>). In order to study host-pathogen interactions and design preventive strategies, it is essential to prepare a reliable experimental infection model. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible immersion challenge model for <i>E. tarda</i> infection in <i>C. gariepinus</i>. The present study consisted of preliminary experiments and a main experiment evaluating the different routes of infection and the bacterial concentrations and exposure durations in an immersion bath. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that infection could be induced by either intraperitoneal injection or immersion bath, and that infection was more successful at higher concentrations. The main experiment involved two concentrations (10⁸ and 2 × 10⁸ CFU/ml) of immersion bath and two immersion durations (1 and 2 h), each repeated twice. The fish were monitored for clinical signs and mortality throughout the experiment and samples were collected on day 10 post-infection for haematological, immunological, and pathological assessment. High-dose immersion reliably induced infection, with disease progression depending on bacterial concentration and exposure duration. This established model is a practical and reproducible tool for future studies on the pathogenesis and immunity of<i> C. gariepinus</i>, as well as the use of immunostimulants and therapeutics<i>.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 7","pages":"263-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of five peroral therapeutics against <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i> infestation in salmonids.","authors":"Katerina Matejickova, Jitka Motlova, Hana Novotna, Zuzana Mikulkova, Pavlina Ginterova, Martin Jerabek, Lubomir Pojezdal","doi":"10.17221/99/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/99/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i> is a widespread parasitic ciliate causing significant losses in intensive freshwater aquaculture. This study evaluated the efficacy of medicated feed containing amprolium hydrochloride (2 mg/kg b.w./day), clopidol (2 mg/kg b.w./day), praziquantel (20 mg/kg b.w./day), toltrazuril (50 mg/kg b.w./day), and doxycycline (40 mg/kg b.w./day) administered at different stages of infection in experimentally infected brook trout fingerlings. Doxycycline and praziquantel demonstrated high protective efficacy (0-5% mortality) when applied during parasite exposure or the preclinical stage of infection. In contrast, amprolium hydrochloride, toltrazuril, and clopidol showed limited or no protective effect. The timing of administration was critical, and prophylactic use of effective compounds via feed may offer a practical strategy for controlling <i>I. multifiliis</i> outbreaks. These findings support the potential of doxycycline and praziquantel as oral chemotherapeutics in aquaculture, warranting further investigation for therapeutic use in advanced infection stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 7","pages":"255-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of histological and molecular subtype on the potential therapeutic effect of buparlisib in canine mammary gland tumours.","authors":"Aslihan Baykal Ugur, Gamze Guney Eskiler, Ozge Turna","doi":"10.17221/48/2025-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/48/2025-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to evaluate the response of primary cells to buparlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, at varying concentrations and exposure durations across different histological and molecular subtypes of CMGTs, and to assess PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity by measuring Akt and mTOR expression. Three carcinomas (C), three sarcomas (S), and two carcinosarcomas (CS) tumours were collected from the dogs. The primary cells were produced from tissues and treated with buparlisib at different doses. Subsequently, the WST-1 assay, Annexin V, and AO/PI staining were performed sequentially to evaluate the effects of buparlisib. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway inhibition was revealed at the gene level in C, S, and CS cells following 5 µM buparlisib treatment by RT-PCR analysis. Our results demonstrated that C1 and C2 (basal-like) cells were more sensitive than C3, CS1, and CS2 cells (luminal A) upon buparlisib treatment. Liposarcoma S2 cells responded more to buparlisib than undifferentiated S cells (S1 and S3). Buparlisib also induced apoptosis and inhibited <i>Akt</i> and <i>mTOR</i> mRNA levels in C2, C3, S2 and S3 cells (<i>P</i> < 0.05). A higher rate of apoptotic cell death was observed in the C histological subtype and basal-like cells, with 62.9 ± 0.8% apoptosis in C1 and 79.1 ± 0.3% in C2. The efficacy of buparlisib was more pronounced in C2 basal-like CMGT cells and liposarcoma S2 cells with the downregulation of Akt and mTOR mRNA levels (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Therefore, PI3K inhibitors could be used to treat CMGT, particularly the basal-like molecular subtype.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 6","pages":"230-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13394871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: Mechanisms, regulation and control strategies.","authors":"Petra Matlakova, Katerina Nedbalcova","doi":"10.17221/2/2026-VETMED","DOIUrl":"10.17221/2/2026-VETMED","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major global threat to both human and animal health. Within the One Health framework, farm and wild animals serve as critical reservoirs of resistant bacteria and resistance genes, which can disseminate through food, water, and the environment. The excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine exerts selection pressure that fosters the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Current mitigation strategies aim to reduce antibiotic consumption and promote prudent use through hygiene measures, vaccination, individualised therapy, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) dosing optimisation, and comprehensive AMR monitoring. European legislation (EU Regulations 2019/4 and 2019/6) provides stringent guidelines on antibiotic prescription, usage, and residue limits. In this context, antibiotic combination therapy represents a promising approach to enhance antimicrobial efficacy, broaden the antibacterial spectrum, and suppress the emergence of resistance by targeting multiple bacterial pathways simultaneously. In addition to developing new drugs, renewed focus on reviving older antimicrobial molecules <i><b> </b></i> - supported by updated PK/PD data and optimised dosing - could provide an effective alternative in combating multidrug-resistant pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23532,"journal":{"name":"Veterinarni Medicina","volume":"71 6","pages":"209-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13394870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}